District Haridwar Research Articles

The Diversity of Butterflies (Insecta Lepidoptera) and Floral Resources of District Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India: A Systematic Checklist

The Diversity of Butterflies (Insecta Lepidoptera) and Floral Resources of District Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India: A Systematic Checklist

Analysis of noise pollution level in and around SIDCUL area in District Haridwar (Uttarakhand) India

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the issue of noise pollution in the vicinity of the industrial zone of Haridwar city and its correlation with the health of the people in and around the SIDCUL (State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited). The study revealed that noise pollution levels were above the CPCB Standard for the sound level for industrial zones and residential zones. During the period from January to December 2018, noise levels were observed and monitored in both the industrial zone (Site-I SIDCUL) and the residential zone (Site-II Siwalik Nagar). The average noise levels varied throughout the year. At Site-I (Industrial Zone), during the daytime in July, the maximum average noise level recorded was 89.5 dB, while in April; the minimum average noise level was 81.1 dB. During nighttime, in January, the maximum average noise level reached 84.1 dB, and in May, the minimum average noise level was 76.6 dB. In Site-II Siwalik Nagar (Residential Zone), the daytime noise levels were a maximum average noise level of 61.1 dB in May and a minimum average noise level of 58.8 dB in September. During nighttime, the noise level reached a maximum average of 47.2 dB in October and a minimum average of 44.5 dB in May. Overall, the study revealed that noise levels were generally higher in both zones, except for the average nighttime noise level at Site II (residential zone), which was below the prescribed standard limit for noise.

Distribution and Identification of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Soybean Anthracnose/Pod Blight in Different Geographical Locations of Uttarakhand

Background: The anthracnose/pod blight disease caused by Colletotrichum species, is considered as a major limitation in soybean cultivation worldwide, causing significant yield losses. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of soybean anthracnose/pod blight in different geographical locations of Uttarakhand and to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with the disease. Methods: Roving survey was carried out in various soybean growing areas of Uttarakhand, covering 82 villages in 11 districts during kharif 2017 to 2019. In order to record the prevalence of the disease, incidence and severity were recorded periodically in soybean fields. From different surveyed locations, samples of anthracnose and pod blight were collected, isolated and identified on the basis of genetic analysis of the ITS region of rDNA. Result: The survey study revealed that disease was evident in all surveyed districts of Uttarakhand except district Haridwar. The pooled mean incidence and severity of pod blight infection in different districts ranged from 3.96 to 27.0 per cent and 2.04 to 15.69 per cent, respectively, maximum in the U. S. Nagar district and minimum in the Almora district. It was observed that disease incidence and severity decreased with rises in altitude with highly significant negative correlation of -0.89 and -0.89, respectively. Three distinct Colletotrichum species i.e., C. truncatum, C. cliviae (=C. cliviicola) and C. chlorophyti were identified through molecular characterization of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region (BLASTn queries), which were associated with soybean anthracnose/pod blight disease in Uttarakhand.

Quality assessment of groundwater at Laksar Block, Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India using Water Quality Index: A case study

Urbanization and industrialization enhance the degradation of the groundwater quality due to the discharge of domestic and industrial effluents in the aquatic bodies or on the surface of ground either in treated or untreated form. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality at the Laksar block of district Haridwar in Uttarakhand. Groundwater samples (SS-1-10) were collected from the hand pumps of the study area. The sampling site (SS-1) was taken as control. The distance of all sampling sites from control site ranged from 6.3Km to 18.3Km. The samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters viz Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Solids (TS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium Hardness (CaH), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4--), Nitrate (NO3---), Acidity, and Iron (Fe) for two years (2017 to 2019). The data obtained after analysis was simplified using Water quality index (WQI). The maximum concentration of TDS, TS, TH, CaH, and Fe was observed at SS-6 that may be due to the direct industrial discharge of Sugar mill effluent on the ground. Based on WQI value, SS-6 (WQI value-150.27) was found most polluted site. Hardness was found above the standard limit (250mg/l) at SS-6 to SS-10. The Fe was also found above the standard limit of WHO and BIS (0.3mg/l) at SS-6 to SS-10. The study may be useful for managing the groundwater quality of the study area.

Solid waste management in rural areas nearby river Ganga at Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India

The solid waste found in rural areas can be used as a soil conditioner providing essential nutrients to crops and enhancing agricultural productivity. It is an eco-friendly and economic preference for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW). This study investigates the solid waste management scenario in rural areas along the river Ganga and proposes a sustainable waste management solution. Waste quantification and composition were determined in the five villages (rural areas) viz. Sajanpur, Shyampur, Kangri, Bhogpur and Dummanpuri of district Haridwar in Uttarakhand and their waste management and disposal systems were evaluated. Findings revealed that the average daily waste generation was 0.665 kg/day and per capita generation of household waste was around 0.16 kg/person/day. Major fraction of household waste was bio-degradable (74.14%) and remaining fraction comprised of paper (6.62%), polythene (2.82%), textile (2.52%), plastic (1.15%), glass (0.61%), metal (0.60%), rubber (0.35%), and inert (5.01%). The average bulk density of household waste was 460 kg/m3, whereas cattle waste bulk density was 834 kg/m3. Other waste characteristics included moisture content (60%), organic carbon (40%), nitrogen (1.7%), phosphorus (0.9%) and ash (31%). The calorific value of household waste (biodegradable) was 937.6 kcal/kg (dry basis). Since most of the waste was biodegradable, hence co-composting with cattle waste is recommended. The dry waste can be separated and stored for further processing and transported to nearby waste to energy-producing plants. The main hurdle to the program of waste recycling was the unsegregated collection of waste in rural areas. Hence, separation at the source comprised biodegradable waste, dried waste (paper, plastic, and metal) and other components are essential for the future solid waste management program.

Stress, Obesity and Quality of Life in Adolescents

Stress and obesity has emerged as a major problem in society. According to “The Economic Times” report, India is second largest in the case of obese children in the world1 .The present study is an attempt to investigate the obesity, stress and quality of life in adolescents. For this sample of 60 (thirty each) obese and non-obese adolescents in the age range on 13 to 17 years were included in the study through purposive sampling technique from district Haridwar. WHOQOL-BREF and the Student Stress Scale were used to measure the quality of life and stress of adolescents. Critical analysis of the data revels that significant differences were found in stress and quality of life in obese and non-obese adolescents.

Clinical spectrum of carcinoma of the gallbladder in the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Western Uttar Pradesh: A retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital of Northern India

Background: North India has a very high incidence of Carcinoma gallbladder (GBC). The aim of the study was to identify the hotspot regions and relationship of gallstones to GBC in two northern states of India. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective, observational, hospital-based cohort study. The data of patients with locally advanced (LA) or metastatic GBC from January 2019 to December 2019 were evaluated for geographical distribution of cases, and their clinical spectrum was compared with the presence or absence of associated cholelithiasis. Statistical analysis was performed using R Statistical software version 3.6.2. Results: Forty-two patients were enrolled in our study. A high burden of GBC was observed from Western Uttar Pradesh (District Bijnor 12(29%) and Muzaffarnagar 7(17%)) and Uttarakhand (District Haridwar 7(17%), whereas the remaining 16(38%) patients were residents of other districts of Uttarakhand (UK) and Western Uttar Pradesh (UP). In our study, only 17(40.5%) patients had associated cholelithiasis. Metastatic disease at presentation was seen in nearly 59% of patients with cholelithiasis and 52% of patients without cholelithiasis. Jaundice was the most common presentation in 12(70.6%) patients, followed by pain in 9(nearly 53%) patients with GBC associated with gallstones. Whereas in patients with GBC without gallstones, loss of appetite and loss of weight was the most common presentation in 16(64%) followed by jaundice in 13(52%). Conclusion: Most cases with LA or metastatic GBC in the present study were not associated with cholelithiasis. Clinical spectrum of either LA or metastatic GBC is similar, irrespective of presence or absence of gallstones.

Evaluation of Ground Drinking Water Sources of Haridwar Using Heavy Metal Pollution Index

Advance statistical technique as heavy metal pollution index (HPI) was used for assessment of suitability of 17 ground water sources of district Haridwar for drinking purpose. Water samples were analyzed for Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cr and Fe as water quality parameters using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) as per BIS and APHA standards. Results showed that the concentration of all the analyzed heavy metals were found in all the selected ground drinking water sources below their standard limit during the study, except one i.e. only lead was found (0.011 mg/L) more than its standard limit (0.01 mg/L) at H13 during PRM 2014. Suitability of studied drinking water sources have also been evaluated on the rating scale along with determination of seasonal and spatial variations. Results may attribute that HPI of the water sources were generally below its critical limit and studied water sources were safe for human consumption with respect to analyzed heavy metals. The results of the present research work provide significant information for water resources management, which helps to better meet the future challenges.

Study of mindfulness and depression in old age people

Old age is the truth of everyone’s life. In this stage, there are many changes in the life of a person, such as retirement from job, sometime death of spouse, separation from children due to their job or marriage, becoming physically weak etc. Due to these, the aged person goes through many psychological problems.Mindfulness has get attention over the past decades as a way to increase wellbeing. It can be helpful for old age life. The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of mindfulness on depression among aged people. For this study, sample of 100 aged people in the age range on 60 to 80 years were included through purposive sampling technique from district Haridwar. The five facet mindfulness scale (Baer et al., 2004) and depression scale (Karim and Tiwari, 1986) were used to measure variables.The level of mindfulness and depression was found to be lower in old age people living in old age home than in old age people living with family.Mindfulness has been seen to have a positive effect on depression.

Water quality assessment using overall index of pollution in riverbed-mining area of Ganga-River Haridwar, India

ABSTRACT The present investigation was conducted during the period 2017–2018 on Ganga riverbed mining-affected areas of district Haridwar for the assessment of seasonal dynamics of surface quality using the Overall Index of Pollution (OIP). OIP analysis was helpful in determining surface water quality. For the analysis, five sampling sites were selected with triplicate analysis of collected water sample were done to represent the effective impact of riverbed mining on selected physicochemical parameters. OIP value of surface water quality were found in winter (excellent: 1.13) > summer (acceptable: 3.37) > monsoon (slightly polluted: 7.94). As compared to site where mining was not carried out, the spatial analysis showed that the selected riverbed mining sites had high OIP score. Therefore, it was concluded that the riverbed mining practice had a negative influence on the surface water quality of the Ganga River in the selected region, and hence should be given special attention to maintaining ecological sustainability.

Assessment of ground water quality of Laksar block in district Haridwar, Uttarakhand

The present study was aimed to identify the ground water contamination problems in Laksar block of district Haridwar. The ground water samples were collected from 6 different locations of Laksar block. The Physico -chemical parameters were assessed to check either the water is suitable or not for drinking purpose. The Physico-chemical parameters such Temperature, Total hardness (TH), Calcium Hardness (CaH), Acidity, Chloride, Sulphate, pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were analysed as per standard methods. In this study values of different parameters were recorded such as acidity (78.6 to 79.4 mg/l), pH (6.36 to7.11), chloride (111.8 to 113.8 mg/l) and total hardness (370.2 to 374.6 mg/l) respectively. This study revealed that water samples may raise concern on the safety of the water for human health may cause the various water borne disease, therefore, the proper hygiene and purification techniques should be recommended.

CROP CLASSIFICATION ON SINGLE DATE SENTINEL-2 IMAGERY USING RANDOM FOREST AND SUPPOR VECTOR MACHINE

Abstract. Mapping of the crop using satellite images is a challenging task due to complexities within field, and having the similar spectral properties with other crops in the region. Recently launched Sentinel-2 satellite has thirteen spectral bands, fast revisit time and resolution at three different level (10 m, 20 m, 60 m), as well as the free availability of data, makes it a good choice for vegetation mapping. This study aims to classify crop using single date Sentinel-2 imagery in the Roorkee, district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. Classification is performed by using two most popular and efficient machine learning algorithms: Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In this study, four spectral bands, i.e., Near Infrared, Red, Green, and Blue of Sentinel-2 satellite are stacked for the classification. Results show that overall accuracy of the classification achieved by RF and SVM using Sentinel-2 imagery are 84.22% and 81.85% respectively. This study demonstrates that both classifiers performed well by setting an optimal value of tuning parameters, but RF achieved 2.37% higher overall accuracy over SVM. Analysis of the results states that the class specific accuracies of High-Density Forest attain the highest accuracy whereas Fodder class reports the lowest accuracy. Fodder achieve lowest accuracy because there is an intermixing of pixels among Wheat and Fodder crops. In this study, it is found that RF shows better potential in classifying crops more accurately in comparison to SVM and Sentinel-2 has great potential in vegetation mapping domain in remote sensing.

Timber yielding plants of district Haridwar and adjacent Siwalik Hills

Timber yielding plant of district Haridwar are valuable and have great importance in forestry of Uttranchal state, Raja Ji National Park of Shiwalik Hills have a great varieties in the flora. About 93 families of the tree plants are found in the part and pathri forest of district Haridwar in which more Timer belongs to dicotyledons and some belong to group monocotyledons. Timber commonly used in plywood, Railway sleepers, building construction material and in furnitures. Total 100 plant species belonging to 93 families have been identified and specimen twig of some trees collected and preserved in the Herbarium of M.S.College, Saharanpur.

Response of Male Pied BushchatsSaxicola capratato Playback of the Songs of Neighbours and Strangers

Abstract Discrimination between neighbours and strangers, on the basis of acoustic cues, has been clearly demonstrated in many temperate avian species, but experiments on neighbour-stranger recognition have received less attention in tropical habitats, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. With this in mind, neighbour—stranger discrimination experiments were conducted on tropical male Pied Bushchats Saxicola caprata in the District Haridwar, of the Himalayan foothills, India. The sound levels of broadcasted songs were kept as close as possible to natural song levels. The results of the parameters analysed (including song rate, song repertoire, flights toward the speaker, distance from the speaker, and latency) did not differ significantly between neighbour and stranger song playbacks. It seems that male Pied Bushchats responded evenly toward the playback and may be incapable of discriminating between neighbours and strangers.

Y-STR haplotype diversity among the population of district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Y-STR haplotype diversity among the population of district Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Modelling Rural Healthcare Supply Chain in India using System Dynamics

Indian healthcare supply chain seems to be diverse depending upon the healthcare facilities and population. The present work entirely focuses on the supply of Iron Folic Acid tabs in state government owned rural healthcare systems. Brief introduction about system dynamic has been given in this paper. A survey has been conducted related to the supply chain of folic acid tabs from state drug stores to patients via women's hospital, community health centre (CHC), primary health centres, and sub centres in District Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. Modeling and simulation of entire supply chain has been performed using system dynamics technique. Causal loop diagram (CLD) has been constructed which displays the supply chain process at various stages throughout the entire system. The factors such as frequency of patients, and order frequency has been considered while constructing the causal loop diagram. The CLD has been translated into stock-flow diagram (SFD) for the entire supply chain on Stella® platform and simulation has been run for a period of one year (Jan to Dec). It has been noticed that there is a huge shortage (stock out) of folic acid tabs at women's hospital, CHC, PHCs, and sub centres because of large delivery time. The present research may assist the government policy makers to take necessary decisions for improving the sustainability of the rural healthcare supply chain by reducing stock out of the medicine.

Impact of water quality on the phytoplankton abundance of Paniyala fish pond in Roorkee, District Haridwar, Uttarakhand

The phytoplankton shows an ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Under natural condition, they usually grow in the mixed community which may include many species and genera. The phytoplankton abundance and their impact on the water quality were studied in Paniyala fish pond, located in Roorkee Uttarakhand. Samples were collected monthly from March 2007 to February 2008 at four stations early in the morning. Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total alkalinity and chloride were measured simultaneously. Monthly variations were quite evident and showed maximum phytoplankton abundance in the month of January (3631.75 Unit/l). Three divisions of phytoplankton were found which include diatoms, green algae and blue green algae. The greatest number of individuals was reported in diatoms (1610.0±909.97 Unit/l) followed by green algae (178.29±109.02 Unit/l) and blue green algae (38.42±24.13 Unit/l). Effects of eutrophication were evident from this study with increased biomass of phytoplankton and water quality was deteriorated to some extent resulting in threat to fish fauna in it.

Effectiveness of URTI Preventive Education Programme on Recovery of children and Practice of caregivers

A quasi-experimental study was conducted to assess the predisposing factors of URTI, effectiveness of teaching programme on the recovery of children and on the practice of their caregivers. This study was conducted in a child nursing home at district Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Total 51 children and their caregivers who met the selection criteria were selected by convenient sampling technique. Pretest was taken by using structured questionnaire, practice checklist and rating scale followed by URTI preventive education programme. After five days post test was taken. The mean post test practice score (9.8±1.27) was higher than the mean pretest practice score (5.8±1.43) and 't' value was 15.3. The mean post test assessment score (22.01±1.03) was higher than the mean pretest assessment score (16.03± 1.43) and 't' value was 24.9. The difference between pretest practice score and posttest practice score was 4 and between pretest assessment score and posttest assessment score was 5.98. It means practice and assessment score improved after implementation of education programme. The finding of the study reveals that the education had a vital role in improving the practice of caregivers and recovery of the children.

Population cytogenetic and molecular evidence for existence of a new species in Anopheles fluviatilis complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

Anopheles fluviatilis James, an important malaria vector in the Oriental region has been established as a complex of at least three cryptic species which vary in their biological characteristics and malaria transmission potential. The sibling species S, T and U of Fluviatilis Complex can be identified by examination of species-specific fixed inversions in the polytene chromosomes and can also be differentiated by an allele-specific PCR assay based on differences in the D3 region of 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of these species. Here we report a new An. fluviatilis population from villages under Laksar Community Health Centre, District Haridwar (Uttarakhand state), India which differs from the three sibling species of Fluviatilis Complex by two fixed paracentric inversions, s1 and S in polytene chromosome arms 2 and 3 respectively. Longitudinal study carried out in study villages showed that the new cytotype was sympatric with species T and U in all the collections and no inversion heterozygotes were observed between them. Thus presence of two fixed paracentric inversions in polytene chromosomes with total absence of inversion heterozygotes demonstrates reproductive isolation which unequivocally establishes this cytological variant as a new species, provisionally designated as species V in the Fluviatilis Complex. Analysis of DNA sequences of D3 domain of 28S rDNA and ITS 2 region has also shown that species V is distinctly different from species S, T and U. With the discovery of new species in the Fluviatilis Complex, in-depth studies are required to know its distribution pattern and biological characteristics and to ascertain its role in malaria transmission.

Ganga water quality at Kangri Village, District Haridwar with reference to physico-chemical parameters

In the present investigation water quality monitoring of river Ganga at Kangri village, District Haridwar was studied with reference to physico-chemical parameters during the period January, 2009 to December, 2009. Parameters studied was Temperature, pH, free CO2, D.O., B.O.D, T.D.S., Acidity, Alkalinity, Hardness, Calcium, Chlorides and Conductivity. Statistical analysis of the analytical data was computed in the table.