Distribution Patterns Of Lead Research Articles

Antioxidative Potential of Garlic on Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress and Effect on Enzyme Activity in Rice Plants

Seedling of Ofada rice (Oryza sativum L) were raised in sand (swampy) and clay (upland) cultures under 500mg/kg lead acetate and 500mg/kg garlic aqueous extract for 40-days. The uptake and distribution pattern of lead with possible induction of oxidative stress and likely alteration in the inherent antioxidant defense systems of the rice plants were determined. The inhibitory potential of garlic against lead-induced oxidative stress in rice seedling was also assessed. From the results, rice seedlings grown for 10-40 days under 500mg/kg lead acetate showed significant (P<0.05) increase in level of lipid peroxides in roots, indicating enhanced lipid peroxidation compared to control. However, incubation of garlic extract with supernatants of rice root and shoot caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the accumulation of lipid peroxides in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, there was a marked increase in antioxidant enzymes activities in lead acetate treated seedlings, where the shoot maintained higher defensive enzyme activity than roots. The results suggest that lead-induced oxidative stress could be salvaged by garlic extract and antioxidant enzymes are biomarkers for lead-induced oxidative injury in rice plants.

Effect of industrial sludge on concentration and distribution pattern of Lead, Cadmium and Nickel in root, stem and leaf of Red Amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus L.) in silty clay loam soil

A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the concentration and distribution of Lead, Cadmium and Nickel in industrial sludge. The test crop was Red Amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus L.). Nitrogen was applied comprising the five combinations of different proportion of urea and industrial sludge and a control. Red Amaranth was harvested at 30 and 42 Days after sowing (DAS). Different physical and chemical analysis of soil, sludge, root, stem and leaf of the plant were carried out as required. Heavy metals concentration indicated the trends of Pb>Ni>Cd and distribution pattern of Pb, Cd and Ni were identified Leaf> root> stem, Root> leaf> stem and Root> leaf> stem respectively, both at 30 and 42 DAS with little exception. Industrial sludge had a significant influence on heavy metal concentration and distribution and contaminant food chain, although the data were below the maximum acceptable level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15321 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(1): 67-74, June 2012

Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Water of Linglong Gold Mining Area, China

The concentrations and distribution patterns of lead, mercury, zinc, copper, chromium, arsenic, cadmium in surface water of Linglong deposit area were discussed. The result shows that the surface water of Linglong mining area is seriously polluted by mercury, zinc and cadmium, which of the concentration are higher than the III class of National Surface Water Quality Standard, and moderately polluted by chromium and arsenic, which of the concentration conforms to the III class national surface water quality standard, and light polluted by lead and copper, which of the concentration conforms to the II class national surface water quality standard. The concentration of heavy metals in the gold deposit areas depends upon the distance from the pollution source and scalar transport in rivulet flows, decreases along the flow direction. The concentration and distribution of heavy metal pollutants in surface water are dominated by the geochemical situation and the pollution source, but seriously affected by mining leachate and chemical wastewater discharge.

Influence of vehicular density on the distribution pattern of lead and cadmium in road dust of Port Harcourt city, Nigeria

No Abstract. International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences Vol. 4 (1) 2008: pp. 29-32

Distribution patterns of lead in urban soil and dust in Shenyang city, Northeast China

We investigated the spatial distribution of Pb in soil and dust samples collected from 54 sites in Shenyang city, Liaoning province, Northeast China. Soil background Pb concentration was 22 mg kg(-1) and control values from non-industrial areas were 33 mg kg(-1) for soil and 38 mg kg(-1) for dust. Soil Pb concentrations varied widely, ranging from 26 to 2911 mg kg(-1), with a mean concentration of 200 mg kg(-1), 9 times the background value and 6 times the control value. There was great variation in soil Pb, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.06 and a standard deviation (SD) of 212 mg kg(-1). Dust Pb concentrations fluctuated from 20 to 2810 mg kg(-1), with a mean value of 220 mg kg(-1), almost 6 times the control value. No significant differences in distribution were observed between soil Pb and dust Pb. The highest Pb concentration was observed in Tiexi district in an industrial area. Soil Pb concentration decreased with depth and with distance from the pollution source. Lead concentrations initially changed little but then decreased with distance from the roadside, and were generally higher on the east side of roads than on the west. Lead contents in different categories of urban area differed substantially with dust and soil Pb concentrations decreasing in the sequence: industrial >business >mixed (residential, culture and education)> reference areas.

Bird feathers as bioindicators in areas of the German environmental specimen bank - bioaccumulation of mercury in food chains and exogenous deposition of atmospheric pollution with lead and cadmium

Feathers of selected bird species are used as pollution integrating biomonitors in areas of the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Lead, cadmium and mercury are analysed by Zeeman Solid Sampling AAS in feather vanes of selected bird species with different ecologies. In feather vanes there are quite different distribution patterns of lead and cadmium on the one hand and mercury on the other: lead and cadmium show strong gradients with respect to feather parts with high exposure to atmospheric influences. In contrast to this, mercury is distributed homogeneously. These different distribution patterns of lead and cadmium in feather vanes, in contrast to mercury, show that there are quite different incorporation paths. Cadmium and lead are deposited exogenously and indicate atmospheric pollution. Mercury in feathers is caused endogenously by food and physiology. Most of the mercury analysed in bird's feathers is in the ecotoxic methylated form and the contents in feathers depend on bioaccumulation in food chains. Feathers are suitable indicators for monitoring heavy metal pollution and give us information about incorporation paths and ecotoxic effects.

A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district, Puerto Rico

To test the relative effectiveness of stream water and sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district of Puerto Rico, we collected and subsequently analyzed samples of water and sediment from 29 sites in the rivers and tributaries of the district. Copper, Mo, Pb, Zn, SO 4 2−, and pH were determined in the waters; Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn were determined in the sediments. In addition, copper in five partial extractions from the sediments was determined. Geochemical contrast (anomaly-to-background quotient) was the principal criterion by which the effectiveness of the two media and the five extractions were judged. Among the distribution patterns of metals in stream water, that of copper most clearly delineates the known porphyry copper deposits and yields the longest discernable dispersion train. The distribution patterns of Mo, Pb, and Zn in water show little relationship to the known mineralization. The distribution of SO 4 2− in water delineates the copper deposits and also the more extensive pyrite alteration in the district; its recognizable downstream dispersion train is substantially longer than those of the metals, either in water or sediment. Low pH values in small tributaries delineate areas of known sulfide mineralization. The distribution patterns of copper in sediments clearly delineate the known deposits, and the dispersion trains are longer than those of copper in water. The partial determinations of copper related to secondary iron and manganese oxides yield the strongest geochemical contrasts and longest recognizable dispersion trains. Significantly high concentrations of molybdenum in sediments were found at only three sites, all within one-half km downstream of the known copper deposits. The distribution patterns of lead and zinc in sediments are clearly related to the known primary lead-zinc haloes around the copper deposits. The recognizable downstream dispersion trains of lead and zinc are shorter than those of copper.

Degradation and excretion after tetraethyllead injection and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity inhibition in rabbit (author's transl)

Rabbits were injected tetraethyllead (Et4Pb) i.v. only once; total lead and triethyllead (Et3Pb) levels in organs were determined 24 hours, and 30, 60, and 90 days later; and the lead clearance rates in the organs were compared with each other. Total lead and Et3Pb outputs in the feces and urine of these rabbits were sequentially determined after the injection. Other rabbits were injected Et3Pb i.v. only once, and Et3Pb and total lead clearances from organs were determined 24 hours and 20 days after the injection. In order to compare the clearances of Et4Pb and inorganic lead from organs, rabbits were injected lead acetate i.v. only once; lead acetate levels in various organs were determined 24 hours and 30 days after the injection; and the in vivo distribution patterns of this compound were compared with the distribution patterns of lead in the aforemetioned animals injected Et4Pb. Furthermore, lead outputs in the feces and urine of these animals were sequentially determined after the injection, to observe the differences in the output patterns between these animals and the aforementioned rabbits injected Et4Pb. 1) The rabbits 24 hours after the i.v. injection of 12 mg/kg of Et4Pb (7.7 mg/kg as lead) gave such a pattern of total lead distribution into various organs that total lead was distributed into the liver>kidney»brain>skeletal muscle>cardiac muscle>spinal cord in the decreasing sequence of level. The total lead levels in the organs showed such a pattern that the level in the liver was 43 times higher, the level in the kidney was 19 times higher, the level in the brain was 4.5 times higher, the level in the skeletal muscle was 4 times higher, the level in the cardiac muscle was 4 times higher, and the level in the spinal cord was 3 times higher than the blood total lead level. The Et3Pb levels in various organs were of such a pattern that the compound was distributed into the liver>kidney»brain>skeletal muscle>cardiac muscle>spinal cord in the decreasing sequence of level; and the Et3Pb levels in the organs showed that the level in the liver was 100 times as high, the level in the kidney was 40 times as high, the level in the brain was 10 times as high, the level in the skeletal muscle was 9 times as high, the level in the cardiac muscle was 8 times as high, and the level in the spinal cord was 5.5 times as high as that in the blood. The Et3Pb/ total lead level ratio was 86% in the liver, 77% in the kidney, 85% in the brain, 79% in the skeletal muscle, 78% in the cardiac muscle, and 37% in the blood. The total lead levels in various organs of rabbits 30 days after the i.v. injection of Et4Pb showed such a pattern that the level in the liver was 1/20; the level in the kidney, 1/50; the level in the brain, 1/40, the level in the skeletal muscle, 1/40; the level in the cardiac muscle, 1/130, and the level in the blood, 1/8, compared with the levels 24 hours after the injection. The Et3Pb/total lead level ratio 30 days after the injection of Et4Pb was 96% in the liver, 6l% in the kidney, 38% in the brain, and 2% in the blood. Sixty days after the injection of Et4Pb, Et3Pb was demonstrated in the liver, kidney and blood, but 90 days after the injection, it was demonstrated in minute amounts only in the liver and kidney. 2) In the rabbits 24 hours after the i.v. jnjection of 6 mg/kg of Et3Pb, total lead was distributed into the liver>kidney»brain>skeletal muscle>spinal cord>cardiac muscle>blood in the decreasing sequence of level. This group showed such Et3Pb/total lead ratios as 100% in the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle, 80-90% in the liver and kidney, and 28% in the blood, Twenty days after the injection of Et3Pb, the total lead levels in the organs were decreased in a similar pattern to those in the aforementioned rabbits injected Et4Pb, with the Et3Pb/total lead level ratio being 7l% in the brain, 89% in the liver and 2% in the blood. 3) The rabbits