Distribution Of Star-forming Regions Research Articles

A Study of the Distribution of Star-forming Regions in Luminous Infrared Galaxies by Means of H Imaging Observations

We performed Hα imaging observations of 22 luminous infrared galaxies to investigate how the distribution of star-forming regions in these galaxies is related to galaxy interactions. Based on correlation diagrams between Hα flux and continuum emission for individual galaxies, a sequence for the distribution of star-forming regions was found: very compact (~100 pc) nuclear starbursts with almost no star-forming activity in the outer regions (type 1), dominant nuclear starbursts 1 kpc in size with a negligible contribution from the outer regions (type 2), nuclear starbursts 1 kpc in size with a significant contribution from the outer regions (type 3), and extended starbursts with relatively faint nuclei (type 4). These classes of star-forming regions were found to be strongly related to global star-forming properties, such as star formation efficiency, far-infrared color, and dust extinction. There was a clear tendency for the objects with more compact distributions of star-forming regions to show a higher star formation efficiency and hotter far-infrared color. An appreciable fraction of the sample objects were dominated by extended starbursts (type 4), which is unexpected in the standard scenario of interaction-induced starburst galaxies. We also found that the distribution of star-forming regions was weakly but clearly related to galaxy morphology: severely disturbed objects had a more concentrated distribution of star-forming regions. This suggests that the properties of galaxy interactions, such as dynamical phase and orbital parameters, play a more important role than the internal properties of progenitor galaxies, such as dynamical structure or gas mass fraction. We also discuss the evolution of the distribution of star-forming regions in interacting galaxies.

Analysis of the Interaction Effects in the Southern Galaxy Pair Tol 1238−364 and ESO 381‐G009

In the context of the connection among galaxy-galaxy interaction, starbursts, and nuclear activity, we present and discuss a quantitative morphological analysis based on BVR images and a detailed spectroscopic investigation of two interacting galaxies, the Seyfert 2 Tol 1238-364 (IC 3639) and its companion ESO 381-G009, forming a triple system with ESO 381-G006. Broadband optical photometry is complemented by Hα imaging, which provides information about the distribution of star-forming regions across the galaxies. Long-slit spectroscopic data obtained at different position angles of the slit are employed to determine the physical conditions of circumnuclear and extranuclear regions. A mixture of thermal and nonthermal ionizing radiation is found in the surroundings of the nucleus of Tol 1238-364, and the energy budget supports the presence of a circumnuclear starburst. Several regions in both the galaxies show anomalous line ratios: additional ionization by shock heating and low ionization of some extranuclear H II regions are suggested as possible explanations. An analysis of the emission-line profiles reveals the presence of a broad Hα component in the nuclear region of Tol 1238-364. Independent estimates of the star formation rates (SFRs) were obtained through flux-calibrated Hα images and far-infrared (FIR) emission in the four IRAS bands. Overall, SFR densities have been compared with the SFR densities derived from Hα emission in the individual regions of the galaxies sampled by long-slit spectra. In both the galaxies an enhancement of the star formation activity with respect to isolated galaxies is revealed. The prevalence of starburst or nuclear activity has been examined through FIR color indices. The interaction scenario is discussed on the basis of the observed galaxy properties.

Radial distributions of gamma-ray bursts and type Ib/c supernovae in galaxies

Data on the positions of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in galaxies are used to construct the radial distributions of their surface density. The gradient in GRB surface density is shown to decrease sharply at a galactocentric distance equal to the effective galactic radius. In central galactic regions, the GRB density distribution agrees with the galactic surface-brightness distribution; in outer regions, the GRB density decreases more slowly than does the surface brightness. Based on improved statistics, we analyze the radial distribution of type Ib/c supernovae. We show that it differs insignificantly from the distributions of other types of supernova and exhibits a much closer similarity to the distribution of star-forming regions than do GRBs. Although the statistics for GRBs is poor, the deviation of their distribution from the distribution of active star-forming regions in nearby galaxies seems to have been firmly established. A correlation of GRBs with the distribution of dark matter in outer galactic regions is not ruled out.

The Galactic disc distribution of planetary nebulae with warm dust emission features -- II

We address the question of whether the distribution of warm-dust compositions in IR-bright Galactic disc PNe (Paper I, Casassus et al.) can be linked to the underlying stellar population. The PNe with warm dust emission represent a homogeneous population, which is presumably young and minimally affected by a possible dependence of PN lifetime on progenitor mass. The sample in Paper I thus allows testing of the predictions of single-star evolution, through a comparison with synthetic distributions and under the assumption that tip-of-the-AGB and PN statistics are similar. We construct a schematic model for AGB evolution (adapted from Groenewegen & de Jong), the free parameters of which are calibrated with the luminosity function (LF) of C stars in the LMC, the initial-final mass relation and the range of PN compositions. The observed metallicity gradient and distribution of star-forming regions with Galactocentric radius (Bronfman et al.) allow us to synthesize the Galactic disc PN progenitor population. We find that the fraction of O-rich PNe, is a tight constraint on AGB parameters. For our best model, a minimum PN progenitor mass predicts that about 50 per cent of all young PNe should be O-rich, compared with an observed fraction of 22 per cent; thus at a 2σ confidence level at 1σ). By contrast, current AGB models for single stars can account neither for the continuous range of N enrichment (Leisy & Dennefeld) nor for the observation that the majority of very C-rich PNe have Peimbert type I (Paper I). is thus an observable quantity much easier to model. The decrease in with Galactocentric radius, as reported in Paper I, is a strong property of the synthetic distribution, independent of Mmin. This trend reflects the sensitivity of the surface temperature of AGB stars and of the core mass at the first thermal pulse to the Galactic metallicity gradient.

Discovery of Nine Lyα Emitters at Redshiftz ∼ 3.1 Using Narrowband Imaging and VLT Spectroscopy

Narrowband imaging surveys aimed at detecting the faint emission from the 5007 A [O III] line of intracluster planetary nebulae in Virgo also probe high-redshift z ~ 3.1 Lyα emitters. Here we report on the spectroscopic identification of nine Lyα emitters at z = 3.13 with fluxes between 2 × 10-17 and 2 × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 obtained with the FORS spectrograph at Unit 1 of the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT UT1). The spectra of these high-redshift objects show a narrow, isolated Lyα emission with very faint (frequently undetected) continuum, indicating a large equivalent width. No other features are visible in our spectra. Our Lyα emitters are quite similar to those found by Hu, Cowie, and colleagues in 1998. For a flat universe with H0 = 70 km s-1 Mpc-1 and q0 = 0.5 (ΩΛ = 0), the Lyα luminosity of the brightest source is 1.7 × 109 L☉, and the comoving space density of the Lyα emitters in the searched volume is 5 × 10-3 Mpc-3. Using simple population synthesis models, on the assumption that these sources are regions of star formation, we conclude that the nebulae are nearly optically thick and must have a very low dust content in order to explain the high observed Lyα equivalent widths. For the cosmological and star formation parameters we adopted, the total stellar mass produced would seem to correspond to the formation of rather small galaxies, some of which are perhaps destined to merge. However, one of our sources might become a serious candidate for a protogiant spheroidal galaxy if we assumed continuous star formation, a low mass cutoff of 0.1 M☉ in the initial mass function (IMF), and a flat accelerating universe with Ω0 = 0.2 and ΩΛ = 0.8. The implied star formation density in our sampled comoving volume is probably somewhat smaller than, but of the same order of magnitude as, the star formation density at z ~ 3 derived by other authors from Lyman break galaxy surveys. This result agrees with the expectation that the Lyα emitters are a low-metallicity (or low-dust) tail in a distribution of star-forming regions at high redshifts. Finally, the Lyα emitters may contribute as many H-ionizing photons as QSOs at z ~ 3. They are therefore potentially significant for the ionization budget of the early universe.

Bars and the symmetry of star formation patterns in the discs of spiral galaxies

We present a test for the degree of symmetry in the distribution of the Hα brightness along the arms of a sample of spiral galaxies. The test consists of deriving the cross-correlation function of the Hα brightness as a function of curvilinear distance along pairs of opposed arms, after unfolding the arms geometrically. Our results reveal a significantly greater degree of symmetry in the non-barred population than in the barred. We derive parameters for both bar strength and bar ellipticity, and compare these with the derived cross-correlations to strengthen this conclusion. We suggest that density waves are a probable cause for the appearance of global, i.e. disc-wide, two-fold symmetry in spiral discs. Comparison with published work on abundance gradients in the discs of barred and non-barred galaxies indicates that, as for the abundances, mixing in the spiral disc as a result of the bar potential may well be responsible for our observation that stronger bars are related to reduced two-fold symmetry in the distribution of star-forming regions along the spiral arms.

Bars and the symmetry of star formation patterns in the discs of spiral galaxies

We present a test for the degree of symmetry in the distribution of the Hα brightness along the arms of a sample of spiral galaxies. The test consists of deriving the cross-correlation function of the Hα brightness as a function of curvilinear distance along pairs of opposed arms, after unfolding the arms geometrically. Our results reveal a significantly greater degree of symmetry in the non-barred population than in the barred. We derive parameters for both bar strength and bar ellipticity, and compare these with the derived cross-correlations to strengthen this conclusion. We suggest that density waves are a probable cause for the appearance of global, i.e. disc-wide, two-fold symmetry in spiral discs. Comparison with published work on abundance gradients in the discs of barred and non-barred galaxies indicates that, as for the abundances, mixing in the spiral disc as a result of the bar potential may well be responsible for our observation that stronger bars are related to reduced two-fold symmetry in the distribution of star-forming regions along the spiral arms.