Disturbed Attitudes Research Articles

A Disturbed Attitude Towards Food is the Basic Characteristic of an Eating Disorder

An eating disorder is a psychological disorder that includes a range of emotional and physical symptoms. They most commonly occur in the younger years and adolescence, however, anyone, including older adults, can develop an eating disorder. An eating disorder is characterized by a disturbed attitude towards food, a negative image of one's body and impaired self-esteem. Eating disorders are psychologically and physically difficult conditions, since eating or not eating becomes the biggest preoccupation of the affected persons. There are three basic types: anorexia, bulimia, and compulsive overeating. In addition to them, there are also non-specific forms of eating disorders that cannot be classified into one of the three basic types. As a mental disorder with high mortality, severe physical consequences and numerous prejudices, eating disorders also affect the patient's entire family. This brings us to a critical mass of people affected by the aforementioned disease, which represents a serious public health problem.

Minimum Disturbance Attitude Control Algorithm for DFFSR

Aiming at the attitude disturbance problem of Dual-arm Free Flying Space Robot(DFFSR), firstly, the kinematics equation of DFFSR has been established by using the geometric relationship of each link of DFFSR, the characteristic equation of manipulator, and the linear momentum and angular momentum conservation law of the system in microgravity environment; Secondly, based on the established Generalized Jacobian Matrix(GJM) describing the relationship between the end-effector motion velocity of DFFSR manipulator and the motion velocity of each joint, the relationship between the motion velocity of each joint of DFFSR manipulator and the angular velocity of satellite base has been derived, and the attitude interference model of DFFSR has been established; Finally, the Minimum Attitude Disturbance Map(MADM) algorithm for calculating the DFFSR manipulator has been established, and the attitude control algorithm based on MADM has been proposed. The attitude control method can ensure that the attitude of the satellite base of DFFSR remains unchanged during the movement of the manipulator.

Fuzzy PD controller of UAV attitude under wind interference

In this paper, for the UAV attitude angle stabilization system under constant flat wind disturbance, the fuzzy adaptive PID control theory is used to establish the equation of wind disturbance attitude angle stability system. After mastering the control rate of the system, the fuzzy controller is designed by using matlab, and the attitude angle dynamic simulation analysis was carried out. The results show that under the interference of flat wind, the longitudinal attitude of the UAV is changed by interference, and the fuzzy adaptive PD is used to control the attitude angle of the aircraft, which has faster tracking performance, smaller adjustment time than the traditional PD control. Thereby achieving better maneuverability and less steady-state error. Therefore, the fuzzy adaptive PD can better control the attitude stability of the UAV, improve the wind resistance of the UAV, and ensure the flight is safe and reliable.

EWALUACJA ROLI SPOŁECZNEJ NAUCZYCIELI JĘZYKA NIEMIECKIEGO W KONTEKŚCIE ZABURZENIA STABILIZACJI ZAWODOWEJ

In an era of dynamically changing socio-economics and technological progress, many aspects of school education are being transformed. Teachers are required to be professional in the form of a demand for increasingly higher professional qualifications and competences, but are also required to fulfil specific social roles. These new determinants of the functioning of education create difficulties in the construction of the teacher's identity because the changes which are being introduced disturb professional stability and cause fears about the future. The challenge is to try to answer universal questions about the professional identity of the teacher, the ability to combine an exceptional sense of service, vocation and mission. This situation affects teachers of German and other foreign languages (FL).
 The aim of this paper is to show how teachers of German as a FL perceive the changing school and how they assess the educational process that they co-create. Through biographical interviews, analyzed within the framework of Rubacha’s social role model (2000), an attempt is made to answer the question of how the social role of German teachers is changing as a result of the educational reform initiated in 2017 and what dilemmas are being caused by the changing role of the teacher. Statements from participants of the study will be presented that illustratethe disorder of stabilization of the profession, which results in a critical attitude to the changing situation in school, a disturbed attitude to the world, culture and other people. Impairment of the professional stabilization of German teachers is viewed in the context of the concept of their social role.

Assessment and psychosocial intervention plan of a Syrian case with trauma history

We aimed to prepare a comprehensive psychosocial intervention plan in a case with multiple traumatic experiences and stress factors. Twenty-four years-old Syrian man applied with nervousness, insomnia, frequent nightmares, hypervigilance, flashbacks, feeling crying, unhappiness and unwillingness to outpatient clinic. There was torture, prison life and traumatic loss in history. In mental state examination, there were indications of disturbed attitude, depressed mood, guilty and worthlessness. It is important to assess all risk and stressor factors in refugee patients who are admitted to the clinic and to prepare a comprehensive psychosocial intervention plan combine with drug treatment.

Behaviours And Attitudes About Body Image And Eating Disorders Among Adolescent Females In Kragujevac

Abstract Eating disorders are often in older teens and young women with prevalence 4-5% with increasing tendency. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of eating disorders among adolescents in the city of Kragujevac, and to examine the relationship between the age and the type of eating disorder that can occur in adolescents. This descriptive, cross sectional study involved 220 participants (16-25 years old, 105 high school students and 115 students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences in Kragujevac, Serbia). Eating Attitudes Test EAT-26 questionnaire was used as a screening instrument, which consists of three subscales related to eating disorders (dieting, bulimia, oral control diet). The frequency of disturbed attitudes and eating habits among the investigated population was 26,8% (EAT-26 score ≥20). The high school students had a significantly higher score values (30,4% of girls achieved values EAT-26 score ≥20) than the medical students. Among the respondents, 17,6% were malnourished, 72,7% normal weight, 9,3% of the overweight and 0,5% obese. Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) was 13,7%, subclinical bulimia 4,4% and subclinical anorexia 8,8%. There was statistically significant difference (p=0,024) in the expression of behavioral disorders between students of high school and faculty education. Our results suggest that malnutrition and anorexic syndrome are more frequently in population of medical students, but on the other hand, obesity and subclinical bulimic syndrome have a higher prevalence in high school student`s population, which can be explained by inappropriate education for adolescents.

Incidence of Eating Disorders in Family Environment in High School Adolescents

The impact of risk factors occurring in families on the adolescents’ attitude towards food, using the EAT-26 questionnaire and the Short (s)-EMBU was examined. Respondents were 464 high school students. Results show that in nearly 79% respondents there is at least one risk factor present in the family. Connection between a disturbed attitude to food and being on a family diet and failure to solve problems and absence of communication in families and the occurrence of psychic diseases in families was confirmed. The attachment was more disturbed on the father's side than on the mother's.

Role of obesity and media in body weight concern among female university students in Kuwait

The aim of this study was to find out the association of media and obesity status with body weight concern among female university students in Kuwait. 228 female students, aged 19–25years, were selected at convenience from the Women's College in Kuwait. A previously validated questionnaire was used to collect information on the role of media in body concern and how parents, peers and the girls themselves perceived girls' body shapes. Weight and height were gathered by self-reporting. Use of internet and reading women's magazines had a significant impact on dieting by the girls to lose weight (P<0.0007 and P<0.0114, respectively). The mass media had two to three times more influence on obese girls than non-obese girls. Only watching television had a significant impact on girls' body shape concern (P<0.053). About 30% of non-obese and 81% of obese girls were dissatisfied with their current weight. There were significant differences between obese and non-obese girls regarding the girls' views and the views of their peers and parents about the body weight of the girls (P<0.000 for all). The pressure from peers and parents, in addition to the mass media, may lead to disturbed attitudes towards eating among Kuwaiti girls.

Prevalencia y relación entre el nivel de actividad física y las actitudes alimenticias anómalas en estudiantes universitarias españolas de ciencias de la salud y la educación

Future education and health professionals will be responsible for promoting physical activity and correct eating habits among the general population. This work aims to describe the prevalence and the degree of correlation between physical level and eating disorders in a sample made of nursing, physiotherapy and education female students.A total of 258 female students doing university courses during the academic year 2009-2010 at the University of Vigo (Pontevedra's Campus) and who were registered in nursing (87), physiotherapy (73) and education (98) took part in this transversal descriptive study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Eating Attitude Test were used to assess the prevalence of physical activity and eating disturbed attitudes respectively.The data showed that 63 (64,7%) of nursing students and 63 (72,1%) of education students reported the higher physical inactivity values, while 19 (19.4%) and 13 (15,3%) of them were likely to suffer from eating disorders respectively. Significant differences were found between the academic degree and the physical activity level of the sample (chi²=10,265; Sig.<0,05). The degree of association observed between physical activity energy expenditure and the existence of eating disturbed attitudes was only significant among education students (OR= 3,58; IC 95%= 1,29-9,93; Sig.<0.05).An important prevalence of physical inactivity and eating disturbed attitudes seems to exist attitudes among education and nursing students. There is a chance that the performance of intense physical activity could be related to inadequate eating habits.

Small Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Navigation System Based on Adaptive UKF Algorithm

Ocean current disturbance and attitude,heading errors can cause uncertain navigation system model error.To solve the above problem,an adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) with model error is designed for a small autonomous underwater vehicle s (SAUV) dead reckoning (DR) navigation system.Firstly,three-dimensional motion of SAUV continuous time model is designed.Then,the proposed AUKF algorithm is deduced according to maximum a posterior (MAP) theory.Finally,simulation results show that the algorithm can overcome the model error caused by disturbance currents and attitude,and heading errors.Compared with the conventional UKF algorithm,the filter precision of the SAUV s DR navigation system in complex sea state is improved a lot by adopting the proposed algorithm.

The Relationship Between Health-Related Quality of Life and Disturbed Attitudes Towards Eating in Adolescent of Normal BMI

Health-Related Quality of Life can be studied in different areas, and its association with various disorders can be considered. One of these areas can be included disturbed attitudes towards eating. This study reviews the relationship between Health-Related QOL and disturbed attitudes towards eating in adolescents of normal BMI. According to previous researches, the amount of disturbed attitudes towards eating and BMI values are associated with each other, plus an abnormal BMI values can affect Health-Related QOL. Therefore in the present study was used only normal BMI, so that abnormal BMI couldn’t be affected the relationship between Health-Related QOL and disturbed attitudes towards eating. In this study, 200 persons of boys and girls students in high-school were randomly selected. To assess Health-Related QOL and distorted eating attitudes, the SF-36 and EAT-26 questionnaires were used. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation. Results showed that when increased disturbed attitudes towards eating, qualities of Emotional well-being, Social function, Pain and General health get worse. Reviews separately in boys and girls also showed that in the girls, disturbed attitudes towards eating had an inverse relationship with more dimensions of Health-Related QOL. In these study was concluded, if there were disturbed attitudes towards eating in adolescents, Health-Related QOL in them can be defective, especially in the adolescent girls.

Eating Disorders in Female Athletes

Disordered eating habits are prevalent among female athletes, especially in those involved in sports demanding low body weight. Whether this behavior is the consequence of environmental pressures in their sport environment or due to a certain personality-(possibly genetic?) profile similar to that seen in anorexic patients is controversial. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that athletes from aesthetic disciplines (AAs) are at higher risk for disordered eating than non-aesthetic athletes (NAAs) and share certain personality characteristics, such as perfectionism and obsessiveness, with non-athletic females suffering from anorexia nervosa. METHOD: A total of 458 girls and women aged 13–35 participated in the study: 111 AAs (mostly dancers), 68 non-aesthetic athletes (NAAs), 31 anorexics and 248 controls. All participants completed self-report measures of symptomatology, harm avoidance, perfectionism, obsessiveness, self-esteem, and self-rated facial attractiveness, and were screened for eating disorders. Those screening positively were interviewed and diagnosed using the SCID-IV. RESULTS: As expected the AN group showed a significantly higher level of general and eating pathology, as well as greater body dissatisfaction & drive for thinness than the other three groups. The NAA group exhibited greater body satisfaction and less drive for thinness than the three other groups. Surprisingly, and contrary to our hypothesis, the AA group did not differ from female controls on any scale and showed no signs of general symptomatology or disturbed attitudes towards eating or weight. However, significantly more AAs (11.7%) than NAAs (5.8%) and controls (4.4%) had a lifetime diagnosis of “Eating disorders not otherwise specified” (EDNOS). The eating attitudes and behavior of the 13 AAs with a lifetime history of EDNOS fell intermediately between those of the anorexic women and the controls, whereas their personality profile resembled that of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the athletes, including AAs demonstrate remarkable overall psychological health and resilience, and low rates of lifetime anorexia and bulimia nervosa. However, a subgroup of AAs suffers from EDNOS without reporting that they ever received appropriate treatment for it. These results seem to support the notion that “anorexia athletica” is a specific diagnostic entity, to be viewed as a subclinical, environmentally influenced eating disorder with a favorable prognosis, unaccompanied by the personality traits generally underlying anorexia nervosa.

Perfectionism and Eating Attitudes In Competitive Rowers: Moderating Effects of Body Mass, Weight Classification and Gender

One purpose of the present research was to determine the relationship between perfectionism and eating attitudes among national level rowers. A second purpose was to determine if body mass, weight classification and gender moderate perfectionism-eating attitude relations. Rowers from New Zealand and Australia (W=449) completed the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS; Terry-Short, Owens, Slade and Dewey, 1995), the Eating Attitude Test-40 (EAT-40; Garner and Garfinkel, 1979), and the Short Form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS; Reynolds, 1982). In addition, a Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from the height and weight measurements of each participant. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, after accounting for social desirability effects. Negative (unhealthy) Perfectionism scores were positively related to disturbed eating attitude scores, whereas Positive (healthy) Perfectionism scores were unrelated to disturbed eating attitude scores. In addition, body mass, weight classification and gender operated in a conjunctive fashion to produce a maximum moderator effect. That is, relations between Negative Perfectionism and disturbed eating attitudes were strongest for female lightweight rowers with higher BMI scores. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms as a correlate of severity in the clinical presentation of eating disorders: measuring the effects of depression.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms have been related to severity in the clinical presentation of eating disorders, whereas the impact of depression on the correlations between their severity and the severity of eating disorders has not been investigated. This paper assesses the effects of depression in 42 adolescent patients who met DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa by using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The results indicate that patients who show elevated obsessionality and compulsivity on the Y-BOCS display a significantly higher degree of disturbed attitudes and behaviours concerning eating than patients with limited obsessionality and compulsivity. However, when the effects of depression are considered, all the differences found disappear. Our study suggests that depression is more directly associated with the severity of eating disorders than obsessive-compulsive symptoms and that the intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in eating disorders is influenced by the intensity of depression. The relations between obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depression and eating disorders are not known. Even so this study highlights the importance of assessing depression when using obsessive and compulsive symptoms as a correlate of severity in the clinical presentation of eating disorders.

Social physique anxiety and eating attitudes: Moderating effects of body mass and gender

One purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between social physique anxiety and eating attitudes in a university population. A second purpose was to determine if body mass and gender served to moderate social physique anxiety-eating attitude relations. University students (N = 85) completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS; Har et al., 1989), the Eating Attitude Test (EAT; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979) and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS; Reynolds, 1982). A Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from the height and weight measurements of the participant. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that, after accounting for social desirability effects, social physique anxiety scores were positively related to disturbed eating attitude scores. In addition, both BMI and gender served to moderate the social physique anxiety-disturbed eating attitudes relationship. More importantly, however, these moderator variables were shown to operate interactively to influence that relationship. That is, relations between social physique anxiety and disturbed eating attitudes were maximized for females with lower BMI scores. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Comparison of cognitive-behavioral and supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia nervosa

The authors compared the effectiveness of 4 months (18 sessions) of cognitive-behavioral and supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia. Sixty patients obtained from clinical referrals to an eating disorders program who met modified DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa were randomly assigned to the two conditions. Treatments were delivered in an individual format, on an outpatient basis, by experienced therapists using treatment manuals. The primary outcome measures were self-induced vomiting, binge eating, and attitudes toward body weight and shape, which were assessed by self-report and structured interview. Fifty patients completed treatment, 25 in each condition. Both treatments led to significant improvements in specific eating disorder symptoms and in psychosocial disturbances. Supportive-expressive therapy was just as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing binge eating. Where treatment differences were found, they favored cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was marginally superior in reducing the frequency of self-induced vomiting; 36% of the patients who received cognitive-behavioral therapy and 12% of those who received supportive-expressive therapy abstained from vomiting in the last month of treatment. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was significantly more effective in ameloriating disturbed attitudes toward eating and weight, depression, poor self-esteem, general psychological distress, and certain personality traits. These results moderately favor cognitive-behavioral therapy over supportive-expressive therapy for bulimia nervosa, but follow-up is required to determine the durability of outcome with both modalities. The findings must be interpreted with caution since the selected clinical sample in this study may not represent the bulimia nervosa population.

Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obese binge eaters

Obese binge eaters may benefit from cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) approaches that target binge eating. In the present study, eight overweight women participated in a 16-week group CBT program. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), a clinical interview designed to assess the psychopathology specific to eating disorders, was administered pre- and post-treatment. Frequency of bulimic episodes during the 28 days prior to assessment was substantially reduced following treatment. Total days with bulimic episodes decreased from 13.4 to 1.2, with a mean reduction of 81%. As assessed by the EDE, dysfunctional concern for body shape and weight and disturbed attitudes about eating markedly diminished. Mood similarly improved. These find/rigs confirm that obese bingers improve after a CBT program designed to ameliorate binge eating and indicate the utility of the EDE in assessing treatment outcome with these patients.

Three Psychological Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa

The specificity and magnitude of the effects of cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa were evaluated. Seventy-five patients who met strict diagnostic criteria were treated with either cognitive behavior therapy, a simplified behavioral version of this treatment, or interpersonal psychotherapy. Assessment was by interview and self-report questionnaire, and many aspects of functioning were evaluated. All three treatments resulted in an improvement in the measures of the psychopathology. Cognitive behavior therapy was more effective than interpersonal psychotherapy in modifying the disturbed attitudes to shape and weight, extreme attempts to diet, and self-induced vomiting. Cognitive behavior therapy was more effective than behavior therapy in modifying the disturbed attitudes to shape and weight and extreme dieting, but it was equivalent in other respects. The findings suggest that cognitive behavior therapy, when applied to patients with bulimia nervosa, operates through mechanisms specific to this treatment and is more effective than both interpersonal psychotherapy and a simplified behavioral version of cognitive behavior therapy.

Body Attitudes and Eating Behaviors of Female Clothing Sales Personnel

Recent research suggests that social standards for ideal female beauty are related to negative body-image and dieting among young women. We hypothesized that women who work in settings that emphasize physical appearance (women's fashion clothing sales) would have more disturbed body attitudes and eating behaviors than college women. Sales personnel (n = 21) and students (n = 25) answered questions about their occupational status, weight, and demographic characteristics, and completed the Body-esteem Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory. Weight and scores on the two scales were similar in both groups except that sales personnel reported more dissatisfaction with their body parts on the Body dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Among sales personnel, those who perceived their appearance to be of greater importance in their work also reported more concern about dieting and weight, as reflected on the Drive for thinness subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Results are discussed with regard to situational influences on women's body attitudes and their implications for eating behaviors.

The ideologies of despair: a symbolic interpretation of punks and skinheads' usage of barbiturates.

In this paper a symbolic approach will be used to explain the high rate of barbiturate misuse among two modern youth movements namely punks and skinheads. It will be argued that punks and skinheads are youth social protest movements which have channelled their social protest through subcultural 'style' and symbolism. Neither group has developed an articulate coherent philosophy at the self-conscious level, rather both groups express their 'style' symbolically by dress, attitudes and behaviour. Both movements are working class in ethic, but whilst punks embody a total alienation from and rejection of conventional society, the skinheads identify with a militant working class ethic. Like many people in modern society, both groups have turned to bodily symbolism as a means of expressing themselves and their position in society. The punks and skinheads interviewed came from extremely disrupted and delinquent backgrounds which may be a general tendency amongst members of these movements. It is suggested that as a result of many of their members' disrupted backgrounds, these groups have developed negative and disturbed attitudes in their ideologies which they express symbolically through the medium of their bodies in a number of ways, including through the use of drugs. Barbiturates are amongst the most self-destructive and negative of drugs and bodily behaviour induced by them provides those punks and skinheads who use drugs with an ideal vehicle for symbolically expressing their frustration and discontent.