Distribution Of Techniques Research Articles

The translation of food in Hong Lou Meng: a cross-linguistic study based on the English and French versions

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a corpus-based investigation of the English and French translations of Chinese food-related culture-specific items (CSIs) in the classic Chinese novel Hong Lou Meng (A Dream of Red Mansions). The aim of the study is threefold: i) to determine what (translation) techniques were commonly used to render these Chinese CSIs through systematic quantitative analysis; ii) to determine whether the translations tended to be foreignized, neutralized, or domesticated; and iii) to compare the two target texts (TTs) in order to identify similarities and differences. The quantitative analysis was conducted within the existing theoretical framework, and methods from the field of corpus-based studies were used. The results indicate two significant similarities between the English and French TTs: first, neutralizing techniques are the most prominent, followed by foreignizing and domesticating techniques in descending order; second, direct translation and paraphrase are the most frequently used techniques. However, data from the two TTs show significant differences in the distribution of techniques, the degree of neutralization, and the frequency of several techniques (e.g. generalization and compression). Moreover, comparing the English and French translations of the same Chinese CSI reveals more cross-linguistic differences than similarities.

CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

We offer a multi-level classification of IT based on bottom to up strata distribution of techniques, tools and hardware intended to work with information depending on their degree of complexity – from the tools of human-computer communication, collection, storage, retrieval, different ways of information processing to the IT for knowledge extraction and the emergence of new information as a result of complex methods.

Environmental Policy Design and the Distribution of Pollution Control Techniques in a Regulated Industry

This paper analyzes the choice of pollution control techniques by regulated firms, under three policy instruments: emissions standards, emissions taxes, and tradeable permit systems. In this model, heterogeneous firms choose from a menu of abatement techniques, which may include some that have higher marginal costs (but lower capital costs) than a widely available benchmark technique. I show that the cost savings from any technique relative to the benchmark is larger under an emissions tax than under an emissions standard. An analogous result holds for tradeable permits. As a result, the distribution of techniques chosen by firms is more dispersed under market-based instruments than under an emissions standard. This offers a novel twist on the relationship between abatement cost heterogeneity and market-based instruments. I also compare a tax with tradeable permits, and show that the aggregate marginal abatement cost curve lies further from its benchmark value under a tax than under a tradeable permits. Thus the marginal cost curve is endogenous to the choice of policy instrument.