Districts Of Nepal Research Articles

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis among Postmenopausal Women Visiting a District Hospital of Nepal: An Observational Study

Introduction: Osteoporosis and low bone mass affect millions of people worldwide, leading to severe consequences ranging from disability to mortality. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women in a district of Nepal.Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study involving postmenopausal women from Nuwakot, Dhading, and Rasuwa districts in Nepal was conducted at Trishuli Hospital, Nuwakot. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council(Reference number: 1768). The prevalence of osteoporosis was determined, and the associated factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (GE-Lunar Prodigy) was used to measure Bone Mineral Density (g/cm2) at the proximal femur and lumbar spine. Various factors related to osteoporosis were also analyzed.Results: There were 384 postmenopausal women and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 82 (21.35%; 95% CI: 17.25%-25.45%)e. The mean age of female with osteoporosis was 67.52±8.84 years and that without osteoporosis was 55.70±7.69 years (p <0.001). The multivariate logistic regression showed aOR 0.82 for body mass index.Conclusions: The study reports a lower prevalence of osteoporosis than expected in postmenopausal women. There was a significant inverse relationship between osteoporosis and body mass index. However, no significant association was observed between Bone Mineral Density, biochemical variables, smoking, and parity.

Contribution of Janata Awash Grant for Poverty Reduction in Makwanpur, Nepal

This research paper deals with the Janata Awash Grant, a program resembling Universal Basic Income (UBI), implemented in Raksirang Rural Municipality of Makawanpur District in Nepal, which specifically focuses on poverty reduction, social justice, and inclusion for impoverished families. The main aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the Janata Awash Grant (JAG) in reducing poverty and promoting social justice among the designated families. The research uses a mixed-method approach, employing an explanatory sequential research design, and utilizes both primary and secondary data sources. Forty households out of 200 grant recipients were randomly chosen for primary data collection. Additionally, key informant interviews were conducted with selected representatives and informed beneficiaries to gather qualitative insights. The results indicate significant improvements in the economic status of recipient families, leading to a decrease in poverty rates and an overall enhancement in quality of life. Qualitative analysis highlights the broader societal and ethical impacts of receiving a guaranteed income, emphasizing the transformative potential of UBI beyond its monetary benefits.

Physicochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Nepalese Honey

Nepal has a variety of honey and bee products that are dependent on floral sources available in a particular geographical region. The purpose of this study was to compare the physicochemical and antibacterial properties for the quality analysis of different honey samples. Honey samples were gathered from eight different districts of Nepal, which were assessed for their color, ash content, moisture, electrical conductivity, pH, acidity, formaldehyde content, protein concentration, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar, sucrose content, and antibacterial properties. The color and protein were determined using a colorimeter, ash content using a muffle furnace at 550°C, moisture using a refractometer, and electrical conductivity using a conductivity meter. Acidity, formaldehyde, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar, and sucrose content were determined by the titrimetric method while the antibacterial potential was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that six honey samples were dark amber and others were light amber in color. The mean values were found ranging from 18.4+0 to 20.8+0.69% for moisture, 0.05+0.04 to 1.35+0.26% for ash, 0.03+0.01 to 1184+5.26 μs/cm for electrical conductivity, 4.5+0.06 to 7.47 +0.06 for pH, 90 to 137 meq/kg for acidity, 1 to 10 ml/kg for formaldehyde content, 0.28 to 0.73 mg/ml for protein concentration, 51.54% to 69.44% for reducing sugar, 65.35 to 80% for total reducing sugar, and 1.31 to 13.52% for sucrose. Out of the eight honey samples, four were able to show antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 while honey from Sindhupalchowk and Baitadi was also active against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, and no other samples showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115. The honey sample from Lamjung was able to exhibit the highest antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 at 1250 mg/ml concentration, while the lowest antimicrobial activity was shown by the sample from Chitwan at 750 mg/ml concentration against S. aureus, thus reflecting the significance of using honey as a natural remedy. This study indicated the essence of quantitative assessment of honey samples in terms of physicochemical parameters to ensure the quality of honey samples.

Local Support Practices Contribute into Strengthening Entrepreneurs Capacity

The pandemic severely affected local and small enterprises. During the lockdown, local entrepreneurs suffered due to low earnings and savings, weak informal support practices, inadequate risk transfer measures, and insufficient state recovery policies and budgets. This paper investigates the primary self-supporting practices of entrepreneurs during the pandemic, assesses how available informal support contributed to building resilience, and examines how local entrepreneurs sustained themselves during the crisis. It explores whether local practices such as self-saving, community support, and state assistance were adequate for resilience building. The study employed convenience sampling of over forty-one micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs across various districts in Nepal. Research methods included closed-ended questionnaires, phone interviews, and in-person discussions. Data analysis involved qualitative and quantitative methods, revealing that self-saving was crucial for resilience, followed by risk transfer practices. The study concludes that local self-saving capacities, coupled with community support, significantly enhance resilience among entrepreneurs. However, informal support practices and state policies for pandemic recovery fell short of expectations.

Teachers’ use of mobile devices in suburban under-resourced secondary schools in Nepal

This study examined how secondary teachers used mobile devices for teaching and learning activities in under-resourced secondary schools in Napal. Twelve secondary teachers from three schools in the suburbs of one Himalayan district in Nepal were interviewed using qualitative research methods. The information gathered through observation of their classes supplemented the information gathered through interviews. Findings show that using mobile devices is productive for developing digital content, getting access to internet resources, and delivering lessons in the classroom. The degree of teachers’ technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge was reflected in how they used their mobile devices for information access, language games, dictionaries, and specific learning applications. In the absence of desktop computers and laptops, this study demonstrated how mobile devices improved teachers’ teaching and learning activities. Teachers could exhibit a greater level of proficiency in using technology if they received training on its usage in teaching and learning, and administrative support.

The impact of widowhood on mental health: anxiety, depression, and stress among widowed women in Nepal.

In South Asia, particularly in regions with strong patriarchal norms, widowhood is stigmatized, compounding the negative impact of grief and partner loss. This study measured the prevalence of mental health symptoms among widows in Nepal and its relationship to demographic variables. This cross-sectional study surveyed 588 Nepalese widows from six districts in Nepal (mean age = 52.62, SD = 13.99) who had lost their spouses within the past two years. Participants completed the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale (ADSS). Analyses examined prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms, using standard ADSS cut-points. Level of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms measured by the ADSS in the sample were also compared with female psychiatric and nonpsychiatric normative ADSS data, and were compared with one available comparison sample (a sample of older Nepalese women). Measures of association between ADSS scores and demographic variables were computed. Results showed that a high percentage of the Nepalese widows reported moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. They also endorsed significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms relative to normative data and the comparison sample. Stress scores were significantly negatively correlated with age, Anxiety and Depression scores were associated with income under the poverty line, and Depression scores were associated with homemaker status. These findings confirm the high emotional distress among widowed women in Nepal, and establish the relationship between emotional distress and poverty, homemaker status, and age. These findings can inform public health efforts and mental health care providers regarding the mental health needs of widows in Nepal.

Empowerment Among Adolescent Girls in Nepal: A Concept Mapping Exploratory Study.

The concept of empowerment is challenging to operationalize and measure; it is multidimensional, the outcomes are not always directly observable, and meanings of empowerment are highly contextual and socially and culturally situated. This study aimed to explore perspectives of empowerment among adolescent girls in Nepal to identify statements for inclusion in a context-specific empowerment measure. We used a participatory and mixed method research method called concept mapping in 3 districts in Nepal. Three sequential concept mapping sessions were used to solicit, organize, and process how participants responded to the prompt: "The life of an adolescent girl improves when she has/can…" The Concept Systems Global software was used to manage and analyze the concept mapping brainstorming, sorting, and rating data using established tools, such as multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Concept mapping was conducted with 113 participants, including national experts, program staff, adolescents, and their mothers. They identified 105 items that fall into a 4-cluster solution: education and knowledge, decision-making, supports and skills, and physical infrastructure. Rating data uncovered there was some overlap between the top 10 most important items between the national-level experts and other stakeholder groups; however, several components associated with empowerment differed by stakeholder group in terms of importance. This research represents a critical step in exploring definitions of empowerment among adolescent girls in the Nepal context and with expert input. These results led to the development of a contextually specific definition of empowerment. Researchers and practitioners interested in developing context-specific understandings of complex topics that incorporate community voices and perspectives could use a similar concept mapping approach in other countries to explore various topics with diverse populations.

Predictors and experiences of seeking abortion services from pharmacies in Nepal.

Abortion was legalized in Nepal in 2002; however, despite evidence of safety and quality provision of medical abortion (MA) pills by pharmacies in Nepal and elsewhere, it is still not legal for pharmacists to provide medication abortion in Nepal. However, pharmacies often do provide MA, but little is known about who seeks abortions from pharmacies and their experiences and outcomes. The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences of women seeking MA from a pharmacy, abortion complications experienced, and predictors for denial of MA. Data was collected from women seeking MA from four pharmacies in two districts of Nepal in 2021-2022. Data was collected at baseline (N = 153) and 6 weeks later (N = 138). Using descriptive results and multi-variable regression models, we explore differences between women who received and did not receive MA and predictors of denial of services. Most women requesting such pills received MA (78%), with those who were denied most commonly reporting denial due to the provider saying they were too far along. There were few socio-demographic differences between groups, with the exception of education and gestational age. Women reported receiving information on how to take pills and what to do about side effects. Just under half (45%) of women who took pills reported no adverse symptoms after taking them and only 13% sought care. Most women seeking MA from pharmacists in Nepal are receiving services, information, and having few post-abortion symptoms. This study expands the previous limited research on pharmacy provision of MA in Nepal using a unique dataset that recruits women at the time of abortion seeking and follows them over time, overcoming potential biases present in other study designs. This suggests that expansion of the law to allow pharmacy distribution would increase accessibility and reflect current practice.

Assessment of Smoking Behaviour of Adolescents in Two Districts of Nepal and Implications of the MPOWER Policy Measures: A Mixed Method Study.

Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death and disease worldwide. This study aimed to assess the smoking behaviour of adolescents in two districts of Nepal and examine the implications of the MPOWER policy on their smoking behaviour. An explanatory, mixed-method study was conducted in two districts of Nepal. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted among nine participants aged 35-50, representatives of the Ministry of Health, academic institutions, and managers of organisations working in tobacco control, using snowball sampling method. A total of 306 students of age 13-15 years, from six government schools were recruited through simple random sampling method using an adapted version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). Findings of the qualitative and quantitative study were explained for concurrence and relevance to present overall study findings. Ethical approval was received from the Nepal Health Research Council and Mahidol University. Findings from the survey reported that a total of 25 (8.10%) of respondents were smokers, from which 13 (4.20%) were current smokers and 12 (3.90%) were ever smokers. Socio-economic status played a crucial role in the smoking behaviour. Although the survey among adolescents indicated an awareness of the policies, there was a lack of cessation services, which was concurrent with the qualitative findings. The interviews recommended improvements in the implementation of policy ban on public smoking, taxation, and availability of cessation services. The MPOWER policies are not regulated strictly, especially in areas of the ban on public smoking, regulating the selling of cigarettes to adolescents <18 years, and availability of cessation services.

Economy of scale for green hydrogen-derived fuel production in Nepal.

Opportunity for future green hydrogen development in Nepal comes with end-use infrastructural challenges. The heavy reliance of industries on fossil fuels (63.4%) despite the abundance of hydroelectricity poses an additional challenge to the green transition of Nepal. The presented work aims to study the possibility of storing and utilizing spilled hydroelectricity due to runoff rivers as a compatible alternative to imported petroleum fuels. This is achieved by converting green hydrogen from water electrolysis and carbon dioxide from carbon capture of hard-to-abate industries into synthetic methane for heating applications via the Sabatier process. An economy-of-scale study was conducted to identify the optimal scale for the reference case (Industries in Makwanpur District Nepal) for establishing the Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) production industry. The techno-economic assessment was carried out for pilot scale and reference scale production unit individually. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were performed to study the project profitability and the sensitivity of the parameters influencing the feasibility of the production plant. The reference scale for the production of Synthetic Natural Gas was determined to be 40 Tons Per Day (TPD), with a total capital investment of around 72.15 Million USD. Electricity was identified as the most sensitive parameter affecting the levelized cost of production (LCOP). The 40 TPD plant was found to be price competitive to LPG when electricity price is subsidized below 3.55 NPR/unit (2.7c/unit) from 12 NPR/unit (9.2c/unit). In the case of the 2 TPD plant, for it to be profitable, the price of electricity must be subsidized to well below 2 NPR/kWh. The study concludes that the possibility of SNG production in Nepal is profitable and price-competitive at large scales and at the same time limited by the low round efficiency due to conversion losses. Additionally, it was observed that highly favorable conditions driven by government policies would be required for the pilot-scale SNG project to be feasible.

Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus identified in 2021 from Nepal.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), an important viral disease of swine caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) was first confirmed in Nepal in 2013. Since then, the virus has spread throughout the country and has now become endemic affecting the pig production nationally. However, molecular characterization of circulating strains has not been done in Nepal yet. In the present study, serum samples were collected from outbreak areas of different districts of Nepal and samples positive for PRRSV by ELISA were sent to Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), United Kingdom for sequence analysis. Out of 35 samples that were sent to APHA, only one sample was found positive by PCR and subjected to sequence analysis based on ORF5, ORF7 and Nsp2. The results from the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the PRRSV strain belongs to PRRSV-2 and lineage 8 strain. The sequences from the Nepalese PRRSV strain revealed a high degree of similarity with the strains isolated from India, China and Vietnam, with the closest genetic relatedness to the Indian isolates from 2020 and 2018. This is the first study on molecular characterization of PRRS virus circulating in Nepal. Further studies on strains circulating in Nepal are very essential to understand the virus diversity, its spread and evolution.

Stigma, depression, and quality of life among people with pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed through active and passive case finding in Nepal: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe psychosocial consequences of tuberculosis (TB) are key barriers to ending TB globally. We evaluated and compared stigma, depression, and quality of life (QoL) among people with TB diagnosed through active (ACF) and passive (PCF) case-finding in Nepal.MethodsWe prospectively recruited adults with TB diagnosed through ACF and PCF in four districts of Nepal between August 2018 and April 2019. Participants were interviewed at 8–12 weeks (baseline) and 22–26 weeks (follow-up) following treatment initiation. TB stigma was measured using an adapted Van Rie Stigma Scale (0 = no stigma to 30 = highest stigma). Depression was measured using a locally-validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Mild and major depression were indicated by PHQ-9 scores 5–9 and ≥ 10, respectively. QoL was measured using the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) from 0 to 1 (optimal QoL); and self-rated health from 0 to 100 (optimal self-rated health).ResultsWe recruited 221 participants (111 ACF; 110 PCF) with a mean age of 48 years (standard deviation [SD] = ± 16), of whom 147/221 (67%) were men. The mean TB stigma score was 12 (SD = 7.3) at baseline and 12 (SD = 6.7) at follow-up. The most commonly perceived elements of TB stigma at baseline were that people with TB experienced guilt (110/221, 50%) and feared disclosure outside their household (114/221, 52%). Self-rated health and EQ-5D-5L scores increased from baseline to follow-up (69.3 to 80.3, p < 0.001; 0.92 to 0.9, p = 0.009). Nearly one-third of participants (68/221, 31%) had mild or major depression at baseline. The proportion of participants with major depression decreased from baseline to follow-up (11.5% vs. 5%, p = 0.012). There was a moderate, significant positive correlation between depression and stigma scores (r = 0.41, p < 0.001). There were no differences found in TB stigma, self-rated health, QoL, or prevalence of mild/major depression between ACF and PCF participants.ConclusionsWe found a substantial, persistent, and clustered psychosocial impact among adults with TB diagnosed through both ACF and PCF strategies in Nepal. These findings suggest an urgent need to develop effective, evidence-based psychosocial support interventions with the potential to be integrated with existing ACF strategies and routine TB service activities.

Factors Associated with Mothers Health Seeking Behavior among Newborn Illness.

Inappropriate, delayed and poor health seeking behavior increases the high risk of morbidity and mortality among newborns, infants and children. Newborns health status depends upon mothers' health seeking behavior. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with mother's health seeking behavior among newborn illness in Rupandehi District, Nepal. Community based cross-sectional study among 372 mothers aged 15-49 years was conducted in Rupandehi district Nepal from May to November 2019. Multistage probability random sampling was used as the sampling technique. Siddharthanagar municipality and Mayadevi rural municipality were selected randomly among 16 local units of Rupandehi district. Two wards from each unit were selected by stratified random sampling using non replacement lottery method. As the sample size was 372, ninety three respondents were selected randomly from each ward. The mean age and standard deviation of mothers was 25.32±4.36 years respectively. Among 372 mothers, 21.24% had poor health seeking behavior. Mothers having more than one child (AOR=0.15; CI: 0.02-0.98), primary and above education (AOR=8.89; CI: 3.15-25.08), visited hospital after 24 hours of newborn illness (AOR=13.59; CI: 1.73-106.7), knew danger signs of newborn (AOR=18.74; CI: 5.65-62.23), practiced exclusive breastfeeding (AOR=8.20; CI: 3.36-20.03) were significantly associated with health seeking behavior. Almost 22 % of mothers had poor health seeking behavior regarding their newborn illness. Number of living child, education of mother, appropriate time for treatment, receive health services when there is dangers signs of newborn and exclusive breast feeding practice were independent factors associated with mother's health seeking behavior. Hence, decision-makers and local administrator should provide specific intervention to newborns' mother regarding family planning, identifying and preventing danger signs of newborn, importance of appropriate time of treatment and exclusive breastfeeding.

Adolescents’ understanding of the Nepalese version of HLS-CHILD-Q15: qualitative pre-testing in ninth-graders

IntroductionResearch on health literacy is still at an early stage, lacking a dedicated measurement instrument for assessing children’s and adolescents’ health literacy. Such tools are necessary to generate the evidence required for informed intervention development. This study translated the validated German HLS-Child-Q15 into the Nepalese context, creating the HLS-Child-Q22-NEP.MethodsThe research team initially created the HLS-Child-Q22-NEP using an additional item pool. We conducted thirteen one-on-one cognitive interviews with adolescent students from community schools in three districts of Nepal during the pre-test. We employed verbal probing techniques and deductively analysed the interviews based on Tourneau’s model, uncovering four main themes: (1) comprehension (with the two sub-categories: a) item comprehension and b) word comprehension); (2) retrieval; (3) judgement; and (4) response.ResultsOverall, participants responded positively to the HLS-Child-Q22-NEP. However, this study revealed comprehension challenges such as unfamiliarity, misunderstandings, and translation issues. Additionally, the study identified retrieval challenges and poor judgement, indicating limitations in the assessment. Participants experienced varying levels of difficulty with some items, emphasising the need for revised instructions. Subsequent revisions, guided by pretest insights, led to the development of the HLS-Child-Q24-NEP.ConclusionThe development of the HLS-Child-Q22-NEP is a significant step in addressing Nepali adolescents’ lack of health literacy measurement. Despite its generally positive reception, this study encountered challenges in comprehending the scale, prompting enhancements, and developing the HLS-Child-Q24-NEP. Further research, both qualitative and quantitative, is necessary to evaluate the validity and reliability of the modified items.

Exploring Reading Motivation of Undergraduate Level Students: A Narrative Inquiry

Exploring Reading Motivation of Undergraduate Level Students: A Narrative Inquiry

Comparative Economics of Main Season and Spring Rice Production in Kanchanpur District, Nepal

Rice is the major staple food crop in Nepal which has been growing in two different seasons mainly June/July – October/November as main season rice (MSR) whereas during February/March – June/July as spring rice (SR). A comparative economic analysis of MSR and SR production in Kanchanpur district Nepal was conducted during March to July 2023. A total of 120 rice-growing farmers including 60 MSR and 60 SR growers were randomly selected from the available grower list to collect primary information by using pre-tested interview schedules. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and the Cobb-Douglas production function were employed for the data analysis. The study finding revealed that the average landholding of MSR growers was 0.65 ha/hh, whereas the same for SR growers, was 0.55 ha/hh. The average area for MSR and SR were at 0.53 ha and 0.29 ha, respectively. The average productivity of the SR (3.69 t/ha) in the study area was found to be significantly higher than the MSR (4.61 t/ha). Despite the higher cost of production for SR (Rs. 80309.95/ha) than MSR (Rs. 75048.45/ha), the Benefit-Cost ratio for SR was found to be higher (1.61) than that of MSR (1.38). The analysis of coefficients indicated a decreasing for main season rice and increasing return to scale for spring rice, with sums of coefficients measuring 0.74 and 1.24 respectively. This implies that a 100% increase in expenditure on the variables outlined in the model for MSR and SR led to a 74% and 95% increase in the gross return of rice production. These results underscore the potential advantages of promoting improved seed varieties and adopting commercial farming practices in the spring rice cultivation area. The findings indicated the need to replace manual labor with machinery to reduce costs and increase rice cultivation profits.

The Impact of the Induction Programme on New Teachers’ Retention Intention in Chitwan District Nepal

The Impact of the Induction Programme on New Teachers’ Retention Intention in Chitwan District Nepal

Importance of Bamboo for Immediate Earthquake Recovery: A Study from Nepal

This study was conducted in four districts of Nepal, Sindhupalchok, Gorkha, West Rukum and Jajarkot. It analyzed the importance of bamboo in immediate earthquake response and recovery. A total of 464 respondents were sampled from four districts struck by earthquakes. 83% of the households had bamboos on their own land, as well as trees such as Pinus spp., Castanopsis spp. and Schima wallichii. 85% of the households used bamboo for pillars, poles, and other supporting materials to hold and adjust roofing and wall materials during the time of the disasters. Moreover, 96% households believed that bamboos were highly useful and thus significant during the time of disasters such as earthquakes. People were aware of the importance of bamboo for coping with disasters; however, they were lacking appropriate knowledge about the socio-economic and environmental significance of bamboo species due to limited knowledge and research.

Study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats from the Rupandehi district in Nepal

Goats play an important role in the livelihood of the farmer but their frequent encounter with gastrointestinal nematodes causes retarded growth, mortality, and production losses. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between August and November 2023 to determine the prevalence, level of infections, and its association with various risk factors. A total of 350 fecal samples of goats were collected per rectally using the purposive sampling method from the smallholder and commercial farm of Tilottama Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal. The collected sample was subjected to floatation and the McMaster technique for qualitative and quantitative examination with saturated NaCl solution. Data was entered in MS Excel 2013 and analysis was performed in SPSS version 25. Out of 350 samples, 242 (69.14%) were found to be positive for gastrointestinal nematodes among which the Strongyle group (60%) including Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Bunostomum spp.), Strongyloides sp. (38.57%), and Trichuris spp. (11.14%). The EPG of the total positive sample was 1352 (192.610). Statistically, there was a significant association among the smallholder vs commercial for prevalence rates (p = 0.000242) rates and EPG (p = 0.003). The statistical difference was also observed based on deworming status for the prevalence of nematodes and EPG count (p = 0.016). The practice of good housing, grazing and pasture management, feeding of supplements, and deworming at a regular interval must be maintained to promote growth, minimize mortality &amp; production losses, and maximize the returns from animals.

Perception of Determinants of Psychotic Patients and Impact of Psychotic Patients on the Family of Kathmandu District in Nepal

Perception of determinants of psychotic patients and their impacts on the family of Kathmandu district in Nepal aims at finding out the determinants in terms of biological, psychological, and sociological aspects and their impacts in terms of social, financial, emotional, and health. The theoretical method is incorporated for roughly 30 caregivers (the sample size is estimated with the Population Proportion Formula) of psychotic patients in Nepal. Nonclinical data was used for the analysis, with a survey method for quantitative data and an interview method for qualitative data. The questionnaire and interview schedule are used as study instruments. Those instruments are tested through conceptual definitions, operational definitions, design, development, statistical analysis, and thematic content analysis. The analysis of the data for objective number 1 revealed that social determinants had the highest number of occurrences, but these were actually psychosocial and biological determinants. These determinants were directly or indirectly related to psychological or emotional factors and are synchronized with the bio-psychosocial model. (B.P.S.) developed by George Libman Engel of the University of Rochester Medical Center, New York. The results of objective number 2 concluded that the emotional impacts of psychotic patients were the most prominent, followed by social, financial, and health impacts. It is clear that emotional impact comes first, followed by other impacts such as financial, social, and health. These findings will support the fresh data for the urgent need for further in-depth study of the determinants of psychotic patients and their impacts on the family.