Soybean Distribution Research Articles

A Decision Support System to Achieve Self-Sufficiency of Soybean (Case: Central Java Province, Indonesia)

Soybean self-sufficiency in Central Java Province is a problem that is difficult to realize at this time. As an important commodity, self-sufficiency becomes a serious concern for the government. Supply chain management of soybean is related to the integration of supply, demand, and distribution of soybean. The characteristics of entities involved in the soybean supply chain are complex, dynamic, and probabilistic that make the problem cannot be solved using an analytical model and it becomes too risky for trial and error. A suitable tool is using a simulation model. This paper deals with developing a Decision Support System (DSS) using a simulation model that will assist the government in adopting policies in order to achieve self-sufficiency of soybean and the improvement of farmer's welfare. DSS will help decision-makers to try various scenarios of policy in an easy way. The method was started with developing model components, then decision components, and next creating user interfaces. The simulation and system modeling is created by using Powersim software with the intent to obtain the simulation and single document interface (SDI) of the supply chain model. The result shows that land expansion policy is a top priority for realizing food self-sufficiency while increasing productivity and reducing costs of agricultural activities are the main priorities for improving the welfare of farmers.

Simulating the impacts of climate change on soybean cyst nematode and the distribution of soybean

Climate change will undoubtedly impact air and soil temperature in the future. For agriculture, climate warming could be beneficial by opening new lands to profitable crops at higher latitudes. In Canada, soybean production has had a spectacular growth over the last five years with an increase of 27% in the acreage devoted to its cultivation. However, the anticipated climatic changes, coupled with global trading intensification could also favor the introduction and establishment of invasive alien soybean pests. For example, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) has recently been discovered in the province of Québec, Canada and its presence raised several questions on its reproductive potential, spatial distribution and possible impacts on long term soybean cultivation. To investigate the consequences of climate warming on soybean and SCN development and distribution, and their interactions, two phenology models have been developed and used with the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5, associated with climate change scenarios. These pathways describe two possible future climates based on the level of greenhouse gases concentration in air. Using temperature optimum for soybean maturity group I, our results showed that soybean could be cultivated over all cropland of Québec by the 2050 horizon (2041–2070). Based on phenology models, SCN can currently complete from one to three generations in the different regions of Québec. In the future, the nematode could produce up to four or five generations in an optimistic (RCP 4.5) or pessimistic (RCP 8.5) scenario, respectively. Climate warming will promote the expansion of soybean production to northern areas and expected conditions will be more favourable to SCN development. Accordingly, we should develop more soybean lines with an early maturity and containing other sources of resistance than PI88788 to reduce its reproduction capacity under a more favourable climate in the future.

NMR Relaxometry and Imaging to Study Water Dynamics during Soaking and Blanching of Soybean

Abstract In the present study, soaking and blanching soybean were studied by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) relaxometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Four proton fractions with different mobilities were observed in dried, soaked and blanched soybean samples, which reflects macromolecule, oil and water in different microenvironment of soybean. The proton distribution of soybean was significantly changed during soaking process. According to the result of MRI, water may initially penetrated into soybean from its radicle and micropyle. In terms of water distribution, the optimum soaking time for soybean was appeared to be 8 h. Blanching also significantly changed the proton distribution of soybean. During blanching, all four proton fractions became more mobile, and the accumulation of extracellular water was observed due to the partial destruction of cell/membrane integrity. The heat-induced variations of cotyledon tissues structure mainly occurred in the first 30 min, which implied blanching process should last at least for 30 min.

Ecological zoning of soybean rust, coffee rust and banana black sigatoka based on Brazilian climate changes

Geoinformation techniques were applied to develop predictive models to study the areas of risk to soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) in soybean (Glycine max L.); coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br) in coffee; and black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. difformis) in banana, considering Brazil's climatic characterization and the distribution of soybean, coffee and banana crops. Temperature and rainfall data were obtained for the period from 1950 to 2000, for which observational data are available, and of simulations for 2020, 2050 and 2080 using the SRES A2 climate change scenarios. Using principal components analysis, a single variable was generated based on 57 variables, in order to determine an index explaining 87%, 88% and 90% of the variability of soybean, coffee and banana crops, respectively, in municipal districts across Brazil. The climatic model was used to generate the zoning of the three plant diseases, using temperature and leaf wetness as input. Areas of favorability for the diseases were plotted against the main coffee, soybean and banana growing areas in Brazil. This methodology enabled the visualization of the changes in areas favorable for epidemics under possible future scenarios of climate change.

Genotypic Differences in Cadmium Concentration and Distribution of Soybean and Rice

In order to investigate the genotypic differences in seed cadmium (Cd) concentration in soybean and rice, 17 soybean and 49 rice varieties were cultivated in Cd-polluted soils or water culture containing Cd. Significant differences in seed Cd concentration were found among soybean and rice varieties. A high level of inheritance of the seed Cd concentration was revealed for soybean. The physiological mechanism underlying the Cd translocation to shoots and seeds in soybean was involved in Cd retention in the roots. The commercial rice varieties (e.g., Koshihikari) were categorized into the low grain Cd group. On the other hand, several indica or indica-japonica rice varieties accumulated considerably high Cd concentrations in grains as well as straws, when they were cultivated under upland conditions, suggesting that these varieties would be most responsive to phytoremediation of Cd-polluted paddy fields. There was no correlation of the Cd concentration between younger shoots and mature seeds in the rice cultivars, so it may be impossible to use rice for evaluating the genotypic variation in seed Cd concentration using relatively younger shoots. On the other hand, a positive correlation between them was found in the soybean cultivars, so it may be possible to evaluate the genotypic variation in soybean seed Cd concentration using relatively younger soybean shoots. Interactions between Cd and other metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in terms of their uptake and translocation to shoots were found among the rice and soybean cultivars.

Soybeans root distribution under wet soil culture on a red-brown earth

Root distribution of soybean was determined under wet soil culture on two Red-Brown earths in S.E. Australia. In general there was a parabolic distribution of roots with low root length densities in the furrow (saturated soil zone) and centre of the bed (dry zone). Maximum root length density (20 cm cm−3) occurred at the base of the plants, approximately 300 mm from the furrow under wet soil culture. Roots were confined to the wet aerated zone which was determined by the permeability of the soil.

Patterns of Water Uptake and Root Distribution of Soybeans (Glycine max.) in the Presence of a Water Table1

AbstractThe increasing importance of water use in crop production has demonstrated the need for integrated studies of water transport phenomena in the soil‐plant‐atmosphere system. A better understanding of the basic principles involved can lead to better management techniques for efficient water use. The purpose of this work was to measure water uptake patterns of soybeans (Glycine max.) and relate these to root distribution and water uptake per unit root length.Water uptake in soil columns was analyzed using the flow equations for water movement in the soil, treating the root system as a macroscopic sink. The sink term represents the volume of water removed by the roots from a known volume of soil per unit time. Two soil columns were analyzed periodically for water content, root weight, and root length. Graphical evaluation of the water content and soil water flux distributions as a function of depth and time permitted determination of the sink term.The results indicated that in the presence of a water table, water uptake was not necessarily related to root distribution and that a small amount of roots near the capillary fringe absorbed most of the water. The results also showed the combined importance and interaction of the hydraulic conductivity and the root distribution in determining the magnitude and the distribution of the sink term. Both of these factors limited the rate of uptake. As the plants grew, both increased water uptake per unit root length and increase in the length of roots contributed to meeting the rising daily rate of water use.

On the domestication of the soybean

Soybeans, together with bananas, barley, common beans, cassavas, coconuts, maize, peanuts, potatoes, rice, sorghum, sugar beets, sugarcane, sweet potatoes and wheat, are man's principal food plants (12). Today, the soybean, like so many other food plants, is taken for granted, that is, without appreciable forethought as to when and where it was adapted to the needs of man, how, when and by whom it was disseminated, and whether or not the distribution of soybeans took place in prehistoric or within the modern era (73). In addition to the general lack of urgency in studying the origin of the soybean, it is unfortunate that the literature concerned with the antiquity and historical development of the soybean and its agricultural consequences is fraught with errors and misconceptions. This is mainly due to two reasons: (a) the soybean is autochthonous to the Orient, where western scientists are at a linguistic disadvantage with respect to historical records; (b) it is only in recent times that attention has been focused on studying in depth, using a team approach, the interrelationships between the domestication of plants and animals and development and needs of human society (10, 32, 67, 115). During the past 30 years, many Chinese historical books, commentaries and material media have been translated into western languages and a large amount of archeological material has been uncovered, both on mainland China and in Taiwan. This paper is an attempt to reconcile the old archeological, historical, agricultural and botanical literature with the more recent data and to establish a working hypothesis on the domestication of the soybean.