Diuretic Agents Research Articles

Synthesis, In Vivo, ADME Determination, and Molecular Docking Studies of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles Containing Pyridine and Piperazine Moieties as New Diuretic Agents

AbstractA series of 1‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)‐2‐((5‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)thio)ethan‐1‐one derivatives (9a–l) were prepared using a multistep reaction between 2‐chloro‐1‐(piperazin‐1yl)ethan‐1‐one derivatives (4a–l) and 5‐(pyridine‐4‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thiol (8) and studied their diuretic potential by following established in vivo and in silico protocols. The data obtained from the experimental rat animal model in vivo diuretic studies indicated that synthesized derivatives 9d, 9e, 9g, 9i, and 9j possess excellent diuretic potential. The results obtained from in vivo study were also reinforced by the data of in silico studies performed using AutoDock (1.5.7) software. The molecular docking involved interactions of synthesized molecules with two target proteins, that is, human carbonic anhydrase II protein (hCA‐II, PDB ID: 3HS4) and human NKCCl K289NA492E protein (NKCCl, PDB ID: 7S1Y). The ADME properties of the synthesized molecules have also been determined using pkCSM software that established that the synthesized molecules are good candidates for oral absorption. All the data of in vivo and in silico studies synergized the results that state that the diuretic activity of all synthesized compounds is greater than that of the standard drug (furosemide), whereas compounds 9d, 9e, 9g, 9i, and 9j show excellent activity with values of 1.32, 1.33, 1.35, 1.39, and 1.35, respectively.

Diuretic dosing and outcomes with torsemide and furosemide following hospitalization for heart failure: the TRANSFORM-HF trial

Abstract Background The TRANSFORM-HF trial found no significant difference in all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization following hospitalization for heart failure (HF) with a diuretic strategy of torsemide versus furosemide. However, the impact of diuretic dosing on the trial results and whether the relationship between dosing and outcomes differs between torsemide and furosemide is unclear. Purpose To assess and compare the associations between diuretic dosing and outcomes with torsemide and furosemide. Methods TRANSFORM-HF was an open-label, pragmatic trial that randomized 2859 patients hospitalized for HF in the United States to a diuretic strategy of torsemide versus furosemide after discharge. These post-hoc analyses categorized patients according to investigator-selected discharge dose tertile of torsemide and furosemide, i.e. tertile 1) ≤40 mg, 2) >40-80 mg and 3) >80 mg of furosemide equivalents using a 2:1 conversion with torsemide. Study endpoints were all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalization, composite all-cause mortality or hospitalization, and change from baseline to 12 months in the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Clinical Summary Score (KCCQ-CSS). Results Dosing data were available for 2379 (83%) of patients with median age 65 years (IQR: 56, 75), 883 (37.1%) were women, and 812 (34.2%) were Black. When categorized by discharge dose, a total of 1136 (47.8%) patients were included in dose tertile 1, 696 (29.2%) in tertile 2 and 547 (23.0%) in tertile 3. For all-cause mortality, furosemide showed adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of 1.21 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.59) for tertile 2 and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.88) for tertile 3 compared with tertile 1. For torsemide aHR for all-cause mortality were 1.74 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.30) for tertile 2 and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.19) for tertile 3 compared with tertile 1 (Table 1). The risk of adverse events increased similarly with dose for both diuretics and no statistically significant interaction between loop diuretic and dose was observed (Pinteraction=0.17). Likewise, for the endpoints of all-cause hospitalization and the composite of all-cause mortality and hospitalization, higher doses of furosemide and torsemide aligned with higher risk of both endpoints, and interaction p-values that did not demonstrate statistical significance by loop diuretic (all-cause hospitalization: Pinteraction= 0.28, all-cause mortality and hospitalization: Pinteraction=0.38) (Table 1). Changes in KCCQ-CSS were similar across the range of dose tertiles from baseline to month 12 for both furosemide and torsemide (Table 2). Conclusions Following hospitalization for HF, no clinical differences were observed across the dosing spectrum in all-cause mortality, all-cause hospitalization, or KCCQ-CSS at 12-mornths between torsemide and furosemide. Irrespective of diuretic agent used, increasing dose of loop diuretics correlates with worse clinical outcomes.

Involvement of Molecular Mechanism and Biological Activities of Pemirolast: A Therapeutic Review

: This review paper aims to investigate the therapeutic benefits of pemirolast across different medical conditions, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, cancer, conjunctivitis, etc. The prevalence of allergic conditions has risen in recent decades, primarily attributed to environmental factors. This paper explores the role of pemirolast in managing and mitigating these diseases, shedding light on its potential applications in the context of evolving environmental influences. : This review paper investigates the diverse biological activities exhibited by pemirolast, encompassing its roles as an antimicrobial, analgesic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihistamine, mast cell stabilizer, anti-tubercular, anticancer, anti-asthmatic, anti-malarial, diuretic, antianxiety, and antifungal agent. The positive outcomes of pemirolast application in various diseases are highlighted, showcasing its potential across a spectrum of medical conditions. : The pharmacological impact of pemirolast extends to diverse inflammatory mediators, enzymes, and hormones associated with various diseases. Pemirolast demonstrates inhibitory effects on key elements such as eosinophil activation, histamine, leukotriene, IgE, mast cells, basophils, prostaglandin, interleukin, T-helper cells, macrophage T-cells, neutrophils, tryptase, T-lymphocytes, interferons I-III, Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, dsRNA transcription, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. This comprehensive exploration underscores pemirolast inhibitory actions across disorders, emphasizing its potential therapeutic relevance in diverse pathological conditions. : This review paper illuminates pemirolast potassium's versatile biological and therapeutic applications across various diseases. The potential synergies of combining pemirolast with buspirone, ritanserin, theophylline, and capreomycin are explored, showcasing its ability to elicit beneficial responses in addressing diverse ailments.

The clinical value of serum creatinine to bilirubin ratio in predicting the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis.

Bilirubin (BIL) and creatinine (Cr) have been used as potential early predictors of the severity of many diseases. A recent study found that the Cr to BIL ratio (CTR) was more sensitive and specific than either serum Cr or BIL alone. Our research focused on the clinical significance of CTR in evaluating the severity and prognosticating outcomes of acute pancreatitis (AP) in patients. Patients diagnosed with AP at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University between July 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020 were included. The analysis then focused on examining the relationship between CTR levels and the severity of the illness, the occurrence of complications, and the prognosticating outcomes for individuals diagnosed with AP. A total of 286 AP patients were enrolled. Multivariate regression analyses showed that patients with AP with increased CTR levels had a poorer disease (easier to develop severe AP); higher Ranson, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE-II) scores; higher incidence of organ failure (acute heart failure, acute kidney injury and acute myocardial infarction ); and leading to a worse prognosis characterized more by frequent use of vasoactive and diuretic agents. When CTR >14.05, AP patients had increased occurrence of AHF and AKI, higher 30-day all-cause mortality rates, more frequently using vasoactive agent and diuretic agent. Besides, the disease severity scores and hospital stays were markedly increased. Patients with AP who exhibit higher CTR levels tend to experience escalating disease severity, more complications, and a poorer outcome compared with those with lower CTR levels.

Loop Diuretics: An Overview of Its History and Evolution.

The loop of Henle plays a key role in kidney function, especially in retaining solutes and concentrating urine. Diuretic agents, crucial for managing fluid overload and related conditions like hypertension and heart failure (HF), enhance water and electrolyte excretion. The history of diuretics dates back to 1775 with the discovery of Digitalis, evolving significantly with the introduction of chlorothiazide in 1957, which revolutionized diuretic therapy. Loop diuretics, developed in the 1950s and including drugs like torsemide, furosemide, and ethacrynic acid, are potent agents acting on the loop of Henle. They are vital for treating severe fluid overload conditions and require careful monitoring to manage potential side effects.

Preface.

The field of diuretic therapy has witnessed significant advancements over the decades. Loop diuretics and other diuretic agents are crucial in the management of various conditions characterized by fluid overload. Torsemide, a loop diuretic agent, has unique pharmacological properties, safety profiles, and varied clinical applications. This special journal supplement aims to provide a comprehensive examination of torsemide, highlighting its role in contemporary medical practice.

Eco-Friendly One-Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]Pyran and Dihydropyrano[3,2-c]Chromene Derivatives Using Functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2@SO3H Under MWI

The present work describes a greener method of preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which are then functionalized to Fe3O4@SiO2@SO3H, and employed in the one-pot three-component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives. These synthesized derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic scaffolds and exhibit significant potential as anti-coagulant, diuretic, spasmolytic, anticancer, and anti-anaphylactic agents. The prepared MNP-based catalysts were characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, VSM, TG-DTA, and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesis of derivatives involved the condensation reaction of enolizable compounds with aldehyde, dimedone, and ethyl cyanoacetate for tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran, and the reaction of aromatic aldehyde, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and malononitrile for dihydropyrano[3,2-c]chromene synthesis. The reaction was optimized using different techniques such as stirring, ultrasonication, and microwave irradiation, with microwave irradiation method demonstrating faster product separation and high yield. The homogeneity of the isolated product was analyzed by FT-IR,1H-13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry. The advantages of this method include its simplicity, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and it also evades the use of toxic metals and solvents. The product is easily isolated through a simple workup process and recrystallization using ethanol yields pure product isolation.

HeartFailure Specialist Care and Long-Term Outcomes for Patients Admitted With Acute HeartFailure.

For patients with acute heart failure (HF), specialist HF care during admission improves diagnosis and treatments. The authors aimed to investigate the association of HF specialist care with in-hospital and longer term prognosis. The authors used data from the National HeartFailure Audit from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022, linked to electronic records for hospitalization and deaths. All-cause mortality was the primary outcome measure and in-hospital mortality the secondary outcome measure. Data for 227,170 patients admitted to hospital with HF (median age: 81 years; IQR: 72-88 years), were analyzed. Approximately 80% of acute HF admissions received support from HF specialists. Thirty-nine percent of patients (n=70,720) were seen by a multidisciplinary team (HF physicians and HF specialist nurses [HFSNd]), 22% (n=40,330) were seen by HFSNs alone, and the remaining 39% (n=71,700) were seen exclusively by specialist HF physicians. At discharge, more patients who received HF specialist care were prescribed medical therapy for HF and had specialized follow-up. Conversely, diuretic agents were prescribed to fewer patients. HF specialist care was independently associated with a higher rate of prescribing HF therapies at discharge and a lower likelihood of receiving diuretic therapy (OR: 0.90 [95%CI: 0.86-0.95]; P< 0.001). HF specialist care was associated with better long-term survival (HR: 0.89 [95%CI: 0.87-0.90]; P< 0.001) and lower in-hospital mortality (OR: 0.92 [95%CI: 0.0.88-0.97]; P<0.001). Receiving HF specialist care during admission for HF is associated with a higher rate of implementation of medical therapy, fewer discharges on diuretic therapy, and lower in-hospital and long-term mortality across the left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum, especially for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Therapeutic and Phytochemical Properties of Thymoquinone Derived from Nigella sativa.

Nigella sativa (N. sativa), commonly known as black seed or black cumin, belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. It contains several phytoconstituents, Thymoquinone (TQ), thymol, thymohydroquinone, carvacrol, and dithymoquinone. TQ is the main phytoconstituent present in N. sativa that is used as an herbal compound, and it is widely used as an antihypertensive, liver tonic, diuretic, digestive, anti-diarrheal, appetite stimulant, analgesic, and antibacterial agent, and in skin disorders. The study focused on collecting data on the therapeutic or pharmacological activities of TQ present in N. sativa seed. Antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulator, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, renal protective, and antioxidant properties of TQ have been studied by various scientists. TQ seems to have a variety of consequences on how infected cells behave at the cellular level.

Endemic Achillea species in Turkey; phytochemical contents and pharmacological activities

Asteraceae is the world's largest family of flowering plants, consisting of 23000 species distributed worldwide in 13 subfamilies, 44 tribes and more than 1600 genera. Achillea L. is one of the youngest evolutionary genera of the family Asteraceae with a worldwide widespread distribution of more than 100 species. Turkey is one of the main diversity centers of the genus Achillea. A total of 47 Achillea species are distributed and naturally growing in Turkey, 24 of which are endemic to Turkey with 51% endemism rate. Achillea species are used as tonic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogic agents and have traditionally been used to treat bleeding, pneumonia, skin disorders, rheumatic pains. Achillea species have several phytoconstituents such as essential oils, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds are the most important effective metabolites of Achillea species. Phenolics and flavonoids have been reported to exert a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In this review, endemic Achillea species were reviewed in terms of phytochemical content and pharmacological activities.

Sub-acute toxicity, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Mucuna pruriens L. leaves in experimental rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMucuna pruriens L is a wild and cultivated leguminous plant which have been used as an aphrodisiac, diuretic, nerve tonic, and antiarthritic agent. AimTo evaluate the toxicity, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of M. pruriens (EEMP) ethanol extract in experimental models. MethodsM. pruriens dried leaves were extracted using aqueous ethanol (30:70). Tests for acute and subacute toxicity were conducted on rats and mice. Mice were used in hotplate, acetic acid, and formalin models to test the antinociceptive activity of EEMP. The anti-inflammatory properties of EEMP (25, 100, and 400 mg/kg) were assessed egg albumin, carrageenan, and formalin-induced oedema models. The study examined the anti-inflammatory mechanism of EEMP (25–400 mg/kg) in rats with an air pouch caused by carrageenan. Air pouch exudates were tested for total leucocytes and differential cell counts, TNF-α, IL-6, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde, nitrites, and reduced glutathione (GSH). ResultsThe acute oral toxic dose of EEMP is greater than 2000 mg/kg. There were no significant behavioral, hematological or biochemical alterations seen after 14-days repeated administration of EEMP (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) in mice. The EEMP demonstrated significant antinociceptive activity in hotplate, acetic acid and formalin-induced nociception in mice. The EEMP significantly and dose dependently reduced paw oedema at 2, 4 and 96 h in the egg-albumin, carrageenan- and formalin-induced paw oedema, respectively. Exudates volume, inflammatory cell counts, TNF-α, IL-6, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and nitrites were significantly reduced, while GSH increased in carrageenan-air pouch of EEMP-treated rats. ConclusionMucuna pruriens leaves ethanol extract demonstrated good safety profile as well as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity through mechanisms related to inhibition of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as lysosomal membrane stability.

Antihypertensive Drugs for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation: A Drug Target Mendelian Randomization Study.

We investigated the potential impact of antihypertensive drugs for atrial fibrillation (AF) prevention through a drug target Mendelian randomization study to avoid the potential limitations of clinical studies. Validated published single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that mimic the action of 12 antihypertensive drug classes, including alpha-adrenoceptor blockers, adrenergic neuron blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor blockers, beta-adrenoceptor blockers, centrally acting antihypertensive drugs, calcium channel blockers, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, renin inhibitors, thiazides and related diuretic agents, and vasodilators were used. We estimated, via their corresponding gene and protein targets, the downstream effect of these drug classes to prevent AF via systolic blood pressure using 2-sample Mendelian randomization analyses. The SNPs were extracted from 2 European genome-wide association studies for the drug classes (n=317 754; n=757 601) and 1 European genome-wide association study for AF (n=1 030 836). Drug target Mendelian randomization analyses supported the significant preventive causal effects of lowering systolic blood pressure per 10 mm Hg via alpha-adrenoceptor blockers (n=11 SNPs; odds ratio [OR], 0.34 [95% CI, 0.21-0.56]; P=2.74×10-05), beta-adrenoceptor blockers (n=17 SNPs; OR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.35-0.78]; P=1.62×10-03), calcium channel blockers (n=49 SNPs; OR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.36-0.70]; P=4.51×10-05), vasodilators (n=19 SNPs; OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.34-0.84]; P=7.03×10-03), and all 12 antihypertensive drug classes combined (n=158 SNPs; OR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.54-0.77]; P=8.50×10-07) on AF risk. Our results indicated that lowering systolic blood pressure via protein targets of various antihypertensive drugs seems promising for AF prevention. Our findings inform future clinical trials and have implications for repurposing antihypertensive drugs for AF prevention.

Evaluation of diuretic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica in rats

In traditional Indian medicine, the whole plant of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Asclepiadaceae) is said to have a strong diuretic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diuretic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (HALPE) in rats. Group I, control (0.5% CMC saline, 10 ml/kg, b.w.), group II, furosemide (10 mg/kg b.w.) as a standard drug, and different concentrations of L.P. (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w.) were administered intraperitoneally (n = 5 per treatment group) to hydrated rats, and their urine output was monitored at 6 h, 12 h, and 18 h after drug administration. The diuretic effect of the extract was highly significant compared to control animals. Halpe at a dose of 400 mg/kg shows a significant increase in urine volume with increased urine output. This study suggests that the active component of L.P. had a diuretic effect similar to that of furosemide. These results confirm the traditional use of Leptadenia pyrotechnica as a diuretic agent. Since ancient times, medicinal plants, sometimes called herbs, have been used in various traditional medical procedures. Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a plant commonly known as the chimp. It is traditionally used in rural areas for the treatment of many diseases, such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, wound healing, anthelmintic, atherosclerosis, hypolipidemia, diuretic, diabetes, and hepatoprotective. In rural areas, this plant is also used as medicine and as a vegetable. First, the plants are dried and turned into powder, which is then used as a paste for ringworm, antifungal, wound treatment, and new plants for many other diseases.

Crude extract of Ruellia tuberosa L. flower induces intracellular ROS, promotes DNA damage and apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRuellia tuberosa L. (Acanthaceae) is a weed plant traditionally used in folklore medicine as a diuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-pyretic, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and gastroprotective agent. It has been previously reported that R. tuberosa L. is enriched with various flavonoids, exhibiting significant cytotoxic potential in various cancer models but a detailed study concerning its molecular mechanism is yet to be explored. Aim of the studyExploring and validating R. tuberosa L. flower methanolic extract (RTME) as an anti-cancerous agent as per traditional usage with special emphasis on multi-drug resistant human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and investigating the possible signaling networks and regulatory pathways involved in it. Materials and methodsIn this study, RTME was prepared using methanol, and phytochemical analysis was performed through GC-MS. Then, the extract was tested for its anti-cancer potential through in-vitro cytotoxicity assay, clonogenic assay, wound healing assay, ROS generation assay, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic nuclear morphology study, cellular apoptosis study, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration study, protein, and gene expressions alteration study. In addition, toxicological status was evaluated in female Balb/C mice, and to check the receptor-ligand interactions, in-silico molecular docking was also conducted. ResultsSeveral phytochemicals were found within RTME through GC-MS, which have been already reported to act as ROS inductive, DNA damaging, cell cycle arresting, and apoptotic agents against cancer cells. Moreover, RTME was found to exhibit significant in-vitro cytotoxicity along with a reduction in colony formation, and inhibition of cell migratory potential. It also induced intracellular ROS, promoted G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, caused mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration, and promoted cell death. The Western blot and qRT-PCR data revealed that RTME promoted the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, blood parameters and organ histology on female Balb/C mice disclosed the non-toxic nature of RTME. Finally, an in-silico molecular docking study displayed that the three identified lead phytochemicals in RTME show strong receptor-ligand interactions with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and give a clue to the possible molecular mechanism of the RTME extract. ConclusionsRTME is a potential source of several phytochemicals that have promising therapeutic potential against TNBC cells, and thus could further be utilized for anti-cancer drug development.

Determination of predisposing factors for prolonged intensive care in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective: To determine the predisposing factors for lengthy intensive care unit stay of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute exacerbation. Method: The retrospective study was conducted after approval from the ethics review committee of Atatürk Sanatorium Training and Research Hospital, Turkey, and comprised data from January 1, 2017, to August 31, 2022, related to acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients receiving intensive care unite treatment. Demographics, comorbidities, treatment, length of stay in hospital and in intensive care unit, and nutritional status were evaluated. Data of patients who spent &lt;10 days in intensive care unit formed Group 1, while those having spent 10 days or more formed Group 2 for comparison purposes. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 460 patients, 366(79.6%) were in Group 1; 224(61.2%) males and 64(38.8%) females with mean age 70.81±11.57 years. There were 94(20.4%) patients in Group 2; 62(66%) males and 32(34%) females with mean age 72.38±10.88 years (p&gt;0.05). Inotropic agent support, need for haemodialysis, timeframe of invasive mechanical ventilation, length of stay in hospital, 1-month mortality, antibiotic use, use of diuretic agent, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation-ii score, nutrition risk in the critically ill score, history of lung malignancy, and pneumonic infiltration on chest radiograph were significantly more frequenttly observed in Group 2 patients (p&lt;0.05). Age, timeframe of invasive mechanical ventilation, and length of stay in hospital were the factors prolonging intensive care unit stay (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Higher age, longer invasive mechanical ventilation timeframe and hospital stay with acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused a prolonged stay in intensive care unit. Key Words: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Mechanical ventilation time, Prolonged intensive care stay, Prolonged hospitalisation.

Health Benefits of the Alkaloids from Lobeira (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill): A Comprehensive Review.

Solanum is the largest genus within the Solanaceae family and has garnered considerable attention in chemical and biological investigations over the past 30 years. In this context, lobeira or "fruta-do-lobo" (Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill), a species predominantly found in the Brazilian Cerrado, stands out. Beyond the interesting nutritional composition of the fruits, various parts of the lobeira plant have been used in folk medicine as hypoglycemic, sedative, diuretic, antiepileptic, and antispasmodic agents. These health-beneficial effects have been correlated with various bioactive compounds found in the plant, particularly alkaloids. In this review, we summarize the alkaloid composition of the lobeira plant and its biological activities that have been reported in the scientific literature in the last decades. The compiled data showed that lobeira plants and fruits contain a wide range of alkaloids, with steroidal glycoalkaloid solamargine and solasonine being the major ones. These alkaloids, but not limited to them, contribute to different biological activities verified in alkaloid-rich extracts/fractions from the lobeira, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antigenotoxic, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, and antiparasitic effects. Despite the encouraging results, additional research, especially toxicological, pre-clinical, and clinical trials, is essential to validate these human health benefits and ensure consumers' safety and well-being.

Histopathological Evaluation of the Effects of Siam Weed in Cadmium Induced Toxicity on the Liver of Wistar Rat

Siam plant (Chromolaena odorata) is a plant with a characteristic aromatic smell, since ancient times, had been of interest for medical purposes in the local parlance and had been reported to be used in tradition medicine as antispasmodic, antiprotozoal, anti trypanosomal, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, anti-inflamatory, astringent, diuretic and hepatotropic agent. The aim of this study is to assess the histological impact of Siam weed on liver damage produced by Cadmium in adult Wistar rats. A total of twentyfive albino Wistar rats were obtained for the experiment. The rats were divided into five groups (A - E) and subjected to various treatments. At the end of administration the liver of the animals was harvested and processed histologically and photomicrographs taken. The photomicrographic images exhibits central vein (CV) and portal tract congestion, together with necrotic regions, sinusoidal space blockage, focal foci of haemorrhage (shown by an arrow), and the presence of Kupffer cells. The study revealed that the intraperitoneal administration of Cadmium in rats resulted in notable hepatotoxicity, as evidenced by histopathological alterations and degeneration of hepatocytes. Conversely, the oral ingestion of Chromolaena Odorata did not have any impact on the liver toxicity induced by Cadmium in rats.

Percutaneous Tricuspid Valve Repair: The Triclip.

Tricuspid regurgitation is an often overlooked, but severe cardiac valvular disease associated with significant morbidity and poor quality of life. Tricuspid valve surgery is the only treatment that prevents progression of the disease but is often complicated or made impossible by perioperative risk factors. Due to the high-risk nature, tricuspid valve surgery is typically only done for severe tricuspid regurgitation at the time of left heart surgery, leaving many patients untreated. Medical therapy is limited primarily to diuretic agents, which are often unsuccessful in alleviating symptoms. Treatment of tricuspid regurgitation with transcatheter edge-to-edge repair has emerged after the success of this technique in mitral valve pathologies. This percutaneous procedure parallels surgical principles previously used for valve repair but eliminates the need for cardiac surgery, thus having the potential to serve as an alternative treatment in high-risk patients. The TriClip (Abbott Labs) device is an example of this therapy and the subject of this review.

Ethnobotanical Significance, Phytopharmacology, and Toxicological Profile of Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae): A Review.

Medicinal plants play a crucial role in traditional medicine, where they are extensively employed by traditional physicians for treating a wide array of ailments. Limonia acidissima (Linn), commonly known as the Wood apple and belonging to the Rutaceae family, is widely cultivated in countries, such as Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. The various parts of Limonia acidissima, including its roots, leaves, fruits, stem, and even the whole plant, have been traditionally used in the treatment of numerous conditions, such as constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, asthma, astringent, diabetes, jaundice, and dyspepsia and act as diuretic agents, cardiotonic, cardiac stimulant, and hepato-protectant. Extensive research has revealed that Limonia acidissima possesses a rich chemical composition, including quinones, lignans, flavonoids, sterols, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oils, present in its stem, leaves, fruits, stem bark, and roots. These chemical constituents contribute to its diverse therapeutic properties. In recent years, numerous studies have explored the ethanopharmacological properties of Limonia acidissima extracts, highlighting their anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, antiulcer, wound healing, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, neuroprotective, antispermatogenic, antihistaminic, diuretic, and adsorbent activities. This comprehensive review focuses on the traditional uses, biological activities, and phytoconstituents isolated from different parts of Limonia acidissima Linn. The gathered information provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of this plant, serving as a foundation for further research and the development of novel pharmaceuticals. The integration of traditional knowledge with scientific evidence enhances the understanding of the medicinal properties of Limonia acidissima, fostering its utilization in modern medicine and healthcare systems.

COMPLEX RESEARCH HERB OF THE FRAGRANT VIOLET GROWING IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS AND WAYS OF ITS USE

Introduction. Fragrant violet (Viola odorata L., family Violaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant, widespread in the North Caucasus and the European part of Russia. The aerial part of the plant contains various active biologically active substances, such as phenolic and triterpene glycosides, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, coumarins and flavonoids, ascorbic acid, macro and microelements, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. In modern herbal medicine, fragrant violet is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, diuretic, antihypertensive and antibacterial agent. However, further research is needed to confirm these medicinal properties. Objectives. Preparation of a dry extract from the herb violet fragrant and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against the clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus III. Material and methods. The object of the study was a dry extract from the herb of fragrant violet, collected on the territory of three municipalities of the Stavropol Territory in the flowering phase of 2020-2022, obtained by exhaustive extraction with 70% ethyl alcohol. For microbiological studies, the serial dilution method was used. Meat-peptone broth (MPB) was used as a control, without adding a suspension of microorganisms to control the sterility of the environment and with the addition of microorganisms to control the growth of the microorganism, as well as a number of serial dilutions of the reference drug: “Ceftriaxone”. Results. It was established that the studied extract from fragrant violet has antibacterial properties, which is confirmed by the identified bacteriostatic effect (reduction in the number of colonies formed compared to the control) and a change in the cultural properties of the colonies relative to the control. Conclusions. The obtained screening results actualize further study of the extract from the herb violet fragrant in relation to representatives of opportunistic flora and the prospects of its use as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent of plant origin.