Distribution Of Vascular Bundles Research Articles

Distribution of Vascular Bundles and Physical Properties Analysis of Variety DxP Oil Palm Trunk Based on Various Zones and Trunk Heights

In an attempt to obtain a homogenous board density from the palm trunk, this research was carried out to analyze the distribution of vascular bundles and the physical properties of the oil palm trunk (moisture content, density, and specific gravity) in various zones and trunk heights. Oil palm trunk samples were used from 29 years old palm (Planted on 1991) which acquired from Aek Pancur Experimental plantation, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI). The oil palm trunk sample was cut based on the trunk zones (peripheral, central, and inner), and trunk heights (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 m). The observed parameters were vascular bundles, moisture content, density, and specific gravity. The results showed that the highest number of vascular bundles in the peripheral zone (73.66 vb/cm2). In addition that, the highest density and specific gravity also found in peripheral zone with an average 0,73 gram/cm3 and 0.53, whereas the highest moisture content was found in the inner zone with an average value 141%(w/w). Furthermore, the statistical analysis ((ANOVA and regression test (R2)) in this study showed that the trunk zone factor was more significant than the trunk height for all observed parameters (distribution of vascular bundles, moisture content, density and specific gravity).

A comparative Anatomical Study of Diplotaxis Spp. DC. (Brassicaceae ) Grown in Diyala Province - Iraq

الدراسة الحالية هي دراسة تشريحية مقارنة لأنواع Diplotaxis spp DC. من العائلة الصليبية Brassicaceae والنامية في محافظة ديالى وهي Diplotaxis acris (Fossk.) Boiss. Diplotaxis erucoid(L.) DC , Diplotaxis harra (Forssk) Boiss. فقد شملت الدراسة التشريحية تشريح كل من الساق والسويق ونصل الورقة. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية أن الصفات التشريحية ذات أهمية تصنيفية كبيرة تساعد في العزل والتشخيص وذلك من خلال التغايرات الكثيرة التي أظهرتها الصفات التشريحية للأنواع المدروسة. فقد أظهر الساق خصائص تشريحية مهمة من حيث شكل مقطعه المستعرض. فقد تميز D.erucoid بأنه ذو سيقان مضلعة كما تميز هذا النوع بوجود الخلايا الكولنكيمية في زوايا الاضلاع وذلك لإعطاء الدعم والإسناد وكذلك المرونة في الحركة. كما تغايرت الأنواع من حيث سمك الادمة وشكل خلايا البشرة فقد تميزت D.harra بأن خلايا بشرتها مستطيلة الشكل. كما تغايرت القشرة في أنواع خلاياها وعدد صفوف الكلورنكيما والبرنكيما واعداد الحزم الوعائية وتوزيعها وعدد أذرع الخشب وعدد الأوعية في كل ذراع. كما أن التغايرات شملت شكل المقطع المستعرض لسويقات الأوراق وأن لشكل السويق صفة مهمة في العزل والتشخيص. كما تغايرت ايضا في سمك الادمة والبشرة وأشكال الحزم الوعائية وأعدادها وتوزيعها وسمك القشرة وطبقاتها. أما الأوراق فقد كانت Monoficial في النوع D.harra وكذلك امتاز بخلوه من الخلايا الاسفنجية بينما النوعينD. acris , D. erucoid فقد كانا Bificial. وتغايرت المقاطع العمودية لنصول الأوراق ولاسيما النسيج المتوسط فقد وجدت اختلافات واسعة فيه وفي سمك كل من النصل والادمة والبشرة وأشكال الحزم الوعائية الوسطية واعداد الأذرع والعناصر. كل هذه الصفات أسهمت في إضافة صفات مميزة لكل نوع مهمة في عزلها وتشخيصها.

Rhizome and root anatomy of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) observed with scanning electron microscopy

In this study, we observed the rhizome and root anatomy of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with scanning electron microscopy compared with the anatomy of the culm. The epidermis of culm, rhizome, and root were hard multi-layered and composed silica cells. The culm and rhizome consist of the epidermal, parenchyma, and vascular tissues. Although features of the anatomical structure of the rhizome were similar to those of the culm, the shape and distribution of vascular bundles and parenchyma differed between the organs.

Leaf and inflorescence axis anatomy of Brazilian species of Rapateoideae (Rapateaceae, Poales).

The anatomy of leaves and inflorescence axes of Spathanthus (2 spp.), Rapatea (2 spp.), Cephalostemon (1 sp.), and Duckea (1 sp.) (Rapateoideae, Rapateaceae) was studied to identify useful characters for taxonomy. The cross-section shape of inflorescence axis differentiates the genera, while the cross-section shape and structure of leaf midrib has a specific value. The following characteristics are exclusive of Spathanthus: silica cells randomly distributed in the leaf epidermis; plicate chlorenchyma in the leaf blade; presence of fiber bundles in the mesophyll and in the inflorescence axis parenchyma. Spathanthus is also distinguished by the number, type and distribution of vascular bundles in the inflorescence axis. The genus Rapatea is characterized by the presence of stomata and silica cells only on the abaxial epidermis of the leaves and chlorenchyma composed of arm cells in the leaf blade. Characteristics with diagnostic value for Cephalostemon riedelianus are: leaf epidermal cells with straight to slightly sinuous walls in frontal view, inflorescence axes presenting a defined cortex, fiber bundles facing the larger vascular bundles and a fistulous pith. The anatomical characteristics of the leaves and inflorescence axes thus proved to be of taxonomic value in generic and specific levels. They are also useful to differentiate Rapateoideae from other subfamilies of Rapateaceae.

The structure of floral nectaries of some species of Vicia L. (Papilionaceae)

The subject of research were morphology and ultrastructure of floral nectaries of nine species of <i>Vicia</i>. The differences in their size and morphological structure were shown. Small, almost flat nectaries appeared in flowers of <i>Vicia tetrasperma</i> and <i>V. hirsuta</i>. Much better developed ones which had convexities with the shape of a protuberance, a half-ring or a half -ring with a ligulate outgrowth were observed in <i>V. silvatica</i>, <i>V. cracca</i>, <i>V. villosa</i>, <i>V. sativa</i> and <i>V. angustifolia</i>. Completely convex, annular nectaries with a ligulate outgrowth belonged to <i>V. sepium</i> and <i>V. grandiflora</i>. Small anatomical differences concerned mainly the structure and distribution of vascular bundles, whereas ultrastructure of secretory cells was very similar. Nectar got into the surface through the modified stomata situated on the top of nectaries' convexities.

Comparative anatomy of selected rhizomatous and tuberous taxa of subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) as an aid to identification

This article addresses the vegetative anatomy (leaves, stems, roots, root tubers and rhizomes) of 13 species of subfamily Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae), belonging to the genera Neottia Guettard, Cephalanthera L.C.M. Richard, Epipactis Zinn, Limodorum Boehmer, Spiranthes L.C.M. Richard, Platanthera L.C.M. Richard, Serapias L., Himantoglossum W.D. Koch and Anacamptis L.C.M. Richard, because anatomical studies have provided very useful criteria for orchid diagnosis. In the study three types of painting methods—Delafield’s hematoxylin and safranin, Alcian blue-periodic acid schiff, and alcoholic phloroglucinol + HCl—were employed, and identification tables were prepared. Anatomical results demonstrated the differences in the leaf anatomy of tuberous and rhizomatous orchids. In the stem anatomy, all the rhizomatous genera were found to be anatomically different, especially in regard to the collateral vascular bundles, the distribution of vascular bundles and xylem properties. In root anatomy, the central cylinder, pith, endodermis and/or pericycle properties are distinctive features in all studied taxa. For root tubers, velamen layering, wall outline mucilage cell patterns in ground tissue and arrangements of vascular arches can be used to label taxa. Regarding the rhizome anatomy of the studied taxa, vascular cylinder results in particular were very significant for the distinction of genera. Finally, we strongly emphasize the importance of this kind of detailed anatomical study to solve identification problems of orchid taxonomy.

Experimental Study on the Tensile Properties of Bamboo Related to its Distribution of Vascular Bundles

Considering bamboo as a 2-phase natural composite made up of vascular bundles (reinforcement or fiber) and matrixes (ground tissues) on the scale of micromechanics. By test of bamboo specimens and analysis of microscopic images of their cross sections, the distribution of vascular bundles along the axial and radial of bamboo culm were investigated. The relations between tensile properties of bamboo and its distribution of vascular bundles were studied. The results show that the vascular bundles are graded distributing along the radius of bamboo culm. The volume fraction of vascular bundles is larger near the outside, and attenuates rapidly to about 40 percent of that at the location away from outer side about 1/3 thickness of bamboo culm, and than slowly reduces to 0 near the inner side of culm. In axial direction, the volume fraction of vascular bundles in the bottom culm is smaller than that in the middle culm where the volume fraction is less variation, and reaches the largest value at the top culm. The tensile moduli and strength of bamboo are linearly related to the volume fraction of vascular bundles. The tensile moduli and the strength of vascular bundle are largely grater than that of matrix. The stiffness and the strength of bamboo are mainly offered by vascular bundles.

Spectroscopic, thermal, and anatomical characterization of cultivated bamboo (Gigantochloa spp.)

This paper presents spectroscopic, thermal, and morphological properties of two bamboo species viz. Gigantochloa brang and Gigantochloa wrayi. The nature of cell wall structure and distribution of vascular bundles in G. brang and G. wrayi were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Gigantochloa spp. at various positions and locations showed identical thermal stability and are stable up to 200 °C. The decomposition of cellulose and hemicelluloses component of the culm occurred between 220 °C and 390 °C, while the degradation of lignin takes place above 400 °C.

Morfoanatomia e venação foliar de seis espécies de Phoradendron Nutt. (Viscaceae)

In this study, we analyzed the leaf morphology and anatomy as well as the pattern of leaf venation of six mistletoe species (Phoradendron, Viscaceae) occurring in Maringá, in the state of Paraná. The leaves are highly variable in relation to the limb and leaf apex shape. The venation type is trinervia in P. obtusissimum, P. mucronatum and P. quadrangulare, quinquenervia in P. linearifolium and P. perrottetii, and quintuplinervia in P. piperoides. The distribution of vascular bundles in all the species is acrodromous, suprabasal in P. piperoides and basal in the other species. Anatomically, the species presented similar pattern of tissue distribution: the leaves are amphystomatic with paracytic stoma, covered by a thin cuticle; the periclinal wall of the epidermis cells is thick and cutinized; the mesophyl is homogeneous with brachysclereids, dilated tracheids and idioblasts with crystals, lipidic and phenolic substances. The petiole is covered by a papilose epidermis. The vascular bundles are collateral with derived fibers of the phloem and primary xylem. The morphologic aspects are the most suitable for the distinction of Phoradendron species, together with the analyses of the venation pattern, and the anatomical aspects complement them.

Anatomia de escapos de Tillandsia L. (Bromeliaceae) dos Campos Gerais do Paraná, Brasil

The anatomy of Tillandsia crocata (E. Morren) Baker, T. gardneri Lindl., T. geminiflora Brongn., T. linearis Vell., T. lorentziana Griseb., T. mallemontii Glaziou ex Mez, T. recurvata L., T. streptocarpa Baker, T. stricta Soland ex Sims, T. tenuifolia L., and Tillandsia sp. scapes were studied. They occur in the Campos Gerais, state of Parana, southern Brazil. They are epiphytics on trunks or rock slopes. Scapes are both bent or straight revested by bracts and they grow up from the center of the foliar rosette. There are two patterns of distribution concerning the vascular bundles, one of them the peripherical bundles are condensed in the vascular cilyndre surrounded and/or immersed in a sclerotic cilyndre, the pericycle. The other presents vascular bundles scattered but concentred on the vascular cylindre periphery, total or partially involved in a fibrous sheath without a sclerotic cylinder. Most of these species presents scapes with thickened wall hypodermic and epidermic cells, and colateral vascular bundles that are total ou partially involved by fibers. The presence of thickened wall cells, hypodermis, raphids idioblasts, mucilage and air channel are adaptatives characters related to the epiphytic habit. The kind of thickness of the epidermic cells, hypodermis and pericycle; the distribution of vascular bundles, and the presence of composite vascular bundles could help species delimitation into the genus. It is presented a identification key of Tillandsia to the anatomic features of the scape.

Heterogeneity in bean leaf mesophyll tissue and ion flux profiles: leaf electrophysiological characteristics correlate with the anatomical structure.

It has been suggested for some time that the architectural properties of leaf venation are related to leaf functions; however, experimental evidence is scant and, when present, mainly investigates water or carbohydrate transport patterns. Transport of inorganic nutrients in relationship to leaf anatomical structure remains, to a large extent, an unexplored area in plant physiology. In this study, we correlated ion flux profiles with the anatomical structure of bean (Vicia faba L.) leaf mesophyll tissue using a non-invasive ion flux measuring technique (microelectrode ion flux estimation) and scanning electron microscopy. Quasi-periodic patterns of net H+ and K+ flux distributions were found when the mesophyll surface was scanned along the longitudinal axis with 0.1-0.2 mm increments. These patterns showed a high correlation with anatomical features of the mesophyll tissue (i.e. the distribution of vascular bundles). The observed flux profiles were not time-dependent, showed qualitative similarity in both light and dark conditions, and resulted in heterogeneous plant physiological responses. The possible physiological role of the observed findings, specifically in relation to stomatal 'patchiness' and phloem loading mechanisms, is discussed.

Leaf anatomy of the Menispermaceae tribe Tiliacoreae Miers

An anatomical study of the leaves of 25 species belonging to 12 of the 19 genera has been made. The anatomical characters found to be of the most use in distinguishing taxa or groups of taxa are: in surface view–stomatal outline, stomatal density and distribution, subsidiary cell or surrounding cell patterns, presence/absence of hairs; in transverse sections–dimensions of adaxial epidermal cells, morphology of spongy mesophyll, midrib outline, number and distribution of vascular bundles, presence/absence of an upper pulvinus, presence/absence of sclereids in the upper pulvinus, presence/absence of secretory sacs, crystal type and distribution.

Intraspecifíc variability in <i>Alloteropsis semialata</i> (R. Br.) Hitchc.

Intraspecific variability in Alloteropsis semialata (R. Br.) Hitchc. is shown ultrastructurally with particular regard to the structure of the bundle sheath and the development of the dimorphic chloroplasts in both the C3 and C4 forms of this species. A. semialata is known to possess two distinct anatomical forms — Kranz and non-Kranz — within one species and occurring within a single ecological niche. Kranz and non-Kranz anatomy is known to be correlated with C3 and C4 physiology respectively. Transverse sections of leaf portions taken at midsheath, at the ligule and at midlamina show plastids with different morphologies at different ontogenetic stages. Plastid form is related to the stage of development, the influence of light on the emerging leaf and the C3 or C4form of A. semialata. Stages from amyloplast to chloroplast are investigated with regard to fine structure. Leaf transverse sections are examined microscopically and formation of new bundles, chiefly in the lamina is traced. Differences in anatomy and distribution of vascular bundles are more evident in the lamina than in the colourless leaf sheath. Both C3 and C4 forms of A. semialata are found to show chloroplast dimorphism in vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. This is shown to differ in the two forms. The specialized chloroplasts of the Kranz sheath are shown to develop in the inner or mestome sheath, and not in the parenchyma sheath as in some other members of the Kranz Panicoideae. Features of A. semialata, such as the double bundle sheath, granal chloroplasts and large numbers of mitochondria in bundle sheath cells, in the C4 form, question the current classification of this grass as a malate former.

VASCULAR BUNDLES IN PETIOLES OF SOME HERBACEOUS AND WOODY DICOTYLEDONS

Structure and distribution of vascular bundles (VB) have been investigated in petioles of 26 herbaceous and woody dicotyledons. No single pattern of vascular bundle distribution could be found for both groups of plants. Both groups of plants had VB patterns ranging from a cylinder to separate bundles arranged in a variety of patterns, e.g., distorted cylinder, various configurations of a crescent, and other types. The total number of xylem vessels in herbaceous and woody plant petioles varied between 110 and 1756.

Palm ?Wood? I. Anatomical aspects

The “wood” of palms consists of primary vascular bundles imbedded in a parenchymatous ground tissue. The texture and hardness of a palm stem or petiole depend largely upon the distribution of vascular bundles and the amount of sclerenchyma present. The sieve elements are structurally similar to those in other angiosperms. However, in palms the sieve elements are long-lived, unlike those in most dicotyledons and gymnosperms. Metaxylem tracheary elements vary in their morphology depending on the organ and/or species in which they occur. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicate that the distinction between tracheids and vessels is not sharp but is a matter of degree. The fibers usually have a well developed secondary wall with a characteristically mulilayered appearance. There are indications that the protoplast of these cells continues to lay down secondary walls over a long period. Fibers are commonly associated with silica-containing cells, the stegmata.

The distribution of vascular bundles and cell types within the culm of various bamboo species

Die Verteilung der Leitbundel und der Zellarten innerhalb einer Sprosachse wurde an den BambusartenCephalostachyum pergracile Munro,Phyllostachys edulis Riv.,Phyllostachys makinoi Hay.,Schizostachyum brachycladum Kurz,Teinostachyum dullooa Gamble undThyrsostackys oliveri Gamble untersucht. Von den Leitbundeln liegen 50 ... 80% in der auseren Rohrwandzone, 10 ... 35% in der mittleren und nur 10 ... 20% in der inneren: zwischen verschiedenen Arten sowie auch vertikal innerhalb einer Sprosachse bestehen hierin signifikante Unterschiede. Mit der Hohe im Halm verringert sich die absolute Leitbundelmenge stetig, wahrend die Leitbundeldichte kontinuierlich zunimmt. Die Beziehungen zwischen Leitbundelmenge und Leitbundeldichte werden diskutiert. Die Sprosachsen der untersuchten Bambusarten bestehen aus rd. 53% Parenchymzellen, 39% Sklerenchymfasern und 8% Leitgewebezellen (Gefase und Siebrohren). Die Verteilung der Zellarten innerhalb der Rohrwand in horizontaler und vertikaler Richtung zeigt gesetzmasige Tendenzen. Im inneren Wanddrittel ist in jeder Halmhohe der Anteil an Parenchymzellen (41 ... 46%) und an Leitgewebe (36 ... 46%) hoher als im auseren, wahrend der Faseranteil in der auseren Zone (44 ... 52%) groser ist als in der inneren (15 ... 22%). In vertikaler Richtung nimmt der Faser- und Leitgewebeanteil in der Sprosachse standig zu, wahrend der Parenchymanteil entsprechend abnimmt. Die Zellartenverteilung wird wesentlich von der Anordnung der Leitbundel bestimmt.