X2 Distribution Research Articles

PENGARUH BAURAN PEMASAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI PRODUK OBAT HERBAL PAKUMAS DI KOTA BANJARMASIN


 Abstract: the study is aimed at analyzing the influence of promotions, prices, distribution and products on the decision to purchase the pakumas' herbal drug products in the flood city. 385 respondents get a sample taken, based on cochran formula (sugiyono, 2018:148). Research instruments through validity and religious tests and classic assumption tests involving normality, heterosity, multicolitarianism. Data analysis techniques using linear regression with the help of SPSS computer programs
 This research suggests, that:
 
 Promotion (x1), price (x2) distribution (x3) and product (x4) simultaneously significantly affected the decision to purchase (y) the pakumas herbal remedy product in the flood city
 Promotion (x1), price (x2), distribution and products (x4) in a partial way significantly affected the decision to purchase (y) the herbal products of mas nails in the city of banjarmasin.
 Product (x1) is dominant in importance to the mampurchase (y) needle herbal product in the flood city. This is proven with a beta variable product product of 0.479 greater than promotional, price and distribution variables.
 
 Keywords: promotion, price, distribution, product and decision to buy.

Economic-ecological services and their trade-offs or synergies of agricultural landscapes in Xiangxi, central China

The scarcity of agricultural ecosystem services (ESs) caused by land use changes has become increasingly prominent, and the negative effects of agricultural production on ecosystems have been a constant concern. In this work, the geographic information system mapping method, the agricultural product supply (AS) model and InVEST model were applied to assess the economic and ecological services of agricultural landscapes. The interlinkages among them in Xiangxi were explored, a mountainous area in central China. The major conclusions drawn were as follows.1) From 2000 to 2020, the economic services (ESs1) of agricultural landscapes in Xiangxi increased by 96.6667%, and those of grain yield per ha (X1), cash crop output value per ha (X2), forestry output value per ha (X3), meat production per capita in rural areas (X4), and fishery output per ha (X5) were 39.0405%, 510.8462%, 297.6807%, 64.5947%, and 194.0348%, respectively. The spatial distribution of X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5 changed considerably, and the major influencing factors were human elements. 2) Ecological services (ESs2) increased by 5.13%, and those of carbon storage (CS, X6), water conservation (WC, X7), and N content in water (X8) were 1.0897%, 13.5808%, and −0.7406%, respectively. The distribution of X6, X7, and X8 was nearly unchanged and primarily influenced by natural factors 3) The relationship between ESs1 and ESs2 was not ideal. The dominant relationships between AS and CS were trade-offs, those between AS and WC were synergies, and those between AS and water purification were trade-offs. 4) The following suggestions are proposed: promote afforestation and vegetation protection policies, implement the best agricultural policies, increase investment in water conservation projects, adjust agricultural scale, and control the usage of agricultural chemicals. For the surrounding areas of more developed regions, strict environmental measures and agricultural policies are necessary. The methods used in this study are novel and can provide methodological references for similar studies. Moreover, it may offer useful suggestions for agricultural resource management and contribute to ecological civilization construction.

Controlled accuracy Gibbs sampling of order-constrained non-iid ordered random variates

Abstract Order statistics arising from 𝑚 independent but not identically distributed random variables are typically constructed by arranging some X 1 , X 2 , … , X m X_{1},X_{2},\ldots,X_{m} , with X i X_{i} having distribution function F i ⁢ ( x ) F_{i}(x) , in increasing order denoted as X ( 1 ) ≤ X ( 2 ) ≤ ⋯ ≤ X ( m ) X_{(1)}\leq X_{(2)}\leq\cdots\leq X_{(m)} . In this case, X ( i ) X_{(i)} is not necessarily associated with F i ⁢ ( x ) F_{i}(x) . Assuming one can simulate values from each distribution, one can generate such “non-iid” order statistics by simulating X i X_{i} from F i F_{i} , for i = 1 , 2 , … , m i=1,2,\ldots,m , and arranging them in order. In this paper, we consider the problem of simulating ordered values X ( 1 ) , X ( 2 ) , … , X ( m ) X_{(1)},X_{(2)},\ldots,X_{(m)} such that the marginal distribution of X ( i ) X_{(i)} is F i ⁢ ( x ) F_{i}(x) . This problem arises in Bayesian principal components analysis (BPCA) where the X i X_{i} are ordered eigenvalues that are a posteriori independent but not identically distributed. We propose a novel coupling-from-the-past algorithm to “perfectly” (up to computable order of accuracy) simulate such order-constrained non-iid order statistics. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for several examples, including the BPCA problem.

Optical counterparts of ULXs in NGC 1672

ABSTRACT In this work, we deploy archival data from Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra, XMM–Newton, and Swift-XRT, to probe the nature of nine candidate ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in NGC 1672. Specifically, our study focuses on using the precise source positions obtained via improved astrometry based on Chandra and Hubble Space Telescope observations to search for and identify potential optical counterparts for these ULXs. Unique optical counterparts are identified for two of the ULX candidates, i.e. X2 and X6; for three of the candidates, i.e. X1, X5, and X7, we found two potential counterparts for each source within the respective error radii. No optical counterparts were found for the remaining four sources. The spectral energy distribution of X2 is fitted to a blackbody spectrum with a temperature of ∼104 K and the spectral class of the source is determined to be B7−A3, a supergiant donor star. We used colour–magnitude diagrams to investigate ages of the counterparts. Of all the sources studied, X9 exhibits the most variability whereby the X-ray flux varies by a factor of ∼50 over a time period spanning 2004–2019, and also traces a partial q-curve-like feature in the hardness–intensity diagram, hinting at possible spectral transitions.

Simple sufficient condition for inadmissibility of Moran’s single-split test

Suppose that a statistician observes two independent variates X1 and X2 having densities fi(⋅;θ)≡fi(⋅−θ),i=1,2, θ∈R. His purpose is to conduct a test for H:θ=0vs.K:θ∈R∖{0} with a pre-defined significance level α∈(0,1). Moran (1973) suggested a test which is based on a single split of the data, i.e., to use X2 in order to conduct a one-sided test in the direction of X1. Specifically, if b1 and b2 are the (1−α)’th and α’th quantiles associated with the distribution of X2 under H, then Moran’s test has a rejection zone (a,∞)×(b1,∞)∪(−∞,a)×(−∞,b2) where a∈R is a design parameter. Motivated by this issue, the current work includes an analysis of a new notion, regular admissibility of tests. It turns out that the theory regarding this kind of admissibility leads to a simple sufficient condition on f1(⋅) and f2(⋅) under which Moran’s test is inadmissible.

Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Geographically Weighted Bivariate Zero Inflated Poisson Inverse Gaussian Regression Models

Count data is data that can be counted within a certain range of time. The count data itself can be accommodated in the Poisson distribution which is always positive value. Poisson regression is often used to model count data, but Poisson regression requires equality in means and variance (equidispersion). The count data often contains many zero values and is unable to meet the equidipersion assumption. Zero Inflated Poisson Inverse Gaussian Regression (ZIPIGR) is a mix poisson regression that can accommodate under/overdispersion and also the number of zero values in the data. ZIPIGR is global regression model, so the interpretation of the model obtained is global in all observational data. The ZIPIGR method that accommodate the location factor is the Geographically Weighted ZIPIGR (GWZIPIGR). Bivariate GWZIPIGR (GWBZIPIGR) can be used when there are two response variables that correlate each other. This paper will discuss parameter estimation of GWBZIPIGR using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and numerical iteration of Berndt Hall Hall Hausman (BHHH) is used when the result of estimation equation does not close form, Meanwhile Maximum Likelihood Ratio Test (MLRT) is used to test the parameters where simultaneous hypothesis testing used the G2 test statistic at large sample with X2 distribution.

\u201cRunning myself ragged\u201d: stressors faced by peer workers in overdose response settings

BackgroundPeer workers or “peers” (workers with past or present drug use experience) are at the forefront of overdose response initiatives, and their role is essential in creating safe spaces for people who use drugs (PWUD). Working in overdose response settings has benefits for peer workers but is also stressful, with lasting emotional and mental health effects. Yet, little is known about the stressors peer workers face and what interventions can be implemented to support them in their roles.MethodsThis project used a community-based sequential mixed-methods research design. Eight peer researcher-led focus groups (n = 31) were conducted between November 2018 and March 2019 to assess needs of peer workers. The transcripts were thematically coded and analysed using interpretative description. These results informed a survey, which was conducted (n = 50) in September 2019 to acquire quantitative data on peer workers’ perception of health, quality of life, working conditions and stressors. Frequency distributions were used to describe characteristics of participants. X2 distribution values with Yates correction were conducted to check for association between variables.ResultsFive themes emerged from the focus groups that point to stressors felt by peer workers: (1) financial insecurity; (2) lack of respect and recognition at work; (3) housing challenges; (4) inability to access and/or refer individuals to resources; and (5) constant exposure to death and trauma. Consistent with this, the factors that survey participants picked as one of their “top three stressors” included financial situation, work situation, and housing challenges.ConclusionPeer workers are faced with a diversity of stressors in their lives which often reflect societal stigmatization of drug use. Recognition of these systemic stressors is critical in designing interventions to ease the emotional, physical and financial burden faced by peer workers.

Analysing flood history and simulating the nature of future floods using Gumbel method and Log-Pearson Type III: the case of the Mayurakshi River Basin, India

AbstractFloods of the Mayurakshi River Basin (MRB) have been historically documented since 1860. The high magnitude, low-frequency flood events have drastically changed to low magnitude, high-frequency flood events in the post-dam period, especially after the 1950s, when the major civil structures (Massanjore dam, Tilpara barrage, Brahmani barrage, Deucha barrage, and Bakreshwar weir) were constructed in the MRB. The present study intends to find out the nature of flood frequency using the extreme value method of Gumbel and Log-Pearson type III (LP-III). The results show that the highest flood magnitude (11,327 m3s−1) was observed during 1957–2009 for the Tilpara barrage with a return probability of 1.85% and the lowest (708 m3s−1) recorded by the Bakreshwar weir during 1956–77 with a return probability of 4.55%. In the present endeavour, we have computed the predicted discharge for the different return periods, like 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,100, and 200 years. The quantile-quantile plot shows that the expected discharge calculated using LP-III is more normally distributed than that of Gumbel. Moreover, Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, Anderson–Darling (AD), and x2 distribution show that LP-III distribution is more normally distributed than the Gumbel at 0.01 significance level, implying its greater reliability and acceptance in the flood simulation of the MRB.

Enhancement of Equal Gain Combiner for Detection of Spectrum Hole in a Cognitive Radio System

Cognitive Radio System (CRS) is of paramount importance in wireless communication for spectrum management. However, channel impairment affects accurate Spectrum Hole Detection (SHD) in CRS resulting in harmful interference to a licensed user. Conventional Equal Gain Combiner (EGC) which is one of the techniques being used to solve the problem suffers from hardware complexity resulting in high Sensing Time (ST). Hence, in this paper, an Enhanced EGC (EEGC) for SHD in a CRS is proposed to reduce the hardware complexity of conventional EGC. Ten thousand (10,000) bits are randomly generated, modulated using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) scheme and propagated over Rayleigh fading channel. The received signals through three antennas are scanned by three Selection Combiners (SCs) to select the branch with highest Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The outputs of the three SCs are then combined using conventional EGC. The output of conventional EGC is used as input to single Energy Detector (ED) to determine the energy of the combined signal. A mathematical expression for Probability of False Alarm (PFA) for the proposed technique is derived using X2 distribution to set thresholds at 0.01 and 0.02. The proposed technique is simulated using MATLAB software and evaluated using Probability of Detection (PD), ST and Probability of Missing (PM). The results obtained show that EEGC gives better performance with lower ST, higher PD and lower PM.

Asymptotic versus exact methods in the analysis of contingency tables: Evidence-based practical recommendations

Controversy over the validity of significance tests in the analysis of contingency tables is motivated by the disagreement between asymptotic and exact p values and its dependence on the magnitude of expected frequencies. Variants of Pearson's X2 statistic and their asymptotic distributions were proposed to overcome the difficulties, but several approaches also exist to conduct exact tests. This paper shows that discrepant asymptotic and exact results may or may not occur whether expected frequencies are large or small: Eventual inaccuracy of asymptotic p values is instead caused by idiosyncrasies of the discrete distribution of X2. More importantly, discrepancies are also artificially created by the hypergeometric sampling model used to perform exact tests. Exact computations under the alternative full-multinomial or product-multinomial models require eliminating nuisance parameters and we propose a novel method that integrates them out. The resultant exact distributions are very accurately approximated by the asymptotic distribution, which eliminates concerns about the accuracy of the latter. We also discuss that the two-stage approach that tests for significance of residuals conditional on a significant X2 test is inadvisable and that an alternative single-stage test preserves Type-I error rates and further eliminates concerns about asymptotic accuracy.

Riparijalne oblasti kao koridori invazije Xanthium strumarium u Srbiji

Xanthium strumarium L., also known as common cocklebur, is a potentially invasive weed species in Serbia. It is one of the most competitive weeds, strongly affecting the yield of some crops, such as maize, soybean, sunflower, sugar beet, etc. Since watercourses act as important transportation routes for the long-distance dispersal of weeds and the fruit of X. strumarium is easily dispersed by water, our aim was to analyse the degree of X. strumarium invasion in riparian areas of Serbia and examine the role of rivers and canals as its potential invasion corridors. The field research was carried out during the summer months of 2013,2014, and 2015, along the course of 35 rivers and five major canals of the Danube- Tisa-Danube Hydrosystem (HSDTD) in Serbia. Fieldwork was conducted along 100 m long transects of 500 m long river stretches (chosen following the RHS methodology), where the invasive alien weed species presence and abundance were recorded. Over the period of three years, the presence of X. strumarium was recorded along the course of 33 rivers (94.25%), while it was documented along 66.85% of the total number of river stretches. However, along the canals, it was recorded in only 12% of the localities. The data on the distribution ofX. strumarium expand the existing knowledge on the distribution of this economically harmful weed species in our country, while at the same time highlighting riparian areas of rivers as potentially important corridors of its spread.

Uniform Bounds on the Relative Error in the Approximation of Upper Quantiles for Sums of Arbitrary Independent Random Variables

Fix any n≥1. Let X~1,…,X~n be independent random variables. For each 1≤j≤n, X~j is transformed in a canonical manner into a random variable Xj. The Xj inherit independence from the X~j. Let sy and s∗y denote the upper 1y th −−− quantile of Sn=∑nj=1Xj and S∗n=sup1≤k≤nSk, respectively. We construct a computable quantity Q−−y based on the marginal distributions of X1,…,Xn to produce upper and lower bounds for sy and s∗y. We prove that for y≥8 6−1γ3y/16Q−−3y/16≤s∗y≤Q−−y where γy=12wy+1 and wy is the unique solution of (wyeln(yy−2))wy=2y−4 for wy>ln(yy−2), and for y≥37 19γu(y)Q−−u(y) 0 ∑j=1∞E{(X~j−mj)2∧a2}<∞. (Less)

Analytic subordination theory of operator-valued free additive convolution and the solution of a general random matrix problem

Abstract We develop an analytic theory of operator-valued additive free convolution in terms of subordination functions. In contrast to earlier investigations our functions are not just given by power series expansions, but are defined as Fréchet analytic functions in all of the operator upper half plane. Furthermore, we do not have to assume that our state is tracial. Combining this new analytic theory of operator-valued free convolution with Anderson’s selfadjoint version of the linearization trick we are able to provide a solution to the following general random matrix problem: Let X 1 ( N ) , … , X n ( N ) {X_{1}^{(N)},\dots,X_{n}^{(N)}} be selfadjoint N × N {N\times N} random matrices which are, for N → ∞ {N\to\infty} , asymptotically free. Consider a selfadjoint polynomial p in n non-commuting variables and let P ( N ) {P^{(N)}} be the element P ( N ) = p ⁢ ( X 1 ( N ) , … , X n ( N ) ) {P^{(N)}=p(X_{1}^{(N)},\dots,X_{n}^{(N)})} . How can we calculate the asymptotic eigenvalue distribution of P ( N ) {P^{(N)}} out of the asymptotic eigenvalue distributions of X 1 ( N ) , … , X n ( N ) {X_{1}^{(N)},\dots,X_{n}^{(N)}} ?

Characteristic Analysis of White Gaussian Noise in S-Transformation Domain

The characteristic property of white Gaussian noise (WGN) is derived in S-transformation domain. The results show that the distribution of normalized S-spectrum of WGN follows X2 distribution with two degrees of freedom. The conclusion has been confirmed through both theoretical derivations and numerical simulations. Combined with different criteria, an effective signal detection in S-transformation can be realized.

The Effect of Anatomic Factors on Tongue Position Variability During Consonants

This study sought to investigate the effect of palate morphology and anthropometric measures of the head on positional variability of the tongue during consonants. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to record tongue movements of 21 adults. Each talker produced a series of symmetrical VCV syllables containing one of the consonants /t, d, s, z, , t, k, g, j/ and corner vowels /i, a, u/. Distributions of x, y, and z coordinates at maximum tongue elevation were used to represent tongue position variability across contexts. Anthropometric palate and head measures were also obtained. Positional variability of the tongue differed between the front (e.g., alveolar and post-alveolar) and back (velar) consonant groups. A correlational analysis showed that tongue position variability of the front consonants was explained, to a degree, by palate curvature and palate length. The variability of the back consonants was not explained by any structural measures. Palate morphology needs to be taken into account when making observations regarding the extent of tongue position variability during consonants in research and in achieving clinical goals.

A Note on the Bivariate Maximum Entropy Modeling

Let X=(X1 ,X2 ) be a continuous random vector. Under the assumption that the marginal distributions of X1 and X2 are given, we develop models for vector X when there is partial information about the dependence structure between X1 and X2. The models which are obtained based on well-known Principle of Maximum Entropy are called the maximum entropy (ME) models. Our results lead to characterization of some well-known bivariate distributions such as Generalized Gumbel, Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern and Clayton bivariate distributions. The relationship between ME models and some well known dependence notions are studied. Conditions under which the mixture of bivariate distributions are ME models are also investigated.

The Skillings–Mack Test (Friedman Test when There are Missing Data)

The Skillings-Mack statistic (Skillings and Mack, 1981, Technometrics 23: 171-177) is a general Friedman-type statistic that can be used in almost any block design with an arbitrary missing-data structure. The missing data can be either missing by design, for example, an incomplete block design, or missing completely at random. The Skillings-Mack test is equivalent to the Friedman test when there are no missing data in a balanced complete block design, and the Skillings-Mack test is equivalent to the test suggested in Durbin (1951, British Journal of Psychology, Statistical Section 4: 85-90) for a balanced incomplete block design. The Friedman test was implemented in Stata by Goldstein (1991, Stata Technical Bulletin 3: 26-27) and further developed in Goldstein (2005, Stata Journal 5: 285). This article introduces the skilmack command, which performs the Skillings-Mack test.The skilmack command is also useful when there are many ties or equal ranks (N.B. the Friedman statistic compared with the chi(2) distribution will give a conservative result), as well as for small samples; appropriate results can be obtained by simulating the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis.

The inside game in World Basketball. Comparison between European and NBA teams

The purpose of the present study was to register the inside game and its determinants in both European and NBA teams. The sample consisted of 80 video-recorded European and NBA games. Elements analyzed were offensive tactics, the position of the pass maker, the kind of in pass, the frequency of players in post up position, the area of out pass. For the game analysis, the computer program used was the “Sportscout”. The program used for the statistics analysis was the statistic packet SPSS and the non-parametric X² (chi square) distribution. The findings revealed that the dominant pass to centers in Europe was the bounce pass while in NBA, the overhead pass. In Europe, the center of a team had the biggest percentage of receiving a pass in post up position. On the other hand, in NBA, more players of the main team were found in post up position. In Europe, 72.7% of the control offence concerned the outside game while in NBA, only 55.0% of the offence concerned the outside game. The registration of the offensive behavior of high-level basketball teams could offer coaches a valuable aid at defining their aims in offence.

P01-167 Anxiety, depression, quality of life related to induction of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70i) in biopsies of inflammatory bowel disease patients

Anxiety and Depression have often been associated in literaure, with the course of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases(IBD):Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The chronic character of the disease influences Quality of Life (QoL) of affected patients.Aim:To measure Anxiety, Depression and Qol in IBD patients through psychometric tools and correlate these results with the presence or absence of the inducible form of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70i) in the histologic examination of the same patients. The HSPs are cellular proteins with ubiquitus presence in humans, known to exert cytoprotecive functions when induced under conditions of cellular stress ( heat, hypoxia, etc as well as psychophysiological stress).Мethod:The study was conducted between 2005 and 2008 in two general state hospitals in the broader area of Athens, Greece.Sample:59 IBD patients hospitalized for the endoscopic investigation of a possible relapse of their disease participated in the study(37 UC, 21 CD, 1 Intermediate Colitis).Procedure:A cross-sectional study was conducted through administration of the inventories and the comparison of their values with the presence of HSP70i in the histologic examination of each patient.Instruments used:a.WHOQOL-BREF;b.Zung Depression Scale;c.STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory);d.Нospital Anxiety Depression Scale;e.SPA-810 Antigen for HSP70i (Stressgen, Canada).Results:The X2 distribution for nominal data showed that the presence of the inducible form of HSP70 in the lymphoid tissue, the neutrophiles and the monocytes of IBD patients’ histologic examination is not the same (not homogeneous) regarding depression, anxiety and quality of life, suggesting its possible psychosomatic character (X2&gt;6.635,d.f.=1,p&lt; 0.01).

Numerical and experimental study on hollow-cone fuel spray of highpressure swirl injector under high ambient pressure condition

A hybrid breakup model was proposed as a trustworthy prediction of hollow-cone fuel spray in the present study and the atomization process of the hollow-cone fuel spray of a high-pressure swirl injector in a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine under high ambient pressure conditions was studied by a new hybrid breakup model. The proposed hybrid breakup model is composed of the Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) model as a primary breakup process. The Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analogy Breakup (APTAB) model, instead of the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model, was used as a secondary breakup process. The effects of the droplet deformation on a droplet aerodynamic external force are considered in the APTAB model. In addition, we replaced the x2 distribution function used in previous the APTAB model by the Rosin-Rammler distribution function to improve the prediction precision. The Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique and the Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) system were used to produce a set of experimental data for the model validation. The estimation of the prediction ability of the LISA+APTAB model was carried out, and spray characteristics, which are difficult to obtain by experimental method, were calculated and discussed. The suggested hybrid breakup model showed better prediction capability compared with the previous model (LISA+TAB model). From the calculated results, the effect of the ambient pressure on the SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) and droplet velocity could be discussed quantitatively.