Distribution Of Soil Invertebrates Research Articles

NO-TILL TECHNOLOGY AS A FACTOR OF ACTIVITY OF SOIL INVERTEBRATE IN AGRICULTURAL CHERNOZEMS OF STAVROPOL REGION

Soil macro- and mesofauna is highly sensitive to various methods of agricultural cultivation, therefore soil invertebrates are used as bioindicators of agrocenoses ecological condition. Since the macro- and mesofauna to a largely extent control the water balance of the soil and participate in the formation of humus, special attention should be paid to soil fauna in arid regions, primarily in the Cernozem Region. In this work, for the first time, an integrated estimation of the population density and ecological and functional diversity of macro- and mesofauna of Vorony-Calcic Chernozem in the Stavropol region is given. The possibility of using these groups of invertebrates as bioindicators of the ecological status of agrocenoses has been shown. It is proved that the use of no-till technology stimulates the activity and number of all groups of macro- and mesofauna. The purpose of the work is to estimate the numbers and taxonomic diversity of ecological and functional groups of macro- and mesofauna with various technologies of soil cultivation (traditional plowing and no-till) with and without mineral fertilizers on the agrochernozems of the Stavropol region. Experiments on research no-till technology were carried out in 2012-2019 in an experimental farm of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Center (Shpakovsky district of the Stavropol region). In 2019 we studied plots of fields with three types of factors: tillage (plowing and no-till technology); presence/absence of fertilizers; agricultural crops. The soil is Vorony-Calcic Chernozem. Crop rotation: maize (Zea mays L.) variety Mashuk, soybean (Glycine max L.) variety Duniza (until 2018), which was replaced later by peas (Pisum sativum L.) variety Phaeton, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Deya, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Bagrat. Deposit soil near the experimental fields served as a control. Fertilizers were applied at the time of sowing (N160P90K60 for winter wheat, N72P58K32 for sunflower, N80P48K48 for corn, and N60P60K60 for soybeans and peas). The soil macrofauna was registered by the method of excavation of areas 25×25×30 cm and manual analysis of soil samples. Soil mesofauna was isolated from the soil monolith by the method of eklectors, identified and counted using a microscope Biomed-5 PR LUM (Russia) at a magnification of ×40. Most abundant among the macrofauna were centipedes (Myriapoda), adults and larvae of coleopterans (Coleoptera), spiders (Araneae) and earthworms (Lumbricidae). Aporrectodea caliginosa dominated among earthworms, while single of A. roseawere found only in deposit lands. The minimum number of A. caliginosa (32 ind/m2) was recorded under peas and sunflower with traditional plowing, the maximum — under corn on no-till plots and on plowed plots (556 and 512 ind/m2, respectively). In general, the number of earthworms was higher in no-till fields under all crops (excluding sunflower) in comparison with plowed plots. Among other groups of soil macrofauna, the most numerous were centipedes (up to 1500 ind/m2), as well as spiders (up to 500 ind/m2) and beetles (up to 500 ind/m2). Woodlice (Oniscidea) and molluscs (Gastropoda) were also encountered. The density of centipedes, spiders, coleoptera and earthworms was always higher for no-till options than for plowed fields, regardless of crop. The application of mineral fertilizers, as a rule, reduced the number and diversity of the macrofauna representatives. Among the mesofauna, ticks (Acari) and collembolans (Collembola) prevailed in terms of abundance and diversity. Mesofauna of no-till fields was taxonomically more diverse than plowed plots. The minimum number of mesofauna representative was found under peas and corn, the maximum — under winter wheat and sunflower. In general, the distribution of soil invertebrates (macro- and mesofauna) was significantly influenced by the method of soil cultivation, however, the agricultural culture often influenced the abundance indicators. The use of fertilizers reduced the biodiversity of macrofauna and decreased its number in all plots, regardless of the method of soil cultivation.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ NO-TILL КАК ФАКТОР АКТИВНОСТИ ПОЧВЕННЫХ БЕСПОЗВОНОЧНЫХ В АГРОЧЕРНОЗЕМАХ СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОГО КРАЯ

Soil macro- and mesofauna is highly sensitive to various methods of agricultural cultivation, therefore soil invertebrates are used as bioindicators of agrocenoses ecological condition. Since the macro- and mesofauna to a largely extent control the water balance of the soil and participate in the formation of humus, special attention should be paid to soil fauna in arid regions, primarily in the Cernozem Region. In this work, for the first time, an integrated estimation of the population density and ecological and functional diversity of macro- and mesofauna of Vorony-Calcic Chernozem in the Stavropol region is given. The possibility of using these groups of invertebrates as bioindicators of the ecological status of agrocenoses has been shown. It is proved that the use of no-till technology stimulates the activity and number of all groups of macro- and mesofauna. The purpose of the work is to estimate the numbers and taxonomic diversity of ecological and functional groups of macro- and mesofauna with various technologies of soil cultivation (traditional plowing and no-till) with and without mineral fertilizers on the agrochernozems of the Stavropol region. Experiments on research no-till technology were carried out in 2012-2019 in an experimental farm of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Center (Shpakovsky district of the Stavropol region). In 2019 we studied plots of fields with three types of factors: tillage (plowing and no-till technology); presence/absence of fertilizers; agricultural crops. The soil is Vorony-Calcic Chernozem. Crop rotation: maize (Zea mays L.) variety Mashuk, soybean (Glycine max L.) variety Duniza (until 2018), which was replaced later by peas (Pisum sativum L.) variety Phaeton, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Deya, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) variety Bagrat. Deposit soil near the experimental fields served as a control. Fertilizers were applied at the time of sowing (N160P90K60 for winter wheat, N72P58K32 for sunflower, N80P48K48 for corn, and N60P60K60 for soybeans and peas). The soil macrofauna was registered by the method of excavation of areas 25×25×30 cm and manual analysis of soil samples. Soil mesofauna was isolated from the soil monolith by the method of eklectors, identified and counted using a microscope Biomed-5 PR LUM (Russia) at a magnification of ×40. Most abundant among the macrofauna were centipedes (Myriapoda), adults and larvae of coleopterans (Coleoptera), spiders (Araneae) and earthworms (Lumbricidae). Aporrectodea caliginosa dominated among earthworms, while single of A. roseawere found only in deposit lands. The minimum number of A. caliginosa (32 ind/m2) was recorded under peas and sunflower with traditional plowing, the maximum — under corn on no-till plots and on plowed plots (556 and 512 ind/m2, respectively). In general, the number of earthworms was higher in no-till fields under all crops (excluding sunflower) in comparison with plowed plots. Among other groups of soil macrofauna, the most numerous were centipedes (up to 1500 ind/m2), as well as spiders (up to 500 ind/m2) and beetles (up to 500 ind/m2). Woodlice (Oniscidea) and molluscs (Gastropoda) were also encountered. The density of centipedes, spiders, coleoptera and earthworms was always higher for no-till options than for plowed fields, regardless of crop. The application of mineral fertilizers, as a rule, reduced the number and diversity of the macrofauna representatives. Among the mesofauna, ticks (Acari) and collembolans (Collembola) prevailed in terms of abundance and diversity. Mesofauna of no-till fields was taxonomically more diverse than plowed plots. The minimum number of mesofauna representative was found under peas and corn, the maximum — under winter wheat and sunflower. In general, the distribution of soil invertebrates (macro- and mesofauna) was significantly influenced by the method of soil cultivation, however, the agricultural culture often influenced the abundance indicators. The use of fertilizers reduced the biodiversity of macrofauna and decreased its number in all plots, regardless of the method of soil cultivation.

The Cold Hardiness of Mass Soil Invertebrates of Northeastern Asia: 2. The Cold Hardiness of Soil Invertebrates as Adaptation to Climate

The distribution of soil invertebrates from different taxa and the adaptive potential of all three cold hardiness strategies in the cold climate of northeastern Asia are analyzed. The correlation between the resistance to low temperatures and the overwintering conditions in habitats of some species is studied. The mechanisms and degree of cold hardiness are shown generally to be unrelated to the taxonomic proximity. The effect of the resistance to low wintering temperatures on the habitat distribution and faunogenesis of soil invertebrates in permafrost regions is discussed.

Changes in the species composition and trophic structure of soil macrofauna upon establishment of forest plantations in the Caspian semidesert

The influence of microtopography on the distribution of soil invertebrates in the semidesert and the ways of soil fauna formation in forest plantations established in mesodepressions at the Dzhanybek Research Station, the Northern Caspian Lowland, are considered. The results of earthworm introduction in pedunculate oak plantations performed more than 40 years ago are summarized. The composition of the soil macrofauna and characteristics of forest litter are compared between forest plantations and natural spiraea brushwood.

식생유형이 토양무척추동물 분포에 미치는 영향

전형적인 농촌지역에 발달해 있는 여러 가지 식생유형에서 함정트랩을 이용하여 토양무척추동물의 분포조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 채집된 토양무척추동물은 3문 6강 18목 82과 137종이었다. 출현종수는 편백이 밀식되어 있는 식재림 St. 6지점(33종)이 가장 낮았다. 목별 개체수 분포에서는 산림지역에서는 벌목이 많고, 진드기목과 딱정벌레목은 다른 지역보다 높게 나타났다. 저수지 주변 식생에서는 톡토기목이 높게 나타났고, 파리목은 다른 지역보다 높게 나타났다. 농경지에서는 거미목, 톡토기목, 벌목의 개체수가 많았다. 거미목의 경우에는 저수지와 농경지에서 월등이 높게 나타났다. 생물종다양성의 측면에서는 식생 및 서식지 유형별로 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았지만, 조사지점별로 졸참나무와 상수리나무가 혼생하는 산림지역 St. 2지점의 다양도지수가 가장 높았고, 농경지 밭둑인 St. 11이 가장 낮은 다양도지수를 나타냈다. 생물종다양성의 차이가 나타나지 않는 것에 반하여 토양무척추동물은 서식지 유형 및 식생유형별로 명확하게 4군(낙엽활엽수혼효림, 식재림 및 단순림, 저수지, 농경지)으로 구분되었다. 이러한 결과는 서식지유형별 및 식생유형에 따라서 그곳에 적응한 토양무척추동물들의 군집이 형성이 된다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in the distribution of soil invertebrates among different vegetation types (forest, reservoir, and crop land types) in rural area. A total of 18 orders and 137 species were collected by pitfall traps. Species numbers were the lowest (33 species) at the Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation (St. 6). On the forest sites, the individual number of Hymenoptera was the most abundant, and Acari and Coleoptera was the relatively more abundant than the other sites. On the reservoir sites (Salix chaenomeloides community), the individual number of Collembola was the most abundant, and Diptera was the relatively more abundant than the other sites. On the crop land sites, the individual numbers of Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Araneae were the relatively more abundant than the other orders. The density of Araneae was higher in the reservoir and crop land sites than in the forest sites. From a point of view of biodiversity, although the diversity index(H') was the highest in the mixed broad-leaved forest type (St. 2) with Quercus serrata and Q. acutissima, and the lowest in the upland levee of crop land(St. 11), there was no significant difference among the habitat or vegetation types. According to the community analysis, the soil invertebrates could be divided into 4 groups, the mixed broad-leaved forest type (A group), the plantation or pure forest type (B group), the reservoir type (C group), and the crop land type (D group).

The Influence of Soil Geochemistry on Nematode Distribution, Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

ABSTRACTSoils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys are among the most extreme terrestrial environments, hosting low-diversity food webs of microbes, protozoa, and metazoan invertebrates. Distribution of soil invertebrates, particularly nematodes, is related to the highly variable soil geochemistry of the valleys. Bull Pass is a glacially carved area within the McMurdo Dry Valleys where a broad range of geochemical conditions occurs along a continuous soil gradient. This site provides the opportunity to investigate how soil geochemistry controls nematode distribution on a local scale, and to establish correlations that may also be relevant at regional scales. At Bull Pass, two nematode species were present, with the dominant Scottnema lindsayae occurring in >30% of the samples. There were significant negative correlations between live nematode abundance and soil nitrate concentration and salinity, consistent with experiments showing strong salinity effects on nematode survival. A logistic regression model based on data sets from across the McMurdo Dry Valleys showed a strong negative relationship between soil salinity and the probability of live nematodes occurring. Soil chemistry and nematode distribution from the Bull Pass transect are compared with model results and suggest that the larger-scale distribution of nematodes across the McMurdo Dry Valleys may be reflected in the smaller-scale chemical and biological gradients at Bull Pass.

Effect of spring flood onto vertical Distribution of soil invertebrates in Near-channel floodplain of the Samara River

Effect of spring flood onto vertical Distribution of soil invertebrates in Near-channel floodplain of the Samara River

Terrestrial invertebrate abundance across a habitat transect in Keble Valley, Ross Island, Antarctica

Summary The abundance and distribution of soil invertebrates was examined along a transect in Keble Valley, Cape Bird, Ross Island, Antarctica during and after snowmelt. During snowmelt, streams were flowing across the transect, and the moisture environment was highly heterogeneous, whereas after the cessation of stream flow the moisture environment became more homogeneous. Of the seven groups of invertebrates examined, only the prostigmatid mite Stereotydeus mollis showed any redistribution between the two sampling points. The streams had higher water availability, higher soil chlorophyll-a content, higher organic content and lower surface salinity than the areas beside the streams. Nematode ( Panagrolaimus davidi ), soil rotifer and soil protozoan abundance was significantly associated with this area of high productivity, and the cryptostigmatid mites S. mollis and Nanorchestes antarcticus were found near the stream centres. By contrast, the collembolan Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni was found at riparian margins, and it is hypothesised that this could be due to habitat and food preferences.