Disturbance Tolerance Research Articles

Analysis of The Role of Bhabinkamtibmas To Maintain Security and Order In Sumbersari Village Sleman

Ensuring security and order requires both police efforts and community participation. In Tiwir Village, Sumbersari, Moyudan, Sleman, a person with a mental illness caused disturbances by stealing items and entering homes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of Bhabinkamtibmas in Sumbersari Village in maintaining community security and order amidst disturbances caused by individuals with mental disorders (ODGJ). The study focuses on identifying the efforts made by Bhabinkamtibmas to address these disturbances and the factors that hinder their effectiveness. The method used in this research is the empirical juridical method.The approach used in this research is a legal sociology approach. The result is Bhabinkamtibmas as the frontline of village policing, they ensure a constant presence, conduct monitoring, and engage persuasively with the community.. However, challenges arise from a lack of legal awareness among families of individuals with mental illness. This gap in legal knowledge impedes their ability to manage disruptive behaviors and exacerbates community tolerance of such disturbances. The resulting reluctance to address these issues effectively hinders Bhabinkamtibmas efforts in maintaining security and fostering community cooperation.

Prescribed finite-time stabilization of fuzzy neural networks with time-varying controller

This paper investigates the exponential and prescribed finite-time stabilization with time-varying controller. First, the constraints of boundedness and differentiability on time delays are simultaneously relaxed, the Lipschitz condition for activation function is also relaxed. Second, different from the traditional Lyapunov function, two different time-varying Lyapunov functions are respectively constructed to achieve the exponential and prescribed finite-time stabilization. Significantly, the exponential convergence rate and the settling time are constants that can be given in advance and are not affected by system parameters and initial states. In addition, the time-varying controllers have good tolerance for disturbance caused by discontinuous functions and the disturbance is perfectly resolved and does not affect the control performance. Especially, the form of controllers is relatively simple and there is not necessary to design the fractional-order controllers for prescribed finite-time stabilization. Furthermore, the exponential and prescribed finite-time stabilization for FNNs without delay are respectively established via continuous time-varying state feedback control. Finally, examples show the effectiveness of the proposed control methods.

Prairie restoration promotes the abundance and diversity of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Predicting how biological communities assemble in restored ecosystems can assist in conservation efforts, but most research has focused on plants, with relatively little attention paid to soil microbial organisms that plants interact with. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an ecologically significant functional group of soil microbes that form mutualistic symbioses with plants and could therefore respond positively to plant community restoration. To evaluate the effects of plant community restoration on AM fungi, we compared AM fungal abundance, species richness, and community composition of five annually cultivated, conventionally managed agricultural fields with paired adjacent retired agricultural fields that had undergone prairie restoration 5-9 years prior to sampling. We hypothesized that restoration stimulates AM fungal abundance and species richness, particularly for disturbance-sensitive taxa, and that gains of new taxa would not displace AM fungal species present prior to restoration due to legacy effects. AM fungal abundance was quantified by measuring soil spore density and root colonization. AM fungal species richness and community composition were determined in soils and plant roots using DNA high-throughput sequencing. Soil spore density was 2.3 times higher in restored prairies compared to agricultural fields, but AM fungal root colonization did not differ between land use types. AM fungal species richness was 2.7 and 1.4 times higher in restored prairies versus agricultural fields for soil and roots, respectively. The abundance of Glomeraceae, a disturbance-tolerant family, decreased by 25% from agricultural to restored prairie soils but did not differ in plant roots. The abundance of Claroideoglomeraceae and Diversisporaceae, both disturbance-sensitive families, was 4.6 and 3.2 times higher in restored prairie versus agricultural soils, respectively. Species turnover was higher than expected relative to a null model, indicating that AM fungal species were gained by replacement. Our findings demonstrate that restoration can promote a relatively rapid increase in the abundance and diversity of soil microbial communities that had been degraded by decades of intensive land use, and community compositional change can be predicted by the disturbance tolerance of soil microbial taxonomic and functional groups.

L2‐gain analysis and fault‐tolerant control for uncertain nonlinear switched system with actuator saturation and time‐varying delay

AbstractFor the nonlinear continuous‐time switched system with input saturation and time‐varying delay, the problem of actuator failure is investigated in the presence of external disturbances. First, the sufficient conditions for the tolerance disturbances of system are obtained by using the multiple augmented Lyapunov Krasovskii functionals method combined with the Wirtinger integral inequality method and the reciprocally convex combination inequality. Second, the restricted ‐gain is analyzed. Third, the switching law and the disturbance suppression fault‐tolerant controllers are designed to obtain the maximum value of tolerance disturbance and the minimum upper bound on the restricted ‐gain. Finally, the numerical examples are given to verified the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing the state trajectories under the action of the fault‐tolerant controllers and the standard controllers.

The content of regulatory B-lymphocytes in autoimmune adrenal insufficiency

Introduction: Currently, the need to expand knowledge about the mechanisms of impaired immune tolerance in autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (AAI) remains relevant. It is not excluded that in AAI there are disturbances in the system of regulatory B-lymphocytes (Breg).Objective: To assess the state of the B-regulatory cells system of immunity in AAI.Material and methods: the content of Breg was evaluated in patients with AAI, including isolated AAI and AAI as part of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 (APS-2) and as part of APS-1, in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (1-AI) of non-autoimmune genesis, conditionally healthy individuals without AI and autoimmune diseases.Results: A decrease in the content of Breg in vivo was revealed in patients with isolated AAI and AAI in the composition of APS-2 compared with conditionally healthy participants. The content of Breg in vivo in patients with 1-AI of non-autoimmune genesis did not statistically differ from the indicators of conditionally healthy participants.Conclusion: for the first time in the world, a tendency to a decrease in the content of Breg in AAI, caused by a disturbance of peripheral immune tolerance, was found. Thus, these cells can be considered as promising markers for the prognosis, early diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of AAI.

Improved Data-Driven Control Design Based on LMI and Its Applications in Lithium-Ion Batteries

This paper focuses on the data-driven control for discrete-time systems based on linear matrix inequality (LMI) and provides its application in Lithium-Ion batteries with disturbances. First, the system’s state response is collected from a noisy environment to obtain the data matrices. Then, a new definition of parameters is proposed to improve the solvability of LMIs. To enhance the control scheme’s robustness against disturbances, a penalty function with an adjustable factor is introduced. The range of disturbances that can be tolerated is quantified under the control mechanism. Finally, data-driven state-of-charge tracking control for Lithium-Ion batteries is studied in the simulation. Comparisons with existing approaches show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in terms of performance and disturbance tolerance.

Neo-taphonomy of striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) in Israel

Humans increase the limited number of daylight hours available to them by using artificial light at night (ALAN) to improve their ability to continue functioning under light conditions. Several studies found that ALAN has multiple impacts on wildlife, and even humans. We examined whether the prey of striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena), a commensal of human-altered areas, has adapted to this change in the natural environment. We collected prey remains in 12 different dens during 20 breeding attempts between 1993 and 2022. Our analysis shows that ALAN had no impact on diet or den distribution in central Israel. We were able to identify 654 prey items from 49 species in the dens. We divided the species into five main groups: domestic animals (11 species), wild mammals (19), reptiles (3), and birds (17). Domestic animals were the most numerous in the diet. We also found vegetative species, mainly fruits and vegetables, of 10 species in the dens. In conclusion, our study shows that the plasticity of striped hyena feeding behavior, which may vary depending on geographical region and habitat, and is influenced by human and livestock waste disposal. Their respectful behavior and tolerance of human disturbance make the striped hyena an exceptional carnivore, providing ecosystem services. Therefore, public awareness of the importance of protecting this species in the Middle East must be developed to raise appropriate environmental education programs for the public.

A fast-partitioning decision method for demand side resources based on grid resilience assessment

With the large-scale renewable energy integrated into the distribution grid, the grid’s regulating ability and disturbance tolerance are weakening. When partitioning demand-side resources, it is necessary to enhance resilience to ensure the reliability of electric power. This paper proposes a fast-partitioning method that considers resilience, structure, and functionality to adapt to the evolving requirements of the distribution system. Specifically, the comprehensive partition index system is constructed with the resilience assessment index reflecting the ability of partitions to withstand and mitigate the effects of faults, the modularity index based on electrical distance, and regional power balance indexes. Meanwhile, a modified genetic algorithm is proposed to calculate the comprehensive partition index. The modified algorithm first uses a sensitivity matrix to perform initial partitions and construct initial populations. Then, it utilizes a triangular network adjacency matrix for chromosome encoding, significantly reducing the algorithm’s search space and enhancing partitioning efficiency. Finally, the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through simulation analysis of the IEEE 28-node system.

Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the taxonomic and functional diversity of forest plants in a mediterranean‐type biodiversity hotspot

AbstractAimDiversity‐rich mediterranean‐type sclerophyllous forests are home to 20% of described species on Earth. In the Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest of southwest of Western Australia diversity is being reduced by extensive human use and the introduction of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. This study investigated the influence of P. cinnamomi infestation on the structure, taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition of the forest.LocationJarrah forest of southwestern Australia.MethodsSpecies abundance, understorey cover and canopy cover were assessed along 22, 30 m long transects which crossed infested and non‐infested zones in five reserves in the jarrah forest. A trait database was assembled for 137 plants using 13 traits related to nutrient and carbon acquisition, disturbance tolerance and reproduction. The responses of canopy cover, understorey cover, species richness, Shannon diversity, evenness, abundance, and functional diversity for trait groups, and all groups combined were modelled against reserve and zone as fixed effects and transect and transect section as random effects. To assess the species composition, non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination based on Jaccard resemblance and indicator species analyses were used.ResultsSignificantly higher understorey cover, species richness, Shannon diversity and evenness were recorded in non‐infested compared to infested zones, but there were no changes in the canopy cover and overall abundance. In non‐infested zones, the functional diversity of nutrient acquisition and reproductive traits was higher, but the functional diversity of carbon acquisition traits was lower. No difference in functional diversity was recorded in disturbance tolerance and overall traits between the two zones. NMDS ordination and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) revealed a significant difference in the species composition between the two zones, and 11 indicator species significantly associated with infested and non‐infested zones were identified.ConclusionPhytophthora cinnamomi has significantly affected the forest structure, taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition. Contrasting responses of functional trait groups obscured overall trait responses to P. cinnamomi.

Robust exponential stabilization and L2‐gain analysis for saturated switched nonlinear systems subject to actuator failure under asynchronous switching

AbstractFor the nonlinear continuous‐time switched system with input saturation under asynchronous switching action, the problem of actuator failure is investigated in the presence of external disturbances. Firstly, a sufficient condition for the robust exponential stabilization of system is obtained by using the minimum dwell‐time method combining the piecewise Lyapunov function method. Secondly, a sufficient condition for the tolerance disturbances of the system is obtained by using the similar approach. Thirdly, the weighted ‐gain is analysed. Then, we maximize the estimation of the domain of attraction for the closed‐loop system by taking the shape of a set into consideration. Furthermore, the fault‐tolerant state feedback controllers are designed, which aim at enlarging the estimation of domain of attraction for the closed‐loop system and obtaining the maximum value of tolerance disturbance and the minimum upper bound on the weighted ‐gain. Last but not least, we give a numerical example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach and compare the state responses curve under the action of the fault‐tolerant and the standard controller.

Disturbance tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: characterization of life-history strategies along a disturbance gradient in a coastal dune ecosystem

Disturbance tolerance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: characterization of life-history strategies along a disturbance gradient in a coastal dune ecosystem

Comparative Study of Control Methods for a 2MW Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine

This paper presents a comparative study of two control methods for a 2MW Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbine (DFIG-WT) using MATLAB Simulink. The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) control methods were implemented and evaluated in terms of their ability to track reference signals, disturbances tolerance and stabilize the system under uncertain wind conditions. The performance of the control methods was assessed using a high-fidelity WT model that incorporates the dynamics of the wind turbine, the wind speed, and the control system. The results show that the MPC control method outperform the PID control method in terms of tracking accuracy and disturbance tolerance.

Global regulation of large‐scale nonlinear systems via decentralized output‐feedback switching control

AbstractThis article concentrates on the global regulation problem for a class of large‐scale nonlinear systems with unknown growth rate and unknown external disturbances. In contrast to closely related works, the highlight of this article is that a novel decentralized output‐feedback switching control method is proposed for the first time to offset the serious uncertainties. By integrating logic‐based switching technique and gain scaling technique, this method can instantly adjust the controller parameters (that is, the scaling gain can be tuned online in a piecewise constant manner), and thus has strong adaptive capability as well as disturbance tolerance. Moreover, the decentralized output‐feedback switching controller designed by such the method has a concise linear‐like form and low complexity. It is shown that the objective of global regulation is finally achieved after a finite number of switching moments. Finally, two examples, including an engineering feedback control system design example, are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

Immunopathogenesis of mucous membrane pemphigoid

Adetailed understanding of the immunopathogenesis of mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is of particular importance in view of the mostly difficult diagnostics and treatment of this blistering autoimmune dermatosis. Astill unknown disturbance of the body's own immune tolerance leads to the formation of autoreactive cells. As the disease progresses these produce autoantibodies which are directed against structural proteins in the basement membrane zone(BMZ). After they bind to the target antigen, complement factors are deposited along the BMZ and inflammatory cells invade the underlying tissue and produce the characteristic subepithelial blistering. This inflammatory response is associated with fibrosis and scarring in many affected tissues. Most phases of MMP pathogenesis are poorly understood; however, the last few years have shed more light on this processes. These advances are mostly the result of animal and cell culture models. Typical clinical and immunopathological characteristics of MMP, such as oral, conjunctival and skin lesions, are reflected, for example, in an antibody transfer-induced mouse model for anti-laminin 332 MMP in adult mice. Dapsone, as first-line treatment for MMP patients, significantly reduced the severity of these symptoms, and fibrosis in the skin and mucous membranes was also found histologically, which makes the model well-suited for testing new therapeutic approaches for MMP patients and might be of help for further elucidation of the immunopathogenesis of MMP.

Influence of Livestock Grazing History on Plant Community Composition on Native Prairies of the Southern Prairie Pothole Region

The southern Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of central North America is a highly modified landscape where remnant unplowed prairies could serve as repositories of native plant biodiversity. A previous study paired two historically idle US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) National Wildlife Refuges with nearby privately owned grazing lands in North Dakota and found differences in invasive grass frequency, notably that smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) was less prevalent on annually grazed lands. A broader assessment, conducted over a wider geographic area, was warranted to investigate whether this relationship held across the southern extent of PPR in North Dakota and South Dakota. To this end, we selected 26 USFWS native prairie sites paired with adjacent/nearby native prairie sites with a history of livestock grazing in the PPR of North Dakota and South Dakota. We estimated plant species’ cover in five 10 × 10 m plots at each paired site in June or July of 2021. Plant community composition on USFWS sites was distinct from paired sites under private or state ownership (permutational analysis of variance (P = 0.021, F = 1.935). Additionally, paired t-tests revealed that sites under private or state ownership (with a long-term history of grazing) had higher total species richness (P = 0.006) and floristic quality index (a measure of species richness and disturbance tolerance) values (P = 0.042) than USFWS sites (without a long-term history of grazing). Smooth brome relative cover was lower (P = 0.019) at sites with a long-term history of grazing (13.4% mean relative cover) than paired USFWS sites (23.3% mean relative cover). Given these differences, remnant native prairies with long-term histories of annual grazing may provide unique opportunities for conserving native plant diversity and impeding smooth brome spread in the southern PPR.

In situ ecological quality status in the Kosterhavet National Park (Skagerrak, North Sea): a 100 year-perspective

The Koster Trench is the deepest part of the Kosterfjord located in the Skagerrak at the north-west coast of Sweden. In 2009 the Kosterfjord was included into the Marine Protected area Kosterhavet National Park characterized by high biodiversity and a presence of cold-water coral reefs dominated by Lophelia pertusa. The cold-water coral reefs show signs of deterioration and are known to have a much wider distribution during the past. In this study we investigate the temporal variability of the Ecological Quality Status (EcoQS) using benthic foraminifera and sediment geochemistry from a sediment core collected in the Koster Trench together with available hydrographic timeseries and meteorological data. We found that the EcoQS for TOC, metals, and foraminiferal indices suggest high to good ecological status close to natural background levels (reference conditions). However, arsenic (As) content in the sediment has been rising steadily over the period ∼ 1880–2009. Given this pollutant will continue to rise further, it may pass a threshold after which it becomes toxic to the benthic organisms, reaching intermediate EcoQS as it was shown by previous studies. Multivariate statistics performed on foraminiferal data identified three assemblages characterising the record: 1) Stainforthia fusiformis group at ∼ 1880–1940; 2) Bulimina marginata, Cassidulina laevigata and Hyalinea baltica group between ∼ 1940–1985, and, finally, 3) Stainforthia fusiformis and Textularia earlandi group at ∼ 1985–2009. The benthic foraminifera and sediment geochemistry suggests that a decrease in coastal upwelling due to positive NAO together with an increase in freshwater inflow from 1979/1980s; changes in phytoplankton community composition in late 2000s, and trawling activity shifted to the deepest fjord basin from 2009, all together likely have caused a shift towards more opportunistic foraminiferal species with an omnivorous feeding strategies and tolerance of physical disturbance.

Sliding Mode Control-Based Modeling and Simulation of a Quadcopter

This article discusses the use of Sliding Mode Control (SMC) for the control of a four-rotor vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The Newton-Euler method is utilized to build the quadcopter's dynamic model. The model is divided into under-actuated and fully actuated subsystems. Even though controlling UAVs is difficult owing to their extremely nonlinear characteristics, previous experimental trials and simulation studies have proved that the sliding mode controller yields satisfactory performance and disturbance tolerance. The contribution of this study is the presenting of an accurate quadcopter modeling and simulation employing a sliding mode controller and a Newton-Euler formula to reduce chattering. In this study, SMC was used to control the altitude and attitude of the quadcopter. MATLAB/Simulink was used to show the quadcopter dynamic model and controller model, and the result illustrating the controller's performance in different conditions was acquired.

Resilience Development in Multiple Shocks: Lessons in Mental Health and Well-Being Deterioration during COVID-19

Resilience describes individuals’ and organizations’ recovery from crises and adaptation to disturbances and adversities. Emerging research shows the deterioration of the population’s mental health and well-being during the multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that the resilience developed is insufficient to address the system’s persistent shocks. Drawing on the findings on mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and the psychological and organizational resilience theories, we developed a system dynamics theory model exploring how the presence of multiple shocks to the system challenges the population’s health and well-being. We initiated the model with three shocks with the same intensities and durations, and then experimented with scenarios in which the strength of multiple shocks (duration and intensity) was attenuated and amplified. The model showed that temporary environmental adjustments with limited long-term stabilized solutions and a lack of health service provision can increase the accumulative risks of health and well-being deterioration. We highlight the role of essential health service sectors’ resilience and individuals’ and organizations’ tolerance of adversities and disturbances in providing sustainable resilience. We conclude by discussing critical factors in organizational and psychological resilience development in crises with multiple shocks to the system.

Preeclampsia-Derived Exosomes Imbalance the Activity of Th17 and Treg in PBMCs from Healthy Pregnant Women.

The disturbance of maternofetal immune tolerance is identified as one of the important issues in the pathology of preeclampsia (PE). PE exosomes are believed to possess significant roles in immune abnormalities. In this study, to assess the possible effects of PE exosomes in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia patients, exosomes were isolated from the serum of PE patients and incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy pregnant women. Also, exosomes from healthy pregnant women were utilized as the control. Th17/Treg ratio in PE and healthy pregnant women and the effects of PE exosomes on expression level of Th17 and Treg transcription factors, as well as their related cytokines in PBMCs of healthy pregnant women, were evaluated. A significant decrease in Treg cell number and increase in Th17 cells and Th17/Treg ratio were observed in PE patients. Following PE-exosome intervention, a significant increase in mRNA expression level of RORγt, IL-17, IL-23, IL-1β, and IL-6, and significant decrease in IL-10 and TGFβ were evident. On the other hand, no significant difference in FoxP3 level was detected. Additionally, increased IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-1β levels and decreased IL-10 level in the supernatant of cultured PBMCs from healthy pregnant women following PE-exosome intervention were exhibited. However, TGF-β level did not change significantly. Based on our findings, PE exosomes are able to alter the activity of Th17 and Treg cells as well as their related gene expression and cytokine profiles. These findings support the probable role of PE exosomes in PE pathogenesis.

Psychometric properties of the smartphone addiction proneness scale in a sample of Malaysian adolescents

The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the 15-item smartphone addiction proneness scale (SAPS) among a sample of Malaysian adolescents. The gathered data were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. There were 922 secondary school students involved in this study. The exploratory factor analysis extracted a three-factor solution for SAPS. These factors were named disturbance of adaptive functions, withdrawal and tolerance. Results from confirmatory factor analysis also indicated that the three-factor structure fits well with the data. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be good. The positive and moderately strong correlation between SAPS and three widely adopted criterion variables (depression, loneliness and boredom proneness) supported the concurrent validity of SAPS. The results of this study showed that the SAPS is a reliable and valid instrument for identifying problematic smartphone use among Malaysian adolescents.