Districts In Cairo Research Articles

UNRAVELLING THE ROLES OF ACTIVE RESIDENTS IN A POLITICALLY CHALLENGING CONTEXT: An Exploration in Cairo

AbstractCapital cities struggle with population growth that challenges existing infrastructure and affects the quality of urban life. The failure of local governments to manage urban deterioration motivates active resident groups to improve their neighborhoods, but they struggle to play a role in neighborhood governance in contexts where citizens’ engagement in public affairs is restricted. In this article we aim to understand active residents’ roles in the neighborhood governance process and how these roles unfold in a context that challenges citizen engagement in public life. We adopted a case study methodology and interviewed active residents and local officials from selected districts in Cairo, which revealed that active residents’ influence is limited mostly to neighborhood management and implementation activities. In this limited space, the role of active residents is confined to either that of the ‘fixer’ who restores existing services, or that of the struggling and intermittent ‘self‐provider’, neither of whom can influence policy formulation. This study provides a structured and zoomed‐out view of local activism in Cairo, offering a starting point for scholars and decision makers seeking to enhance active residents’ roles in Cairo.

Revisiting Urban Street Planning and Design Factors to Promote Walking as a Physical Activity for Middle-Class Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome in Cairo, Egypt.

This paper revisits the planning and design factors of "pedestrianized" and "walkable" urban streets to encourage physical activity, focusing on their prioritization according to public health and smart growth. The aim is to create a conceptual framework for urban planners and designers to encourage walking and reduce metabolic syndrome (MetS) risks. Through a scoping review, the study found that while pedestrianized and walkable streets share many planning and design factors, they have different objectives. The study explores how urban planning and design can reduce MetS risk among middle-class individuals using online video storytelling for 30 participants in three districts of Cairo, Egypt: El Zamalek, Old Cairo, and Heliopolis. It identifies three factors to address MetS symptoms for middle-class individuals: strategic, design-oriented, and technical. Practitioners and policymakers can use this framework to evaluate the impact of their work. This study is particularly relevant for cities in the Global South that are facing similar challenges.

Заглавия романов «Каирской трилогии» (1956–1957) Нагиба Махфуза как интерпретационный материал

The article studies the novels of The Cairo Trilogy written by the famous Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006, Nobel prize 1988), which is considered one of the greatest literary works of the 20th century and the prime work by the author. The titles of the books Bayn al-Qasrayn, Qasr ash-Shawq, and as-Sukkariyya, which literary mean ‘Between two palaces’, ‘Palace of desire’, and ‘Sugar street’, are taken from the names of actual streets situated in the old quarters of Cairo. The novels follow the life of a Cairene family ‘Abd al-Gawwad living in a historic Cairo district; the titles point at the streets where the family’s houses are located. The principle of entitling the books may seem simple – by location. Regarding titles as a special type of texts, sometimes called frame texts, the article examines the following questions: is it true that the titles of the novels do not point at anything except geography? Do the texts meet the reader’s expectations created by the titles? The article concludes that the locations named in the titles not only highlight the national character of the novels but also prioritize the space of the family’s universe that survives a massive transformation during the first half of the 20th century. The novels show how the social changes ruin all the hierarchical family relations. The first title conveys the idea that the ‘Abd al-Gawwads ‘hang between’ two historic periods; the subsequent books show that the family does not cope very well, and there reigns corruption, illness, and lack of morality. From this point of view, on the one hand, the titles fulfil the reader’s expectations because the characters are shown to prefer ‘forbidden desire’ and alcohol to family life and honest business; on the other hand, there is a contradiction with the expectations created by the third title as this lifestyle does not bring any ‘sugar’ to their lives.

Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical minarets in Cairo

IntroductionMasonry minarets in Old Cairo are highly susceptible to earthquake damage, particularly those not designed or updated to withstand seismic loads. Therefore, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure their safety and detect any deterioration or reduction in seismic performance. The direct loss of a minaret can lead to the collapse or severe damage to the structure itself. The cascading impacts of partial or complete minaret failure can have significant consequences for the immediate vicinity and the broader community. By studying the effects of earthquakes on minarets and developing mitigation strategies, countries can take proactive measures to protect these structures and ensure the safety of people.ObjectiveThis study focuses on a specific type of Islamic architecture: the historic minarets in Cairo. The research aims to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of eight cultural heritage minarets in Cairo, identifying the parameters influencing their seismic behaviour and susceptibility to earthquake damage.MethodsThe research utilizes empirical seismic vulnerability methods and ambient vibration measurements on eight minarets. An empirical approach compatible with the nature and style of the minarets is employed to evaluate their vulnerability using index values and curves. The method's validity is assessed, and areas of conformity and limitations are identified. Ambient vibration tests (AVTs) are also conducted using a temporary seismic network installed at various heights inside each minaret to determine their dynamic characteristics.ResultsThe seismic vulnerability Index (I_V) is calculated for the selected minarets based on the state of each vulnerability parameter. The contribution of each parameter to the final I_V values of the minarets are presented. Vulnerability curves are developed for each minaret, interpreting the conventional vulnerability indexes in terms of mean damage grades for seismic events with varying intensity on the EMS-98 scale. These mean damage grades can also indicate the expected damage levels of structural and non-structural minaret elements for events with different seismic intensity levels. AVTs are conducted at various heights on the selected minarets, and the dynamic characteristics are extracted from the recorded data. Variations in these characteristics are considered significant for structural health monitoring analysis. The peak-picking method is employed to directly extract each minaret's natural frequencies and mode shapes, as changes in dynamic characteristics are relevant to health monitoring analyses.ConclusionsThe recent study examined the seismic vulnerability assessment of eight masonry minarets in the historic Old Cairo district. The assessment revealed vulnerability index values ranging from 10.3 to 26.1, indicating a concerning susceptibility to seismic events among these structures. Vulnerability curves were constructed for each minaret, visually representing potential damage scenarios across different levels of the EMS-98 intensity scale. These outcomes are significant as they facilitate prioritizing interventions to safeguard the most vulnerable minarets. Additionally, a novel empirical period equation was introduced to estimate the fundamental period of minarets in Old Cairo based on their heights. The equation was validated against field measurements and data from the literature. The study is limited by its focus on a specific category of minarets, specifically the historical masonry minarets in Old Cairo. Furthermore, limitations arise from the need for detailed finite element models to capture these minarets' dynamic responses accurately. Therefore, ongoing research involves the development of detailed finite element models and calibrating fundamental periods for the selected minarets. The anticipated results hold the potential to enhance our understanding of the structural dynamics of historical minarets, ultimately guiding the formulation of tailored seismic retrofitting and preservation strategies. These strategies, aimed at preserving these cherished cultural heritage assets, represent our collective commitment to ensure the endurance of these timeless landmarks for future generations.

Applying green urbanism during spatial urban transformation: a schematic plan, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

Applying green urbanism in Nasr City during ongoing spatial urban transformation in Cairo, particularly in east Cairo, is the main concern of this paper. This paper also investigates spatial urban development that has been launched in Cairo since the 1970s and its expected impact on contemporary districts, particularly Nasr City. It is hypothesized that Nasr City is facing different stages of deterioration, as a result of ongoing spatial urban development toward new satellites and communities, mainly, to east Cairo. Cairo, in fact, had experienced various spatial expansions and developments since its founding. Consequently, Cairo’s old districts, including Old Cairo, Shubra, Khedavy Cairo, Azhar, Abasia, Helwan, etc., suffered diverse degrees of deterioration, especially environmental impact. Within this context, Nasr City is also expected to experience the same evolution and, in turn, deterioration that old districts in Cairo had been experiencing. Deterioration might include increase air pollution rates, high population and building densities, informal housing, low building quality due to lake of maintenance, land-use interface, etc. Therefore, the investigation includes the Greater Cairo urban development policy, particularly, new satellites and communities adjacent to Nasr City, such as New Cairo, Al-Shrouq and Bader cities, and the New Administrative Capital. The development policy analysis will be explored along with the spatial urban transformation to define the urban and environmental issues that may arise in Nasr City. Finally, the assessment of the potentials and constraints of Nasr City development will be conducted to outline A schematic plan for achieving green urbanism in Nasr City.

Characterization of multidrug-resistant potential pathogens isolated from milk and some dairy products in Egypt.

This study aimed to explore the incidence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus in raw milk and some Egyptian dairy products, namely Kariesh cheese and rice with milk. 112 samples (70 raw milk, 30 Kariesh cheese, and 12 rice with milk) were randomly collected from different districts in Cairo and Giza, Egypt. The samples were examined for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus presence. The susceptibility of the obtained isolates was tested against 11 antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method, and further, the presence of AMR genes was examined. The incidences of E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus were 69.64%, 12.5%, and 16.7% in the examined samples, respectively. The antibiogram indicated that E. coli isolates (n = 60) were resistant to gentamycin (73.33%), ampicillin (AM, 53.3%), and cefotaxime (CTX, 16.66%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains (n = 5) were tested for β-lactams resistance genes. blaTEM was detected in all isolates, and two of them additionally carried blaCTX-M. Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 10) were resistant to AM (100%), followed by tetracycline (TE), CTX, and gentamycin (60% each). All MDR S. aureus strains (n = 4) carried blaZ and tetK, and three of them additionally carried aac(6')-aph (2''). Bacillus cereus isolates (n = 30) showed resistance to AM (100%), amoxicillin (20%), and TE (6.66%). bla and tetA genes were detected in all MDR B. cereus isolates (n = 6). Our findings denote the high incidence of potential health hazards in raw milk and some of its products and the existence of AMR bacteria, including MDR strains, which can cause human illnesses that are difficult to treat.

An integrated Neutrosophic sets with MCDM methodology for location-allocation of relief centers

To aid those who have been affected by an earthquake, it is necessary to set up temporary relief facilities. The careful selection of suitable locations for these centers has a considerable impact on the procedures involved in the handling of urban emergencies. In this study, the decision model known as the VIKOR was used to determine the placement of relief centers in Cairo's district and the distribution of available space among them. The selection best location contains uncertainty, so the interval-valued neutrosophic sets were used to overwhelmed this vagueness. To begin, we will use VIKOR, which is the suggested clustering approach. The average method is used to compute the weights of selected criteria. Then the VIKOR technique is used to order and select the best location. The results of the implementation demonstrate that VIKOR, the clustering approach, is adequate in most situations. This strategy is suited for resolving such difficult site selection and allocation issues.

Young people’s preferences in public spaces

PurposeFew public places are designed with due consideration to the needs and preferences of teens. Teens in public spaces are often viewed with apprehension from other user groups. Teens hanging out in public spaces are always observed with caution and are sometimes associated with negative behaviour by other community members. In designing public spaces that are suitable for the teens and not alienating them to other members of the community, it is necessary to understand how teens perceive their environment and what they expect from it. The psychological, social and emotional development determines the teens’ preferences regarding public spaces. This research attempts to understand how teens perceive and value those places and the factors that influence teens’ preferences in public spaces. This study aims to deduce some factors that influence teens’ preferences and behaviour from an environmental psychology perspective and then test these factors on a sample of teenagers in an Egyptian setting.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study was conducted with teens in two districts in Cairo, Egypt: “Dokki” and “Sheikh Zayed,” to understand how teens perceive their neighbourhoods, identify preferred places and discern factors that influence their preferences. A sample of 67 teens, aged between 13 and 19 years old, in which 31 were males, and 36 were females, completed a survey that allowed teens to identify and rate their experiences. This occurred using a map-based mobile application to foster more active engagement by participants, in which they identified their favourite places, the behaviour associated with these places, what teens do there – when, and with whom, as well as their rating of the place.FindingsThe most important conclusion drawn from this study was that teens’ preferences are linked to their cognitive, emotional and social development. They influence and are associated with essential aspects such as the sense of freedom, sense of safety, self-identity, enjoyment, thrill-seeking and peer relationships. Therefore, it is important to adopt a new perspective to the design of public spaces to create teen-friendly places.Originality/valueAdopt a new perspective to public space design to create teen-friendly places by adopting an environmental psychology lens to shed light on the social and psychological dimensions of the built environment.

Implications for new cities’ landscape design using place-making: A Comparative analysis study

Despite the remarkable evolution of the new Cairo cities and the development of the quality of life, some citizens of Old Cairo districts still lack the motivation to change their residence to the new cities. The landscape design in New Cairo cities mainly manifests large green areas with water features and contemporary building exterior design to create an ordered, calm, and comforting scene. However, the landscape design in Old Cairo districts creates a significantly opposite scene. In most Old Cairo regions, green areas of large old trees occupy tiny spaces, buildings’ exterior designs are bold and classic, and the whole scene manifests great chaos, crowd, and noise. Cairo is one of the ten least resilient cities around the world. The city is vulnerable because of its inadequate infrastructure, degrading environment, and vulnerable climate. According to the World Health Organization standards for green open spaces, Cairo’s green open spaces provide weekly liveability. This research demonstrates theoretical and practical techniques to understand the psychological effect of the different landscape designs on Cairo citizens.

Development of Online Vissim Traffic Microscopic Calibration Framework Using Artificial Intelligence for Cairo CBD Area

This paper makes a notable contribution to Transportation Planning in urban areas by considering the application of a key transportation Planning software package for the traffic conditions in the Central Business District of Cairo. For urban areas with heterogeneous and very congested traffic conditions and uneven driving behavior such development can be very useful. The paper shows how a microscopic simulation model using a Multilayer Feedforward neural network (MFNN) to calibrate online the VISSIM package driving parameters’ values based on predictions of travel time and traffic flow on the network elements. The two-step calibration procedure is faster and more applicable for on-line models than the approaches followed in current literature that require time-consuming iterations for model calibration. Also, this research uses combined Artificial Intelligence models (Long-Short Term Memory based Recurrent Neural Networks - LSTM-RNNs) and Multilayer Feedforward neural network (MFNNs) and calibrates them based on the driving behavior and traffic condition on successive time intervals. In this way, the prediction of the future traffic condition is based on actual traffic conditions on the past intervals and the actual driving behavior.

Towards heritage design guidelines for new constructions in Heritage districts in Egypt Case study: El-Mokhtalat District in Mansoura city

Mansoura city which is located at Northeast of Cairo is considered one of the Egyptian cities that has urban heritage sites and heritage assets that resulted from different periods from the date of the city’s construction in 1219 until the mid of 20th century, as well as, the fusion of the cultures of the Egyptian and the foreign communities who had been accommodated the city when it was an intermediary center for the trade of agricultural crops in the Delta region. The unique urban heritage fabric of the city center of Mansoura has the features of the both of European architectural styles and traditional Egyptian architectural styles. Until September 2019, Mansoura city has 142 listed heritage buildings that have been listed by the ministry of culture and three monuments listed by the ministry of antiquities. The city also has urban heritage sites such as El-Sekka ElGedida, El-Hossinyia, El-Abbassi and El-Mokhatalat districts. Recently, the urban fabric of these urban heritage sites has been threatened by building new constructions in these sites, that their facades have architectural designs don’t compatible with the heritage character of the heritage site or the adjacent heritage buildings. This distorts the character of the heritage areas as a whole, cuts off their homogeneity, distorts their distinctive features, and losses their values. The inventory Committee of Ad-dakahlyia governorate has recommended to list two heritage areas in Mansoura city as heritage sites (one of them is El-Mokhtalat district that is the case study of the research), the recommendations of the committee have included developing design guidelines for the new constructions within these areas after the approval of listing these sites. The research highlights on the problem of designing the facades of the new constructions in the heritage sites in Egypt, the research adopted El-Mokhtalt district in Mansoura as a case study and a model for the heritage sites in Egypt. The unique values of these sites require an appreciation and understanding of the structure of the urban heritage fabric, good management, and practice in designing the facades of the new constructions by set design guidelines for them, that ensure preservation of the homogeneous of the character of the heritage site and the protection of the unique spirit of the site from any unplanned interventions that may threaten it or cause visual disharmony of it or causing to loss its values ​​and features. The research aims to preserve the heritage character of the heritage sites and its visual harmony by reviving the elements of the heritage architectural styles in the facades of new buildings by developing heritage design guidelines that can be used for new constructions. The research highlights on the basic rules of the new constructions within the heritage districts, then, the research conducted a comparative study of the approved design guidelines for three heritage sites (Khedive Cairo district, Alexandria city, Port Fuad city) of total eight heritage sites that have been set recently for the first time in Egypt by the national organization for urban harmony (NOUH) which has been affiliated to the Ministry of culture. The research selects these three sites because they are located in different sized cities, they are similar in being waterfronts “river Nile for khedive Cairo, Mediterranean Sea for Alexandria, Suez Canal for Port Fuad”, and most of their heritage buildings belonging to European architectural styles which also are characterized the heritage buildings of El-Mokhtalat district in Mansoura that is also a waterfront overlooking the river Nile. The outputs of the comparative study has applied to the case study (El-Mokhatalt district) after analyzing the design and architectural elements of the facades of its heritage buildings to set design guidelines of new constructions within the district such as ( buildings’ heights, buildings’ ratio, setbacks, facade architectural styles, the shape of openings, corbels, handrails, building’s roof, columns, the pediment of facades, and ornaments) to preserve the heritage character and achieve visual harmony of the heritage district

Barriers to Including Children with Disabilities in Egyptian Schools

AbstractThis study set out to investigate teachers' perceptions of barriers to including children with disabilities in general schools in Egypt. This descriptive, qualitative study drew on a purposive sample of twelve general and special education teachers within two educational districts in Cairo, Egypt. Through in-depth interviews, teachers were asked about their perceptions of the barriers that hinder the implementation of inclusive education in Egypt. Four categories of barriers were identified: structural-organizational, personal, interpersonal and socio-cultural barriers. The findings showed that these barriers are related and interact to affect teachers' beliefs about the possibility of the implementation of inclusion in Egypt. In addition, the study argues that “barriers to inclusion” is a very complicated issue that includes many interrelated contextual factors that should be addressed to implement inclusion effectively. The results indicate that differential change procedures should be followed if we would like to enhance the learning of children with disabilities in inclusive settings.

Incidence of Appendicular Bone Fracture in Dogs and Cats: Retrospective Study at Veterinary Hospital of Cairo University and some Private Clinics in Egypt

Appendicular bone fractures in small animal practice constitute a major challenge facing veterinary orthopedic surgeons concerning affected limb and bone as well as the extent of tissue damage, site, and shape of the fracture line. Therefore, this retrospective study was designed to provide descriptive data at referral veterinary teaching hospital, faculty of veterinary medicine, Cairo University, and some private pet clinics in Cairo district, Egypt to identify and determine the prevalence of appendicular fractures arising from trauma in dogs and cats treated from January 2017 to January 2020, and emphasizing the information that characterized the population (breed, age, gender, and animal size). The investigated fractures were classified according to the specific limb (forelimbs / hind limbs), specific bone fractures (Humerus, radius and ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, and the other bones), extent of tissue damage (open or closed and incomplete or complete), site (proximal, diaphyseal or distal zones), number (single or comminuted), and the direction of the fracture line (transverse, oblique or spiral). From the obtained data, it could be concluded that there was a high incidence of the appendicular long bones concerning the different bone fractures with significantly higher records in dogs, compared to cats. The highest records of fracture were in mongrel dogs, and cats as rescued animals. Excluding mongrel dogs and cats, the highest incidence of fracture-cases in dogs was recorded in Miniature breeds and svelte breeds for cats. Male dogs and cats showed a higher incidence than females. The bone fracture mostly occurred in dogs younger than one-year-old, and cats aged one to three years. A fracture in the hindlimbs was more significant than forelimbs with the highest incidence in femoral bone among both dogs and cats. The percentage of open fractures were more common in cats than dogs. Incomplete fractures were recorded more frequently in dogs than cats. In dogs, the most common fractures in the femur, tibia/fibula, humerus, and radius/ulna were complete comminuted diaphyseal femoral, complete oblique diaphyseal tibial/fibular, complete transverse distal humoral, and complete transverse diaphyseal radial/ulnar fractures respectively. Moreover, cats were complete transverse distal femoral, complete oblique diaphyseal tibial/fibular, complete spiral diaphyseal humoral, and complete transverse distal radial/ulnar fractures. In conclusion, appendicular bone fracture among dogs and cats referred to the veterinary teaching hospital, Cairo University and some private clinics in Egypt showed high incidence (87% in dogs and 71.8% in cats) out of total fracture cases and this incidence correlated with some predisposing factors (including breeds, weight, age, and gender) and causative agents that resulted in different types of appendicular fractures.

Reunderstanding Cairo through urban metabolism: Formal versus informal districts resource flow performance in fast urbanizing cities

AbstractUrban expansion can be seen as the most pervasive human impact on the environment where its high resource use contributes negatively to climate change and resource scarcity crises. Many experts call for decoupling resource use, economic development, and related urban development especially within cities of the Global South. This paper focuses on investigating resource efficiency through the lens of urban metabolism. It investigates current resource flows, through material flow analysis, from source to sink, in two diverse districts in Cairo: a formal district and an informal one, regarding materials (waste) and mobility. Consequently, the paper discusses locally responsive interventions that address local priorities as opposing to citywide one‐size fits all solution. The paper relies on parcel audits, which are embedded in an Urban Metabolism Information System developed by the Ecocity Builders and their partners, through a joint project with Cairo University. The methodology couples crowd‐sourced data, parcel audits, and experts’ knowledge to better understand resource flows based on a bottom‐up approach, given the unavailability of governmental data on the local level. The paper further correlates the perceived quality of life with the actual resource flows. It utilizes fieldwork investigations to argue against the local misconceptions regarding the inefficiency of informal areas/systems versus the higher efficiency of planned areas/systems. The paper concludes by proposing integrated solutions that respond to local needs and resources. It highlights the challenges and lessons of this tailored bottom‐up approach and its applicability in other cities worldwide.

CITIES UNDER PRESSURE CASE STUDY OF NASR CITY DISTRICT - CAIRO

We live in a rapidly urbanizing world. In the next 30 years, 70 million people will move to urban areas every year. By 2050, two-thirds of the global population will live in cities. This rapid urbanizing, expected to continue in the coming decades, so face human on its vital infrastructure and social care services and the natural of climate change which set to intensify these existing social and economic challenges. There are physical impacts of these on human health, quality of life, and business life. Therefore, most around the world had announced the challenges against the growth and what should be done. The research presents and analyzes the phenomena cities under pressure from all aspects and their impacts on citizens. Then moving to the empirical study of Nasr City, one of Cairo's districts to monitor the extent of the pressures and evaluate it to find keys guides for a comprehensive strategy with Executive steps to improve the quality of life and help for working towards sustainability.

Evaluation of Health Risks in Cairo due to Deposited Dust Contaminated with Heavy Metals

Abstract Heavy metals in deposited dust at five urban districts in Cairo, Egypt, during 2015 were studied. Risk assessment modeling was applied to evaluate health risks of these metals for adults a...

Barriers to Including Children with Disabilities in Egyptian Schools

Abstract This study set out to investigate teachers' perceptions of barriers to including children with disabilities in general schools in Egypt. This descriptive, qualitative study drew on a purposive sample of twelve general and special education teachers within two educational districts in Cairo, Egypt. Through in-depth interviews, teachers were asked about their perceptions of the barriers that hinder the implementation of inclusive education in Egypt. Four categories of barriers were identified: structural-organizational, personal, interpersonal and socio-cultural barriers. The findings showed that these barriers are related and interact to affect teachers' beliefs about the possibility of the implementation of inclusion in Egypt. In addition, the study argues that “barriers to inclusion” is a very complicated issue that includes many interrelated contextual factors that should be addressed to implement inclusion effectively. The results indicate that differential change procedures should be followed if we would like to enhance the learning of children with disabilities in inclusive settings.

Covid-19 Impact on Mental Health of Egyptians Patients

The current study is aimed to examine the rates of mental disorders in a sample of Egyptian patients due to environmental factors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis which interacted with the historical and religious background of the Egyptian people. The research was performed in four different districts in Cairo and Giza before and during the outbreak of a pandemic. The Control group consisted of 1600 patients and extended from the first of October till the end of December 2019. The experimental group consisted of 1200 patients during the first four months of 2020. Mood disorders were the main psychiatric disorders that appeared during this period in the form of depression and anxiety disorders. Also, the cases of substance use disorder (SUD) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) were presented more in psychiatric clinics. The percentage of male patients was slightly higher in depressive cases, while it was significantly higher in SUD cases. On the other hand, the percentage of female patients was a little higher in anxiety disorders and OCD cases. The percentage of SUD cases was significantly higher among highly educated patients and also in OCD cases. Medium educated patients presented with depression and anxiety disorders were slightly higher than high educated patients and significantly higher than low educated ones.

The influence of street network configuration on sexual harassment patterns in Cairo

Sexual harassment is a common experience for women in urban spaces. While many studies have shown the types of urban environments that are hostile to women, limited research has examined the empirical relationship between sexual harassment and the configuration of the street network. This study uses crowdsourced data and space syntax analysis to investigate the relationship of the frequency of sexual harassment to the proximity of such incidents to main streets in the central business district of Cairo, Egypt. The results show that harassment incidents are associated with street segments with high volumes of foot traffic. Unsafe space usually lacks a balanced co-presence of males and females where the former outnumber the latter. The article advances our knowledge of visibility and spatial accessibility characteristics of sexual harassment incidents and the potential impacts of urban design and planning policies on women's power and fragility.

Urban Pocket Parks Promoting Quality of Life and Mitigating UHI Impacts – A Case Study of “Al Zawya Al Hamra” District

The generality of the Egyptian cities and especially the Cairo region cities experience increasing signs of environmental stress. This stress is pronounced notably in the form of poor air quality, high density, traffic overcrowding, neighborhoods lacking basic facilities and services, increasing population and decreasing percentage of urban open green spaces. This research aims to reach for Egyptian Suitable Pocket Parks design guidelines which would help to mitigate the impacts of urban heat islands, promote the public health in the city and increase the green areas for more social interaction and user’s satisfaction that goes for a large environmental, social and economic benefits. The Study aims to answer the following two main questions: How is it possible to use pocket parks as a greenery method in a city with very limited resources to mitigate the impacts of Urban Heat Islands and promote the community’s quality of life? And what are the perfect design guidelines of pocket parks in the Egyptian case? The study implements the case study method through studying “Al Zawya Al Hamra” district which is one of the highest dense over populated districts in Cairo city.The key findings of this paper disclose a 3d model for a proposed pocket park in one of the district’s neighborhoods. Most of the interviewed residents in the action area context expressed their high satisfaction after watching the space model before and after designing the pocket park. With proper community participation through the whole design process, the proposed design framework of pocket parks in the Egyptian case was enhanced and refined.