Diuresis In Dogs Research Articles

The effects of the loop diuretics furosemide and torasemide on diuresis in dogs and cats.

Torasemide is a new loop diuretic that combines the effects of furosemide and spironolactone. There are no reports on the effects of torasemide in cats and dogs. This study compared the diuretic effects of furosemide and torasemide in cats and dogs. Cats with pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy were given oral placebo, torasemide 0.3 mg/kg, or furosemide 1 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg. Control and mitral regurgitation dogs were given oral placebo, torasemide 0.2 mg/kg, and furosemide 2 mg/kg for 7 days. Urine samples were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hr after each drug dose. Urine volume and urine Na(+) and K(+) were measured. Both furosemide and torasemide increased urine volume 1 hr after administration. Furosemide caused a dose-dependent increase in urine volume that peaked at 2-3 hr in cats and dogs. The diuretic effect of furosemide disappeared 6 hr after administration, while that of torasemide peaked 2-4 hr after administration and persisted for 12 hr in cats and dogs. In MR dogs, torasemide for 7 days significantly decreased urine potassium excretion. Plasma aldosterone increased with torasemide, whereas there was no change with furosemide. In conclusion, about 1/10 concentration of torasemide was as potent as furosemide and had a longer diuretic effect in cats and dogs. These data suggest that torasemide is useful for treating congestive heart failure or edema in cats and dogs.

Effect of partial ureteral obstruction on results of renal scintigraphy in dogs

Abstract Objective To use scintigraphy to determine the effects of partial ureteral obstruction on renal transit time and induction of diuresis in dogs. Animals 8 adult dogs. Procedure Scintigraphy was performed, using technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (Tc 99m-DTPA), before and within 2 weeks after surgical induction of unilateral partial ureteral obstruction. Time of peak (TOP) for the parenchyma (pTOP) and whole kidney (wTOP) and mean-transit time (MTT) for the parenchyma (pMTT) and whole kidney (wMTT) were determined by evaluation of renal time-activity curves before and after deconvolution analysis. Percentage uptake for each kidney between 1 and 3 minutes after injection of Tc 99m-DTPA was determined and used to indicate glomerular filtration rate. The effect of diuresis was determined by measuring the slope of decrease in activity after IV administration of furosemide. Obstruction was documented by direct inspection of the ureter. Results There was a concomitant increase in pTOP, wTOP, pMTT, and wMTT of the kidney with the partially obstructed ureter in all dogs at various times between 2 and 9 days after surgery. Concurrently, renal time-activity curves changed shape. Percentage renal uptake of the affected kidney was decreased in 2 dogs. Response to furosemide injection was inconsistent for kidneys before surgery and for kidneys with obstructed and nonobstructed ureters after surgery. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Scintigraphy may be a useful procedure for the evaluation of renal function in dogs with ureteral obstruction. Induction of diuresis appears to be of little value for differentiating renal function in dogs with obstructed and nonobstructed ureters. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1383–1389)

Results of renal ultrasonography performed before and during administration of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution to induce diuresis in dogs without evidence of renal disease

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution administered IV to induce diuresis on 15 dimensional variables of the kidneys, size of renal pelvis, and diameter of the cranial part of the ureters. Animals 25 dogs without evidence of renal disease that were undergoing chemotherapy for various neoplasms. Procedure The kidneys, cranial aspect of the ureters, and trigone area of the urinary bladder of each dog were examined ultrasonographically before and during IV administration of saline solution (2.7 to 18.8 ml/kg of body weight/h). Results Ultrasonography revealed unilateral and bilateral pyelectasis during diuresis in 16 of 23 (70%) dogs but unilateral pyelectasis in only 1 dog before diuresis. Unilateral pyelectasis during diuresis was observed in 11 of 16 (69%) dogs. Pyelectasis during diuresis was categorized as slight in 15 of 21 (71%) kidneys. Degree of pyelectasis during diuresis was not identical in both kidneys of 13 of 16 (81%) dogs. Diuresis did not induce ureterectasis, and it did not cause changes in 15 dimensional variables of the kidneys. Conclusions In nonsedated, nonazotemic dogs, IV administration of saline solution to induce diuresis may cause slight pyelectasis without evidence of ureterectasis. Clinical Relevance When dilatation of the cranial part of the ureter is > 2 mm at the same time that ipsilateral pyelectasis is detected during ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract system of a nonsedated, nonazotemic dog receiving IV administration of saline solution to induce diuresis, additional examinations are recommended to determine the possibility of early obstructive nephropathy or pyelonephritis. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:405-409)

Effects of alpha-human natriuretic peptide on renal hemodynamics and diuresis in dogs and perfused rat kidneys.

Effects of alpha-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (alpha-hANP) on renal function were studied in anesthetized dogs and isolated perfused rat kidneys. Two doses of alpha-hANP were used to determine whether renal hemodynamics or tubular reabsorption is tha major factor in the diuretic action of alpha hANP. The excretion rates of sodium (Na) and inorganic phosphate (PO4) were evaluated to determine the site of diuretic action in the renal tubule. In dogs that received the smaller dose of alpha-hANP (5 ng.kg-1.min-1) infused into the renal arteries without changes in systemic or renal hemodynamics, urine volume (UV) and urinary Na excretion (UNaV) increased significantly. Fractional excretion of Na (FENa) was increased, while fractional excretion of PO4 (FEpo4) was unchanged, following the infusion of alpha-hANP. The calculated fractional Na reabsorption in the distal tubule (DTRNa) during the infusion of alpha-hANP was significantly suppressed. In dogs that received the a larger dose of alpha-hANP (50 ng.kg-1.min-1), the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), UV, and FENa were increased and DTRNa was decreased. In isolated rat kidneys perfused at a constant pressure, a lower concentration of alpha-hANP (0.5 ng.ml-1) in the perfusate caused diuresis and increased Na and PO4 excretion without any renal hemodynamic alterations. A higher concentration of alpha-hANP (5 ng.ml-1) increased GFR, Na and PO4 excretion. Since PO4 reabsorption is believed to occur primarily in the renal proximal tubule, these findings suggest that the diuretic action of alpha-hANP in smaller doses in induced by direct action on renal distal nephron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Modest Pressure Natriuresis and Autoregulation during Water Diuresis in Dogs

The effects of renal arterial pressure change on renal output of sodium and volume were measured during water diuresis in 25 chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Conditions included a minimal invasive stress, limited sodium administration, and mean renal arterial pressures varied suprarenally, by aortic balloon inflation to lowermost levels of 82-106 mm Hg. Group A dogs received no aldosterone; group B, C and D dogs were given aldosterone. Dogs of group C also received (1-Sar, 8-Ile)-angiotensin II. Group D dogs received phenylephrine which elevated arterial and right atrial pressures moderately without decrease in renal blood flow. In groups A, B and C, mean changes in sodium output, volume output, fractional excretions and free water clearances were not detectable with mean renal arterial pressure reductions, which averaged 29 +/- 2.9, 22 +/- 2.8 and 27 +/- 5.2 mm Hg, respectively. Right atrial pressures, effective renal blood flows and glomerular filtration rates did not change with the renal arterial pressure changes in these groups. In the group D dogs, during the larger pressure reductions of 54 +/- 6.6 mm Hg from higher values of 158 +/- 7.0 mm Hg, mean urine flow and effective renal blood flow remained constant while glomerular filtration rate and sodium output decreased only slightly. Output efficiency ratios related to perfusion pressure were calculated. With no more than modest pressure-induced excretory changes, it is concluded that excretory sodium and urinary volume autoregulation in concert with nearly perfect circulatory autoregulation were demonstrated with regionally varied mean renal arterial pressure. The same preglomerular myogenic responses to transvascular pressure, which restrict glomerular and transcapillary pressures, are viewed dominantly responsible for both circulatory and excretory autoregulation under normal conditions of minimal stress and low fractional sodium excretions. Homeostatic implications are discussed concerning likely relevance to the Guyton-Coleman theory for the long-term control of arterial blood pressure.

Modulation of vasopressin antidiuretic action by renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors

It has been almost 40 years since the diuretic effect of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists was first demonstrated. Two possible mechanisms were proposed: inhibition of vasopressin secretion and antagonism of the cellular hydrosmotic actions of vasopressin. The debate could not be settled then for the lack of appropriate experimental models and pharmacological tools. Advances made in adrenoceptor pharmacology in the 1970s such as 1) subdivision of alpha-adrenoceptors into alpha 1- and alpha 2-subtypes; 2) development of selective agonists and antagonists; and 3) localization of both adrenoceptor subtypes in the kidney, including the proximal and collecting tubules, stimulated new research. With regard to renal adrenoceptors, selective alpha 2-agonists have been shown to induce diuresis in dogs and rats. Whereas in the dog the increase in urine flow results mostly from an increase in osmolal clearance, in the rat the diuresis results in large part from an increase in the excretion of solute-free water. In vitro studies on isolated collecting tubules from rats and rabbits (none from dogs) have shown that alpha 2-agonists inhibit vasopressin-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate formation and that this effect is mediated by the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein and abolished by pertussis toxin treatment. In vivo evidence in support of such a mechanism was presented from conscious Brattleboro homozygous rats in which a selective alpha 2-agonist inhibited the antidiuretic effect of exogenous vasopressin, and this effect was abolished by pertussis toxin. The physiological importance of renal alpha 2-adrenoceptors was identified by use of adrenal medullectomized rats and the alpha 2-antagonist, yohimbine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Rapid Atrial Pacing Suppresses Renin Secretion and Causes Diuresis in Dogs

Rapid Atrial Pacing Suppresses Renin Secretion and Causes Diuresis in Dogs

Effect of a selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin on renal water excretion in the dog

Somatostatin produces a modest water diuresis in dogs by inhibiting the renal tubular action of ADH. SMS 201–995, an octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, is more potent and longer-acting than the native hormone, and possesses greater specificity in the inhibition of growth hormone secretion. In the present study we tested the ability of the analogue to produce urinary dilution following infusion (0.12 to 0.50 μg/min) into the left renal artery. Infusion in this dose range increased urine flow from 0.20 to 0.55 mL/min ( P < 0.05) and caused a 49% to 56% reduction in urine osmolarity. We conclude that SMS 201–995 is effective in causing a water diuresis in dogs and at smaller doses than required for the native hormone.

Sur la pharmacologie du propylène glycol en tant qu'excipient

Propylene glycol despite its safety as a drug solvent exerts a wide variety of actions. The following effects are identified : increased diuresis in dogs, decreased uterine motility in ewes, vasoconstriction and arrhythmia in calves and aggravating deslanoside-induced ventricular rhythm disorder in cats.

Action of 2,4-dinitrophenol on diuresis in dogs

Action of 2,4-dinitrophenol on diuresis in dogs

Effect of mercury derivatives, implanted into the hypothalamus, on the water intake of albino rats.

British Journal of Pharmacology and ChemotherapyVolume 32, Issue 3 p. 483-492 Free Access EFFECT OF MERCURY DERIVATIVES, IMPLANTED INTO THE HYPOTHALAMUS, ON THE WATER INTAKE OF ALBINO RATS F. BERGMANN, F. BERGMANN Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this authorM. CHAIMOVITZ, M. CHAIMOVITZ Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this authorY. GUTMAN, Y. GUTMAN Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this authorA. ZERACHIA, A. ZERACHIA Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this author F. BERGMANN, F. BERGMANN Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this authorM. CHAIMOVITZ, M. CHAIMOVITZ Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this authorY. GUTMAN, Y. GUTMAN Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this authorA. ZERACHIA, A. ZERACHIA Department of Pharmacology, Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, IsraelSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1968 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00449.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References Bauer, J. & Aschner, B. (1924). Die therapeutische Wirkung des Novasurols bei Diabetes insipidus. Zentbl. inn. Med., 45, 682– 688. Bergmann, F., Chaimovitz, M., Costin, A., Gutman, Y. & Ginath, Y. (1967). Water intake of rats after implantation of ouabain into the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol., 213, 328– 332. Bergmann, F., Zerachia, A., Chaimovitz, M. & Gutman, Y. (1968). Influence of drugs, implanted into the hypothalamus, on the water consumption of rats. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 159, 222– 232. Clarkson, T. W., Rothstein, A. & Sutherland, R. (1965). The mechanism of action of mercurial derivatives in rats. The metabolism of 203Hg-labelled chlormerodrin. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 24, 1– 13. Duggan, D. E. & Noll, R. M. (1965). Effects of ethacrynic acid and cardiac glycosides upon a membrane ATPase of renal cortex. Archs. Biochem. Biophys., 109, 388– 396. Gussin, R. Z. & Cafruny, E. J. (1965). Effects of ethacrynic acid on renal uptake of mercury. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 149, 1– 6. Gutman, Y. & Chaimovitz, M. (1966). Effect of chlorothiazide on water consumption in the rat. Nature Lond., 209, 410– 411. Havard, C. W. H. & Wood, P. H. N. (1961). Effect of diuretics on renal water excretion in diabetes insipidus. Clin. Sci., 21, 321– 332. Heinemann, H. O. & Becker, E. L. (1958). Effect of a mercurial diuretic on the excretion of “free water” in diabetes insipidus. J. appl. Physiol., 12, 51– 54. Hughes, W. L. (1947). An albumin fraction isolated from human plasma as a crystalline mercuric salt. J. Am. chem. Soc., 69, 1836– 1837. Jones, V. D., Lockett, G. & Landon, E. J. (1965). A cellular action of mercurial diuretics. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 147, 23– 31. Landon, E. J. & Norris, J. L. (1963). Sodium and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in a rat-kidney endoplasmic reticulum fraction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 71, 266– 276. Levy, R. I., Weiner, I. M. & Mudge, G. H. (1958). The effect of acid-base balance on the diuresis produced by organic and inorganic mercurials. J. clin. Invest., 37, 1016– 1023. Massopust, L. C. (1961). In Electrical Stimulation of the Brain, ed. D. E. Sheer, pp. 182– 202. Austin, Texas: Univ. Texas Press. Miller, T. B. & Riggs, D. S. (1961). Mercurial diuresis in dogs with diabetes insipidus. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 132, 329– 338. Montemurro, D. G. & Stevenson, J. A. F. (1957). Adipsia produced by hypothalamic lesions in the rat. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 35, 31– 37. Skou, J. C. (1965). Enzymatic basis for active transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membrane. Physiol. Rev., 45, 596– 617. Taylor, C. B. (1963). The effect of mercurial diuretics on adenosine triphosphatase of rabbit kidney. in vitro IBiochem. Pharmac., 12, 539– 550. Citing Literature Volume32, Issue3March 1968Pages 483-492 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Washout of renal countercurrent Na gradient by osmotic diuresis.

The antidiuretic hormone regulates the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. There are two theories as to the nature of the renal concentrating mechanism: 1) the existence of an active water pump in a distal area which removes free water from the urine and 2) the existence of a countercurrent multiplier system in the renal pyramid which allows for passive movement of water out of the collecting ducts in response to an osmotic gradient. During stop flow, the kidneys are unable to alter appreciably the total osmotic pressure of urine. Measurement of Na concentrations along the length of the renal pyramid may be used as an index of the magnitude of the countercurrent gradient. Such determinations were made before and during mannitol diuresis in dogs. An osmotic gradient along the pyramids was evident in control kidneys and disappeared upon establishment of osmotic diuresis. These data suggest that high rates of urine flow through the loop of Henle may wash out the pre-existing countercurrent gradient. This accounts for the inability of the kidneys to concentrate stop flow urine. It also demonstrates that osmotic diuresis, which is generally thought of as only a proximal event, must also result from diminished distal water reabsorption due to the washout of the countercurrent gradient.

Localization and characterization of sodium transport along the renal tubule.

The proximal tubular Na transport system was investigated using our stop flow analysis. During varying degrees of osmotic diuresis in dogs the ureter of one kidney was occluded for 2 1/2–8 minutes. Following occlusion serial urine samples were collected and analyzed for Na, creatinine, PAH or glucose. Using urinary creatinine concentrations as an index of water movement the mass of Na and water reabsorbed from the proximal segments during occlusion was calculated. In all experiments the calculations showed that the Na concentration in the proximal reabsorbate was of the same concentration which existed in plasma. Such behavior is inconsistent with a proximal Na pump which would otherwise reabsorb a supraplasma-level Na solution away from mannitol and Na in the tubule. The data suggest that Na and water transport out of the proximal tubules may be a passive process initiated by the colloidal osmotic pressure differences which exist between the intratubular urine and the peritubular capillary blood. A passive mechanism for Na and water reabsorption from the proximal segment resolves many difficulties faced by a Na pump.

Graphical placement of transport segments along the nephron from urine concentration pattern developed with stop flow technique.

The authors characterize transport within segments at points along the nephron by the concentration pattern developed along the renal tubule during stopped flow (brief ureteral occlusion during osmotic diuresis in dogs). The pattern is caught in serial urine samples on reinstatement of flow. They here develop a system of graphical construction which places active transport segments of proper length and position to account for the concentration patterns developed for the substances: Sodium, glucose, phosphate and para-aminohippurate (PAH). The system is based on mixing phenomena as nephrons of different length deliver their fluid content into mixed samples. Glucose reabsorption, phosphate reabsorption and PAH secretion occur in identical proximal segments, containing 45% of the total stop flow nephron volume. A far distal area for very effective active sodium reabsorption contains about 29% of the occluded nephron volume. The sodium concentration pattern does not delineate its own proximal segment but forms a plateau in that area. This results from the fact that proximal concentrations are not lowered during stop flow but remain the same as in new flow and free flow proximal fluid, no lower than the 30–60 mm concentration of free flow urine itself, considerably higher if distal removal of Na occurs during the new outflow.

Effect of surgical stress on saline diuresis in dogs.

KOVÁCS, GÁBOR S. M.D.; KOVÁCS, BERTALAN M. M.D.; KOVÁTS, TIBOR M.D.; KOVÁCS, KÁLMAN M.D.; PETRI, GÁBOR M.D. Author Information

MECHANISM OF PENTOTHAL SODIUM ANTIDIURESIS

Extensive studies of the effects of barbiturates on renal function are few. Epstein investigated the influence of certain barbiturates on diuresis in rabbits caused by thyroxin¹and by sodium chloride.²In 1930 Ogden³described the action of amytal in inhibiting water diuresis in dogs during anesthesia, an observation which has been confirmed in many teaching laboratories. Walton⁴and Gouax, Cordill and Eaton⁵did not observe any significant effect of sodium amytal on the twenty-four hour output of urine, though this is rather misleading, since suppression of renal activity during a short period of anesthesia was compensated for by subsequent diuresis. It is, moreover, generally recognized that in clinical cases of severe sodium amytal intoxication secretion of urine is apt to be scanty.⁶In the case of pentothal sodium, it has been reported that when the drug was used as an anesthetic in urologic practice, no change in