District Multan Research Articles

Investigation of Teaching Talent of Urban and Rural School Teachers

The effectiveness of the teaching profession is largely dependent on their natural teaching talent. Keeping in view this utmost importance of teachers’ talents for teaching the study was carried out with the purpose of investigating the teaching talent of school teachers teaching in urban and rural schools of district Multan. By using simple random sampling technique, total 304 teachers including 161 urban and 143 rural teachers were considered as sample of the study. To measure teachers’ natural talent for teaching, a standardized Teaching Aptitude Test was thought appropriate to be used to collect data. Teachers in urban and rural schools were compared for their teaching talent by using Z-test. Data examination showed that there is significant difference between the teaching aptitude of urban and rural school teachers. The study recommends to recruit teachers on the basis of measuring their teaching talents through any standardized aptitude test and further practical test in form of demonstration

Students’ Perceived Role of Rote Learning in Vocabulary Learning Strategies at Secondary Level

This paper aims to examine the students’ perceived role of rote learning strategy for learning English vocabulary at secondary level. 1497 mixed-ability public and private secondary school students of district Multan were used to gather information. Respondents in age range from 12 to 18 years. The findings were collected through the adapted questionnaires. English version with Urdu translation was administered to participants and a proportional stratified random sampling technique was implemented. Survey method of quantitative design was used in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical approaches, including Pearson's R correlations, Mean, SD, Independent samples t-test, and ANOVA. Factor analysis was also performed. Findings showed positive behavior of students’ towards using vocabulary learning strategies. It was concluded that students’ perceived the most effective role of rote learning in vocabulary learning strategies at secondary level then other vocabulary learning strategies. Significant correlation was found between students’ perception of vocabulary learning strategies and students’ perception of preferring rote learning strategy. It was found that students’ perception of vocabulary learning strategies with respect to School Sector, Gender, Group, Medium, Tehsil, Father’s Qualification and Mother’s Qualification varies significantly while students’ perception of vocabulary learning strategies based on Class and Age are not varied significantly. No statistically significant differences was found between students’ perception of preferring rote learning strategy with respect to School Sector, Class, Gender, Tehsil, Father’s Qualification and Mother’s Qualification. Furthermore students’ perception of preferring rote learning strategy based on Group, Medium and Age differs significantly.

Nutrients Status of Citrus Orchards of District Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

Citrus is important and leading fruit crops across Pakistan now facing the decline qualitatively and quantitatively which directly affecting the total production per unit area. The major reason for these changes seems to be improper fertilization of nutrients. In this regard, an experiment has been conducted on the citrus orchards of district Multan, to evaluate the present condition of nutrients in soil and citrus plants. The relationship between soil properties, available nutrients in soil, and plants were also investigated. In 24 orchards, the soil samples at three different soil depths (0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45 cm) with 4–6-month-old leaves of the plant were collected. In soils, the N (100%), P (50%), B (70.83%), Fe (16.67%) and Zn (33.33%) were deficient at upper soil layer (0-15cm). The deficiency of these nutrients decreases with increasing soil depth. The leaf analysis of citrus plants showed that there was a deficiency of N (70.83%), P (66.66%), K (12.5%), Zn (66.6%) and B (50%). Among soil properties, the pH is negatively and significantly related to N, P, Fe, and Mn, while CaCO3 and EC showed a negatively significant correlation to P and B respectively at upper soil layer. Organic matter was positive and significantly related to P and Cu at upper soil layer. The significant correlation between soil properties and nutrients decreases with increasing soil depth. The K and Fe in the soil are directly associated with increasing its contents in the leaf.

Impact of Occupational Stress on Clinical Performance among Nurses: A Case Study of District Multan

There is an increasing attention to identify the occupational stressors on clinical performance among nurses due to the shortfall of paramedical staff especially nurses to an alarming extent globally. We develop a research framework to examine the impact of occupational stress on nurses’ clinical performance. A cross-sectional research design was used for data collection (n= 251). Data collection was accomplished by conducting a survey as a method. Data were analyzed through SPSS. The results indicate that occupational stress is negatively correlated with clinical performance among nurses. Work demand, work-family conflicts, occupational hazards, and occupational issues have a significant impact on nurses’ clinical performance. Moreover, interpersonal relationships and workplace violence are found to be the insignificant impact on clinical performance. Demographic variables like marital status and computer skills have significant differences in occupational stress and clinical performance. Married nurses have a higher level of occupational stress and lower level clinical performance as compared to unmarried. Nurses with computer skills have low occupational stress and higher clinical performance than those without computer skills. The results of the study have theoretical as well as practical implications, needed to be addressed on a priority basis.

A study on the epidemiology of brucellosis in bovine population of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, southern Punjab, Pakistan

BackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a bacterial pathogen belonging to the genus Brucella. It is one of the most frequent bacterial zoonoses globally but unfortunately, it is still considered as a neglected disease in the developing world. Keeping in view, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk determinants of brucellosis in large ruminants of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan-Pakistan. For this purpose, blood samples (n = 490) were collected from the cattle (n = 245) and buffalo (n = 245) population of the study area and subjected to preliminary screening of brucellosis using local and imported RBPT reagents. All the samples were further analyzed using commercially available multi-specie indirect ELISA kit followed by their confirmation by PCR using genus and species-specific primers. Data obtained from lab analysis and questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis for Pearson Chi-square, Odds Ratio and Confidence intervals (95%).ResultsThe results showed that the maximum seropositivity was recorded with local RBPT reagent (VRI, Pakistan; 12.45%; 95%CI = 9.72–15.65%) followed by RBPT-IDEXX (12.24%; 95%CI = 9.52–15.45%) and RBPT-ID.vet (11.84%; 95%CI = 9.18–14.95%) however statistical difference was non-significant (P = 0.956). The ELISA results showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 11.22% (95%CI = 8.59–14.33%) with comparatively higher rate in cattle (12.65%; 95%CI = 8.82–17.44%) as compared to buffaloes (9.80%; 95%CI = 6.49–14.15%). The PCR analysis confirmed the presence of genus Brucella in all seropositive samples whereas frequency of B. abortus and B. melitensis in seropositive samples was 80% and 20%, respectively. The co-existence of both species was also observed in 5.45% samples. The statistical analysis showed a significant association of bovine brucellosis with herd size, breed, reproductive disorders, mode of insemination, educational status and farmers’ awareness about brucellosis (P < 0.05). Conversely, locality, age, weight, gender, pregnancy status, parity and puberty status had no associations with brucellosis (P > 0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in large ruminants of district Multan, Pakistan. It is suggested to devise and implement stringent policies for the effective control and prevention of brucellosis in the region. Further, the current situation also warrants the need to strengthen interdisciplinary coordination among veterinarians and physicians in one health perspective to ensure and strengthen the human and animal health care systems in the region.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Dengue Fever among People in District Multan, Pakistan

The present study was conducted to evaluate the Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue fever among people in district Multan, Pakistan. In this study numbers of four towns of Multan (i) Bosan Town (ii) Shah Rukn-e Alam Town (iii) Mosa Pak Town (iv) Mumtazabad Town were selected. Total number of 400 People (217 males and 183 females) 18 years to above 60 years of age, permanent residents of Multan were interviewed. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue were evaluated among people through pre-designed set of questions. Of the 400 respondents, 87% of the respondents already heard about this type of fever, 72% of them considered mosquito bite as cause / mode of spread of this disease. The study reported that among the participants of the study literate people had more and correct information than un-educated people. As regards the prevention of this disease, 83% of study populations were in favor of preventing mosquito bites by the use of anti-mosquito spray while 39% were of the opinion to reduce the mosquito population by attacking the breeding sites. Although most of the individuals in sample population were aware of various aspects of dengue fever but detailed knowledge and awareness were lacking. People need more understanding of the disease particularly its vector characteristics. The study has suggested that there is a need to develop and implement the targeted health education programs that focus on disseminating accurate and accessible information about dengue fever. These programs should address the knowledge gaps identified in the study and be tailored to the specific needs of different demographic groups within the district. Mass media platforms such as television, radio, newspapers, and social media must be used to disseminate the health messages related to dengue fever among general public. The study has also recommended to develop informative content that reaches the wide audience and reinforces the dengue preventive practices.

Social Capital and Female Entrepreneur, Challenges and Opportunities: A Study of Multan

The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges female entrepreneurs face in the development of their business in the context of Multan. In so doing, it addresses a gap in the literature on the experiences of female entrepreneurs in a Southern Punjab context and acknowledges the contribution that women make in this area of work. The paper draws on survey data from 100 female entrepreneurs currently engaged in their businesses in district Multan– a Southern Punjab District in Pakistan. Results indicate that female entrepreneurs are generally confident and resourceful and that they enjoy the challenge of entrepreneurial activity. As in the other areas, they experience difficulties relating to family commitments and access to finance – as well as problems gaining acceptance and accessing networks.

Understanding the Difficulties of Saraiki Speakers with English Vowel Pronunciation at Secondary Level

English language is an international language, as for as the pronunciation of English vowels is concerned, the learners of L2 face a lot of problems. It’s believed that Pakistani students especially Saraiki students face colossal difficulties in the production of English vowels and face a lot of problems in the recognition of English vowel sounds because of the improper guidance by the teachers as well as the influence of mother tongue. Pakistani Institutions neglect the importance of pronunciation. The researcher conducted research in district Multan (Pakistan) and from Multan city, she selected fifty students of 9th and 10th class from five different Govt. and Private high schools. From each school ten students were selected and female students from four different schools and male students from one school were selected. A list of one hundred and sixty words was prepared and these words were pronounced by the students. Data was recorded in a C.D and analysed in percentage. Findings showed that there was a lack of teachers’ training as well as improper guidance to the students by teachers and the surroundings. This study suggested some ways for improving pronunciation of English vowels and at the end conclusion was drawn.

Assessment of future prediction of urban growth and climate change in district Multan, Pakistan using CA-Markov method

This research utilized remote sensing (RS) technology to analyze and monitor land use land cover (LULC) and climate change. This work mainly involves three components: (i) investigating the historical trends of LULC and land surface temperature (LST) using Landsat data for 1990, 2005, and 2020. (ii)Evaluate the impact of climate change on urban temperature for increased heat stress in the Multan region and (iii) Future predictions of LULC and LST for 2035 and 2050 by the CA-Markov Chain model. Supervised classification techniques were employed to classify the images into various LULC classes. Historical trends of LULC revealed that over the study period, the built-up area in Multan has increased by almost 30,435 Ha (8.34%), which would continue to reach40003 ha (10.96%) from 1990 to 2020 at the cost of vegetation loss, which is countlessly decreasing and will get from 283,145 Ha (−77.57%) in 2035 to264443 Ha (−71.4%) till 2050. Further, the findings about LST revealed that over the region, the average LST values have increased from 1.2 °C over the last two decades and will additionally include 1.8 °C until 2050.This study underscores the importance of RS technology in understanding past LULC changes and predicting future land transformations and temperature variations. The results contribute valuable insights for policymakers, land managers, and urban planners to make informed decisions for sustainable LULC and climate adaptation strategies in the face of growing urbanization and climate change challenges.

Relationship of Growth Mindset of Secondary School Heads with their Job Behavior of Multan District, Punjab

The study focuses on the relationship of growth mindset with secondary school job behavior of district Multan. The key objective of the study was to examine the association between a growth mindset and the job behavior of school heads. A survey research design was used. A sample of 142 principals out of 221 school heads of secondary schools was taken through stratified random sampling. The questionnaire was used to collect data from the school heads. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Cronbach alpha were used to estimate the content validity and reliability, respectively. Pearson product correlation and regression analysis were used. The study concluded that a positive correlation was found between a growth mindset and secondary school job behavior. In other words, the job behavior of school heads would be better if they worked with a growth mindset.

Driving Excellence: The Role of Parental Engagement in Shaping Student Success in Secondary Schools

The current research pursuit's key objective was to analyze parental involvement’s impact on students' academic performance at the secondary level. The descriptive and quantitative research approach was employed to conduct this study. A total of 12987 students made up the population from the public sector secondary schools located in Khanewal, District Multan, South Punjab, Pakistan. The study’s sample was composed of 324 students, including both male and female, selected through a stratified random sampling technique. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation, and utilizing inferential statistics, Pearson coefficient correlation. The research results discovered that the parents’ involvement in their child's academics, assignments, attendance, and monitoring exhibited good grades and higher educational attainment in the schools. This investigation recommended that educational institutions ought to focus on developing parental involvement to understand the academic challenges and to build a more comfortable environment for better academic success of students in schools.

Risk factors associated with obesity among housewives residing in urban areas of Punjab, Pakistan

The rising magnitude of obesity among housewives residing in urban areas is a matter of highly concern. There is no denying the fact that obesity is a health risk and it triggers the co-morbidities. Therefore, the present research study was conducted with concerted effort aiming to find out the risk factors associated with obesity among housewives in the urban areas of District Multan, Punjab. The target population of the study was housewives. A sample of 100 housewives with Body Mass Index &gt;25 was drawn by using simple random sampling after completing the listing process. The interview schedule was conducted and well-structured research questionnaire was used to collect the data. The descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean percentage and chi-square was employed. The results indicate that aging (p-Value&lt;0.001), educational status (p-Value &lt;0.003) and any form of physical activity (p-Value&lt;0.001) were strongly associated with the obesity among housewives. Regarding the knowledge, 65% of the housewives were equipped with the knowledge of the risk factors associated with obesity among housewives residing in the urban areas of District Multan, Punjab.

Evaluation of trace elements in forages and their effect on gastrointestinal parasite burden in grazing sheep

This study was designed to evaluate the trace elements (minerals) in forages fed to sheep and their effect on gastrointestinal parasite burdens. The ultimate objective was to determine the correlation between the burden of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites and the level of trace minerals in sheep serum as a result of the forages they grazed on.A total of 384 faecal samples were collected from sheep in each of the districts (Sialkot and Multan) and examined quantitatively using the McMaster technique. Serum collected from them and plants were pre-treated, and spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentration of trace minerals (Mn, Co, Cu, and Zn). The level of these trace elements differed significantly (P < 0.05) in forages from both districts. In the district of Sialkot, the highest concentrations (mg/Kg) of Zn (38.53 ± 0.16) were found in Cichorium intybus, Cu (41.57 ± 0.07) in Cynodon dactylon, Mn (39.61 ± 0.05) in Parthenium hysterophorus, and Co (1.42 ± 0.03) in Coronopus didymus. In the district of Multan, the highest concentrations (mg/Kg) of Zn (39.43 ± 0.46) were found in Cichorium intybus, Cu (25.76 ± 0.36) in Cynodon dactylon, Mn (34.29 ± 0.53) in Launaea nudicaulis, and Co (1.74 ± 0.08) in Brachiaria raptens. The prevalence of GI parasites in sheep populations in district Sialkot was 34%, while in district Multan, it was 32%. In tehsil Sialkot of district Sialkot, Zn and Cu were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, while in tehsil Multan City of district Multan, only Cu was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with EPG. The potential mechanism behind the role of trace mineralsin lowering the burdens of GI parasites requires more investigation. It is recommended that plants with high content of trace minerals should be utilized as part of comprehensive preventive and control strategies against GI parasitism in ruminant animals like sheep.

CLASS STRUCTURE AND ELECTORAL POLITICS: A STUDY OF DISTRICT MULTAN 2002 - 2013

This article aims to investigate the Class Structure and electoral politics of District Multan in 2002-2013 terms of local politics and trends. It has been observed that local politicians are the prominent candidates in these election. These politicians have historically come from the wealthy classes. Ticket distribution by popular political parties in this region is skewed toward the wealthy and those with a higher probability of voting for their party. This study has based on the mixed method cross-sectional research design and data has been collected from 406 participants from the District Multan by using probability sampling. Findings of the study have indicated that ninety percent or more of the area's residents support creating a new province to speed up the area's progress. In addition, mostly candidates have been repeated by the parties but few have changed the party and participated from a new party or independently. So, Multan's electoral politics are profoundly affected by socioeconomic status of politicians. Additionally, the electoral system needs to change to make it more effective and to reduce the issues of voters, rather than continuing to focus on the same old strategies. The current study is drived from district Multan. Keywords: Class Structure, Electoral Politics, Multan, Elite Class, Democracy , Elections, Voters.

Impact of Climate Change on Total Factor Productivity of Agriculture in District Multan

Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change because it faces open weather conditions. In uncontrolled open weather circumstances, it's difficult to attain better total factor productivity (TFP), which characterizes agriculture growth in an economy. The study estimated the TFP growth of Pakistan’s agriculture in first step by employing the Tornqvist- Theil index number approach for the period 1990-2019. The time series data for thirteen crops and four livestock categories from 1990 to 2019 were collected from different sources to estimate the TFP. The average annual TFP growth of agriculture was estimated to be 2.14 percent for the study period, and it contributed about 56 percent to total agricultural output growth. The results also indicated that TFP growth in agriculture sector was highest (0.05 percent) during the 1990-2000, while lowest (-2.14 percent) during the last decade. After, TFP index that was calculated in first step was used as dependent variable in second step of analysis. Then we estimated the impact of climate change on TFP in agriculture sector in Multan district. For this first we used ARDL bound test approach for estimation of long run impact of climatic variables. The results showed that there are positive effects of both minimum and maximum temperature on TFP in the study area. The drought and floods have negative impact on TFP but in first lag their effects became positive on TFP. One of the important variables of climate is rain that had positive impact on the TFP growth, with 1% increase in rainfall there was 0.22% increase in TFP at first lag. Improving the adaptation and mitigation practices related to floods and droughts would be required for sustainable growth in TFP in agriculture sector in Multan District.

Epidemiological factors affecting incidence of parasitic type infections in the school children of rural areas of District Multan (Punjab), Pakistan

Epidemiological factors affecting incidence of parasitic type infections in the school children of rural areas of District Multan (Punjab), Pakistan

Incidence, Characterization and Pathogenic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum in the Punjab Province of Pakistan

The present studies were conducted to determine the incidence of wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum in the major chili-growing districts of Punjab, characterization of Fusarium isolates, and assessment of their pathogenic variability. The overall incidence of Fusarium wilt in the five major surveyed districts of the Punjab province was 9.2% in the year 2015-16 and 9.3% in the year 2016-17. The maximum disease incidence of 10.04% was recorded in district Multan in the year 2015-16 while it was the minimum (7.06%) in district Sahiwal. A similar trend was observed in the disease incidences during the year 2016-17. The disease incidences varied among different localities of the five districts. In total, 92 isolates were recovered from the chili crop in Punjab. All the recovered purified isolates were morphologically characterized using different parameters like colony color, growth habit, pigmentation, days to fill 9-cm-dish, concentric rings, size and shape of macroconidia and microconidia, phialide, septation in macroconidia, diameter, and formation of chlamydospores and interseptal distance. All the isolates were confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum. Based on the pathogenicity test, plants showing more than 75% wilting were rated as highly pathogenic, plants showing 50.1-75% wilting were pathogenic, plants showing 25.1-50% wilting were categorized as moderately pathogenic, and plants showing 0.1-25% wilting were graded as weakly pathogenic. The highly pathogenic and pathogenic isolates were subjected to molecular studies and all the isolates made a band of 550-600 on the gel. All the isolates showed 99-100% similarity with already reported Fusarium species. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between all the isolates

Effect of ICT Integration on Secondary School Students’ Physics Achievement and Reasoning Skills

This study analyzed the effect of ICT integration on secondary school students’ physics achievement and reasoning skills and used quasi-experimental pre-test post-test non-equivalent control group design. The study population comprised all the secondary school science students enrolled in grade 10th in secondary schools of district Multan. Two pre-existing/intact sections of grade 10th in one of the secondary schools constituted the study sample. Experimental group, comprising 31 students, was taught through ICT integration, while control group, comprising 30 students, was taught through traditional method. Researchers collected pre-test and post-test data using Physics Achievement Test (PAT). To measure students’ reasoning skills, a questionnaire comprising ten close-ended items designed on Likert 5-point scale, was administered to students after post-test. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were used to analyze the data. Data analysis indicated that the experimental group, who received instruction through ICT, performed significantly better than the control group. Furthermore, results showed that ICT integration enhanced students’ reasoning skills. Overall, this study revealed that the use of ICT integration has a positive effect on students’ physics achievement along with their reasoning skills. Finally, this study provides useful guidelines for teachers, administrators, and policymakers for improving school students’ academic performance.

Exploring Pedagogical Inadequacies in Current Teaching Practices in ESL Classroom at College Level: The Students’ perspective

English language teaching and learning remain the focus of the academic system as English is a compulsory subject for all learners at college level. The success and smoothness of English language pedagogy depends largely on the active role of ELT teachers simply because of their dominant role inside classrooms. This paper presents a comprehensive view of pedagogical inadequacies in ESL classrooms at the college level in Punjab, Pakistan. This study is quantitative and the data has been collected through a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to 250 students of public and private colleges of district Multan. Out of 250 students, 220 students responded questionnaire. The findings of the study proved that we are practicing inadequate pedagogical methods which are the root cause of learners’ dissatisfaction and poor quality of education. Quality teaching always remains a dream without enriching the teaching skills of the teachers that is only possible by removing the inadequacies in pedagogy. A revision of our pedagogical practices is suggested in the light of the analyzed data and drawn conclusion of the present study.

An Analysis of Urban Household Earning Determinants: A Case Study of District Multan

The present study examined urban earning determinants in the district of Multan. For this purpose, primary cross-sectional data was collected from District Multan urban areas. Data was collected from district Multan through a structured questionnaire in which 385 respondents from urban areas were interviewed randomly. This study was analyzed through Elementary and Econometric analysis. The strict MEF was calculated by busing variables like education, experience and experience square. It was found that education and experience have a positive effect on earning while experience square negatively affected earning. Extended Mincerian Earning Function was calculating by using taking variables like education, experience, experience square, age, age square, spouse participation, migration, employment, and marital status. Education, experience, age, spouse participation, marital status, and migration positively effect on earnings while experience square, age square, and employment sector negatively affect earnings. The pairwise correlation analysis indicated a moderate problem of collinearity. Overall variables like (education, experience, age, migration, and spouse participation) have a higher impact on earnings in urban areas. The study suggests that the emphasis should be on improvement of education by investing in human capital as a result the quality of education, skill development, and the spread of knowledge can be improved which in turn can increases household earnings.