Ditylenchus Myceliophagus Research Articles

Morphological and molecular identification of plant parasitic nematodes in wheat fields of Eastern Anatolian Region (Türkiye)

The aim of this study is to identify plant-parasitic nematodes molecularly and morphologically in wheat (Triticum spp.) fields in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Türkiye) between 2017-2019. For this purpose, a total of 258 soil samples were collected from 7 provinces (Erzincan, Elazığ, Erzurum, Iğdır, Kars, Malatya, and Sivas) in the Eastern Anatolia Region. Nematodes were morphologically identified using a light microscope at the genus (some of them species) level. DNA extraction was performed and PCR products were used to DNA sequencing and nucleotide analysis for 28S ribosomal DNA region by comparing the results with the database. According to the obtained data, a total of 20 genera and 7 species belonging to 2 orders and 9 families were identified: H. digonicus Perry, 1959; H. canadensis Waseem, 1961; H. vulgaris Yuen, 1964 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae); Ditylenchus myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 (Nematoda: Anguinidae); Amplimerlinius macrurus (Goodey, 1932) (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae); Scutylenchus quadrifer (Andrassy, 1954); (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae), and Pratylenchoides alkani Yüksel, 1977 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). H. vulgaris was identified at the species level using molecular techniques. The rates of presence of economically important plant parasitic nematodes were determined as 73%, 43%, 36%, 33% and 28% for Ditylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Aphelenchus spp., Xiphinema spp. and Helicotylenchus spp. respectively. It is thought that the results obtained will help to plan nematode control methods in the region.

Characterization of three plant or fungal feeding nematodes (Nematoda, Rhabditida, Tylenchomorpha) from coastal dunes in Spain including the SEM study of these species

Three known species, Aphelenchus avenae, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and Tylenchorhynchus aduncus (Rhabditida, Tylenchomorpha), are described from sand coastal dunes in Spain associated to the rhizosphere of xerophilic plants. A. avenae is characterized by having stylet with 16–22 µm long, pharyngeal dorsal gland overlapping the intestine, postvulval uterine sac about 2.5 times the body diameter, female tail short conoid with rounded tip bearing the phasmid and male bursa well developed. D. myceliophagus is characterized by having lateral field with four incisures, stylet 7–8 µm long, basal bulb irregularly pyriform, tail of both sexes similar with rounded tip and bursa of the male reaching about three-quarters of tail length. T. aduncus is characterized by its lateral field with six incisures, stylet 15–18 μm long, spicules with bifurcate tip and distal ventral crest, and gubernaculum with hook-like manubrium. New morphological, including SEM study, and morphometrical data are included for the three species. Also, phylogenetic analysis based on 18S and 28S rDNA is included for two of the species studied. Additionally, two species belonging to the superfamily Aphelenchoidea are transferred to other genera: Aphelenchus assamensis to the genus Aphelenchoides and Aphelenchoides dhanachandi to the genus Potensaphelenchus.

The Predation Behaviour of Fictor composticola on Parasitic Nematodes of Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

In this study, the predation behaviour of male and female predatory nematode, Fictor composticola, was studied on five prey nematode species, Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides swarupi, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Bursilla sp. and Panagrolaimus sp., found in the white button mushroom compost. The period of the study is of six months. The data recorded on number of encounters, part of the body of prey attacked, stage of the prey attacked, duration of feeding etc. The strike rate and prey susceptibility were calculated. The average number of encounters on all the five preys done by female F. composticola was 3.0 and that of the male was 6.0. Male F. composticola had more number of encounters on the prey nematode species than the females. Both the sexes preferred juvenile stages over adults as prey. The most attacked part by both females and males predator, was the posterior part of the prey body. In 80% of cases, female predators fed on the first encountered prey while males attacked the first encountered prey in 30% of cases only. The strike rate of female F. composticola was more (78.6%) than the male (48.2%). Mycophagous nematodes were more susceptible to predator’s attack than the microbivorous nematodes. The strike rate of the predator on different prey nematode species was found more on mycophagous nematodes than on microbivorous nematodes and minimum on Panagrolaimus sp. The average feeding duration of female F. composticola was 8 min and 31 sec and in the case of males it was 4 min and 11 sec.

Morphological and molecular characters of three Ditylenchus species from Iran

During a survey of soil nematodes in Iran, some known species belonging to the genus Ditylenchus were recovered from the rhizosphere of alfalfa: Ditylenchus acutus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and Di...

Relationship between mycohelminths and fungi and their use in plant disease control (review)

Purpose. To analyze domestic and foreign scientific sources concerning the influence of mycohelminths on the species composition and number of phytopathogenic species of fungi and fungi that form mycorrhiza, as well as the possibility of their use in the biological protection of plants from diseases. Results. Mycohelminths, or typical mycophagus, which include species from the families Aphelenchidae, Арhеlеnсhоіdidае, Туlеnсhidае and Neotуlеnсhidае, can both positively and negatively affect the species composition and the number of mushroom flora in the rhizosphere of plants. In particular, such species of nematodes as Aphelenchus avenae, Арhelenchoides composticola, Арhelenchoides saprophilus, Арhelenchoides hamatus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, etc., are feed on the nutrients they are sucking with the mycelium of phytopathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, various species of Fusarium, Verticilium, Pyrenochaeta, Pythium arrhemomanes, Armillaria mellea, Microdochium nivale, Mortierella hyanina, etc.) contribute to reducing their harmfulness in crops of different crops. However, it is noted that mycohelminths can also feed on mycelium mycorrhizal fungi and thus indirectly increase the susceptibility of plants to the damage of pathogens. Currently studies are being carried out on the possibility of using mycohelminths as bioagents against phytopathogenic fungal species. Conclusions. Mycohelminths can play a leading role in protecting plants from parasitic species of fungi. However, the efficiency of their use depends on the number of individuals that are introduced into the soil, species of pathogenic fungus and antifungal fungus, as well as numerous biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, the development and implementation of methods for protecting crops with the help of mycohelminths requires from the scientists an integrated approach to studying the mechanisms of interaction between all biological organisms involved in the pathogenesis of a disease and to take into account as far as possible the factors on which the practical success of the research also depends.

Synthesis, antimicrobial and nematicidal evaluation of a new class of triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolinylthiazolidinones

In an attempt to find a new class of antimicrobial and nematicidal agents, a series of 2-aryl/heteryl-3-(5-phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 5a-k was prepared by one-pot three-component reaction, involving 5-phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolin-3-amine 4, aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes and thioglycolic acid, and characterized by physicochemical as well as spectral means. All the newly synthesized compounds 5a–k were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against three representative Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus), Gram-negative (Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli) bacteria and four fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes). These compounds 5a–k, were also evaluated for their nematicidal activity against two nematodes (Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Caenorhabditis elegans). Except phenyl substituted, all the ten aryl/heteroaryl substituted compounds 5b–k showed significant antimicrobial and nematicidal properties against tested microorganisms. Particularly, compounds 5b, 5c, 5g, 5h, 5j and 5k containing electron-withdrawing substituents like chlorophenyl, nitrophenyl, furyl and 1,3-benzodioxole exhibited promising activity comparable to employed standards Ampicillin, Amphotericin B and Levamisole, and emerged as potent antimicrobial and nematicidal agents.

Paraphyletic genus Ditylenchus Filipjev (Nematoda, Tylenchida), corresponding to the D. triformis-group and the D. dipsaci-group scheme.

The genus Ditylenchus has been divided into 2 groups: the Ditylenchus triformis-group, and the Ditylenchus dipsaci-group based on morphological and biological characters. A total of 18 populations belong to 5 species of Ditylenchus was studied: Ditylenchus africanus, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus myceliophagus and dipsaci, Ditylenchus weischeri, the first 3 belong to the Ditylenchus triformis-group, the last 2 the Ditylenchus dipsaci-group. The species of Ditylenchus triformis-group were cultured on fungi, while the species from Ditylenchus dispaci-group cultured on excised roots of plant hosts in petri dish. DNA sequences of regions of the nuclear ribosomal first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) and the small subunit 18S were PCR amplified, sequenced and the phylogenetic analyses also including the sequences of the closely related species from the GenBank. The randomly amplified polymorphisms of genomic DNA (RAPD) were also generated. Two clusters or clades corresponding to the 2 groups were consistently observed with significant statistical support from the 3 datasets. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the genus is paraphyletic, separating the 2 groups by species of Anguina and Subanguina.

한국 미 기록종 Ditylenchus myceliophagus와 Ditylenchus acutus (Tylenchida : Anguinidae)의 기재

The measurements of Ditylenchus acutus is similar to Fortuner & Maggenti’s 1987 D. acutus (Khan, 1965) except the body length was much longer (L=0.65-0.71 mm vs. L=0.39-0.50 mm) and body width was thinner (a=40-49.2 vs. a=22-28). In addition, Ditylenchus myceliophagus was recorded for the first time in Korea. Thus, both species were described in this paper.

Synthesis and in vitro study of methylene-bis-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5- c]isoxazoles as potential nematicidal agents

A series of methylene-bis-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,5- c]isoxazoles 6 were synthesized by the reaction of chalcone derivative of methylene-bis-thiazolidinone 5 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The chemical structures of newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analyses. The compounds 6a– g were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against Ditylenchus myceliophagus and Caenorhabditis elegans, compound 6e and 6f showed appreciable nematicidal activity. Further the compounds 6a– g were screened for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Aspergillus fumigatus (HIC 6094), Trichophyton rubrum (IFO 9185) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (IFO 40996). The compounds 6b and 6f displayed notable antifungal activity against all the microorganisms employed. The activity of these two compounds is almost equal to the standard. It is also interesting to note that the compounds 6b, 6f and 6g showed activity towards C. albicans at the concentration of 3.75 μM, which is less than the concentration of the standard Amphotericin B.

Nematodes associated with vineyards throughout Markazi Province (Arak), Iran

In a survey conducted from April 2008 through October 2008, 21 nematode species were found associated with grapes in Markazi Province, Iran. These included: Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides limberi, Boleodorus thylactus, Criconema mutabile, Mesocriconema xenoplax, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Irantylenchus clavidorus, Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. vulgaris, H. crenacauda, H. pseudorobustus, Hemicriconemoides mangiferae, Meloidogyne javanica, Geocenamous brevidens, G. rugosus, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei, P. ritteri, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Xiphinema index and Zygotylenchus guevarai. Populations varied in their frequency and distribution among surveyed vineyards but Helicotylenchus spp. and Pratylenchus spp. were the most commonly observed genera. Meloidogyne spp. and Xiphinema spp. were rarely encountered during the survey. This is the first reported province-wide nematode survey of grapes in Iran. Morphological and morphometric variations that typified the survey populations are given and discussed for certain nematode species.

Synthesis, Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Activity of 3-(5-3-Methyl-5-[(3-methyl-7-5-[2-(aryl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolan-3-yl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylbenzo[<i>b</i>]furan-5-yl)methyl]benzo[<i>b</i>]furan-7-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-(aryl)-1,3-thiazolan-4-one

A new series of 3-(5-3-methyl-5-[(3-methyl-7-5-[2-(aryl)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolan-3-yl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylbenzo[b]furan-5-yl)methyl]benzo[b]furan-7-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-(aryl)-1,3-thiazolan-4-one 5a-j has been synthesized by the reaction of N2-[(E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)methylidene]-5-(3-methyl-5-[3-methyl-7-(5-[(E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)methylidene]amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzo[b]furan-5-yl]methylbenzo[b]furan-7-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 4a-j with thioglycolic acid. Chemical structures of all the new compounds were established by their IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and elemental data. The 5a-j have been assayed for their nematicidal activity against Ditylenchus myceliophagus and Caenorhabditis elegans by aqueous in vitro screening technique. The screened data reveal that, the 5e is most effective against D. myceliophagus and C. elegans with 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of 170 and 190 ppm, respectively and is almost equal to the activity of standard levamisole. The 5h and 5j are also most active against C. elegans with LD(50) of 200 ppm and D. myceliophagus with LD(50) of 190 ppm, respectively. Further, the 5a-j were screened for their antibacterial activity against three representative, Gram-positive bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538p and Micrococcus luteus IFC 12708, and three Gram-negative bacteria viz. Proteus vulgaris ATCC 3851, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and also screened for their antifungal activity against four fungal organisms viz. Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus fumigatus HIC 6094, Trichophyton rubrum IFO 9185 and Trichophyton mentagrophytes IFO 40996. Most of these new compounds showed appreciable activity against the test bacteria and fungi, and emerged as potential molecules for further development.

Synthesis, Nematicidal and Antimicrobial Properties of Bis-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(4-methylphenyl)-2(aryl)-tetrahydro-2<i>H</i>-pyrazolo[3,4-<i>d</i>]thiazol-5-yl]phenyl]methanes

A new series of bis-[4-methoxy-3-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(aryl)-3,3a,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazol-5-yl]phenyl]methanes 6a-r was synthesized by the reaction of arylidine derivative of methylene-bis-thiazolidinones 5a-c with aryl/alkyl hydrazines. Chemical structures of all the new compounds were established by IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, MS and elemental data. The compounds 6a-r were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against Ditylenchus myceliophagus and Caenorhabdites elegans by aqueous in vitro screening technique. Amongst them compounds containing N-benzylpyrazole moiety (6d, 6j, 6p), and N-methylpyrazole moiety (6f, 6l, 6r) showed significant nematicidal activity against both the test nematodes with LD(50) 160-210 ppm, almost equal to the oxamyl standard. Further, these compounds 6a-r were screened for their antibacterial (MZI, MIC and MBC) activity against three representative Gram-positive bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Bacillus sphaericus (MTCC 11), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) and three Gram-negative bacteria viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 741), Klebsiella aerogenes (MTCC 39), Chromobacterium violaceum (MTCC 2656) and also screened for their antifungal (MZI, MIC and MFC) activity against four fungal organisms viz. Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Aspergillus fumigatus (HIC 6094), Trichophyton rubrum (IFO 9185) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (IFO 40996). Most of these new compounds showed appreciable activity against test bacteria and fungi, and emerged as potential molecules for further development.

DNA polymorphism in the stem nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci: development of diagnostic markers for normal and giant races.

DNA polymorphism in the Ditylenchus dipsaci complex was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to determine the relationships among populations growing mainly on Vicia faba and to develop diagnostic markers. Twenty-two populations of D. dipsaci originating from different geographical areas and one population of Ditylenchus myceliophagus were used. AFLP proved to be a powerful method to reveal intraspecific polymorphism even within the giant type. The analysis showed a clear distinction between the giant and normal populations, with genetic distances similar to those observed between normal populations and D. myceliophagus or giant populations and D. myceliophagus, strengthening the hypothesis that these two nematode types could be considered distinct species. Two specific AFLP markers differentiating the two types were converted into sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. Used in a multiplex PCR, the SCAR primers proved to be a rapid and efficient tool to identify the giant and the normal types of D. dipsaci.

Trehalose: Its Role in the Anhydrobiotic Survival of Ditylenchus Myceliophagus

The anhydrobiotic potential of the free-living mycophagous nematode Ditylenchus myceliophagus was examined. Both individuals and small aggregates (mixed larvae and adults) were able to survive anhydrobiotically if dried slowly enough and exhibited those behavioural (swarming) and morphological (coiling) adaptations normally associated with dehydration stress. Comparison of biochemical profiles of nematode aggregates cultured on Agaricus bisporus or Rhizoctonia cerealis mycelia and exposed to 97% rh for three days (preconditioning) showed similar decreases in lipid and glycogen contents but trehalose contents increased to about 3.65% and 9.25% dry wt, respectively. Trehalose content had no effect on the abilities of the nematodes to survive exposure to reduced rh levels following preconditioning, with no nematodes surviving after 24 hr at 0% rh. Nematodes reared on R. cerealis and allowed to dehydrate naturally in culture for 6 weeks post-swarm showed an unexpected increase in lipid during swarming (28% to 42% dry wt), glycogen levels declined and trehalose levels increased from 2.0% to 4.0% dry wt. None of these changes were associated with dehydration stress. After 3 weeks nematodes began to coil and had lipid and trehalose contents of about 32% and 16.65% dry wt, respectively. At the end of the six week period lipid contents declined to 26% dry wt and trehalose contents remained stable. Naturally dehydrated nematodes showed an almost identical pattern of survival to preconditioned ones when exposed to reduced rh levels. The anhydrobiotic capabilities of D. myceliophagus are discussed in relation to other nematode anhydrobiotes and to the importance of trehalose as either a necessity for successful anhydrobiotic survival or a general adaptive response to environmental stress.

A comparison of the rate of drying of four nematode species using a liquid paraffin technique

SUMMARYA technique of immersion refractometry has been employed to compare the rates at which four species of nematodes lose water during desiccation at 0% r.h. Panagrellus redivivus and Ditylenchus myceliophagus showed little ability to control water loss, although in the latter species coiling helped slow the rate of drying. Ditylenchus dipsaci and Anguina tritici exhibited a much greater degree of control over water loss during desiccation, A. tritici being more successful. D. dipsaci revived from ‘wool’ showed a marked decrease in ability to control water loss when compared with freshly extracted worms. The results obtained have been compared with those from work using interference microscopy, and a critical assessment of the liquid paraffin technique is presented.

The effect of age o f fungus on the development of populations of Aphelenchus avenae and Ditylenchus myceliophagus

The effect of age o f fungus on the development of populations of Aphelenchus avenae and Ditylenchus myceliophagus

Suppression of Aphelenchoides Composticola and Ditylenchus Myceliophagus On Agaricus Bisporus By Thiabendazole and Benomyl

The effectiveness of thiabendazole and benomyl for control of Aphelenchoides composticola and Ditylenchus myceliophagus on Agaricus bisporus was investigated in vitro. Thiabendazole at 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 ppm and benomyl at 5, 10 and 20 ppm inhibited multiplication of the nematodes over 3 weeks and prevented degeneration of the mycelium. Thiabendazole at concentrations up to 20 ppm did not significantly reduce growth of A. bisporus but benomyl at 10 and 20 ppm reduced colony diameter significantly. Nematodes were not killed by direct contact with or direct uptake of the chemicals. It is suggested that either the nematodes acquire a toxic dose or toxic derivatives from the host or the chemicals act by suppressing reproduction and development at concentrations which do not kill.

Carbon Dioxide and the Hatch of Eggs and Development of Larvae of Aphelenchoides Composticola and Ditylenchus Myceliophagus

The minimum oxygen concentration for the optimum hatch of eggs of Aphelenchoides composticola was 1.5 % and for Ditylenchus myceliophugus, 2 %. This result probably reflects the difference in the size of eggs of each nematode rather than a difference in the affinity for oxygen of the enzymes at the sites of terminal oxidation in each species. The maximum rate of development of both nematodes occurred at concentrations of oxygen greater than 5 %. The ecological implications of the higher requirement for oxygen for development of larvae than for hatch of eggs are obscure. The increased demand for oxygen during development may occur because of the greater energy requirements of the larvae and adults. Evidence from this study supports a hypothesis that a cytochrome system is involved in the respiration of these nematodes. Results also indicate that concentrations of oxygen sufficiently low to prevent hatch of eggs or subsequent development of larvae will occur only in scattered, localised sites in most arable soils.

The excretory system of nematodes: structure and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Panagrellus redivivus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus with some observations on D. dipsaci and Heterodera rostochiensis.

The structure and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Panagrellus redivivus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, D. dipsaci and the second-stage larvae of the Heterodera rostochiensis are described. Panagrellus has two lateral ducts, a median duct and a gland. The two lateral ducts are joined over the anterior part of the oesophageal bulb to form a loop. Anteriorly this loop continues as a median duct, which opens to the exterior in an excretory pit, part of the system lies free in the pseudocoelom. The lumen of the lateral excretory duct and the greater part of the median duct is surrounded by capitate tubules, which open into the lumen of the excretory duct. Capitate tubules develop by the invagination of the hypodermal membranes and lie embedded in thick cytoplasm surrounded by mitochondria. Ensheathed in cell membranes the excretory duct forms an anastomosis in the loop and at three other places along the length of each lateral excretory duct. At these regions there are nerve endings. The excretory gland opens posteriorly into the loop and is full of Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules.In the system of Ditylenchus and the second-stage larva of Heterodera the right lateral duct is absent while the left lateral excretory duct continues anteriorly past the median excretory duct; a true loop is not formed. The median excretory duct lies embedded almost throughout its length in the excretory gland. Capitate tubules are present along the length of the lateral excretory duct, but, unlike Panagrellus, are not present around the median excretory duct. Anastomosis is not formed in the excretory ducts. In other respects the system of the species studied is similar to that of Panagrellus.The capitate tubules form a system of fine microtubules. Their ultrastructure and, particularly, their association with large numbers of mitochondria, is very reminiscent of structures thought to be concerned with an active transport role, related to ionic and osmoregulation in other phyla.The excretory system is almost certainly hypodermal in origin. Differences between the morphology and relations of the median duct of Enoplus (Narang, 1970), on the one hand, and that of the other forms studied suggest that these ducts may have different origins: the presence of separate nuclei in the lateral duct and gland portions of the system would be consistent with this view. It is considered that the two parts may have originated separately and have become joined during evolution. It is also shown that the excretory system of Ditylenchus cannot be derived either from an H-shaped system or from a primitive gland system.I wish to thank Professor C. Ellenby and Mr L. Smith for their helpful criticism.

Oxygen and the Hatch of Eggs and Development of Larvae of Aphelenchoides Composticola and Ditylenchus Myceliophagus

Oxygen and the Hatch of Eggs and Development of Larvae of Aphelenchoides Composticola and Ditylenchus Myceliophagus