Distribution Of Regional Resources Research Articles

Two-level allocation and its future change of CO2 reduction responsibility in China's power sector

Promoting the low-carbon development of the power sector is an important means for China to achieve the emissions peak and carbon neutralization targets, while the rational allocation of emission reduction responsibility is the prerequisite for low-carbon electricity. This paper proposes a two-level mechanism to allocate CO2 emission reduction responsibilities based on the principles of fairness, efficiency and sustainability. First, a graph game model considering the distribution of regional resources and mutual cooperation is established to initially allocate national emission reduction responsibilities to 8 regions in 2019. Then, taking the inter-provincial transfer of CO2 emissions into consideration, the Game-theory combination weighting method is used to allocate the regional responsibilities to corresponding provinces. The results show that the Southwest has the least responsibility (−0.24%), while the North and East are responsible for +28.66% and +26.64%, respectively. At provincial level, Inner Mongolia (+10.13%), Shandong (+8.56%), Jiangsu (+8.16%) and Hebei (+7.12%) have a greater responsibility for emission reduction, while the provinces with the least responsibility are Chongqing (−0.06%) and Sichuan (−0.18%). To further explore how the responsibility will change in the future and what can be improved for each province, three scenarios are set up to allocate the responsibility in 2025, 2035 and 2050, and highlight the changes during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. If the growth rate of power demand increases, the responsibility of Northwest (+0.89%) will increase most compared to BAU, among which Xinjiang (+0.26%) and Ningxia (+0.23%) with low efficiency and unclean power generation will significantly bear more responsibilities. If the non-fossil growth rate increases, the large-scale electricity consumers such as East (+0.27%) and North (+0.25%) will show the largest change, with Jiangsu and Shandong account for +0.09% and +0.08%, respectively.

Regional inequalities and substitutability of health resources in the Czech Republic: a five methods of evaluation

BackgroundAn analysis of the regional distribution of health resources is one of the tools for evaluating equal geographic access to health care. The usual analytical approach to an assessment of regional differences is to evaluate each health resource separately. This is a sensible approach, because there may be systematic reasons for any differences, for example, higher salaries in urban areas. However, a separate evaluation of the regional distribution of health resource capacities may be misleading. We should evaluate all health resource capacities as a whole and consider the substitutability of resources.ObjectiveThis study aims to measure regional inequalities in the Czech Republic with the help of alternative approaches to the evaluation of regional inequalities in the case of several substitutable health resources.MethodsFive alternative evaluation methods (models) are described and applied: the separate evaluation, expert model, market model, common weights model, and production frontier model.ResultsThe regional distribution of physicians and nurses in the Czech Republic in 2017 was evaluated. In spite of many regulations at the national and regional levels, we have found inequalities in regional resource distribution. The models that consider all health resources and the possibility of a resource substitution show lower inequalities between regional health resource capacities.ConclusionBoth researchers and policy-makers should always consider the possibility of resource substitutions in the assessment of regional inequalities.

Form of the Fief and Distribution of Regional Resources during the Middle of Edo Period in the Morioka Clan

Form of the Fief and Distribution of Regional Resources during the Middle of Edo Period in the Morioka Clan

Estimating undiscovered resources and reserve growth: contrasting approaches

Assessments of oil and gas potential provide insight into future energy use. With regard to undiscovered resources, this paper contrasts the approach of pure statistical extrapolation with an alternate approach based on geological study of petroleum systems combined with a study of the exploration history of the assessed area. With regard to reserve growth, this paper contrasts a simplified approach with an approach relying on more detailed analysis of the data. An approach to estimating undiscovered resources using pure statistical extrapolation is quick, inexpensive and requires relatively little data and few personnel. Subjective judgment is not avoided, however, in that the choice of one assessment methodology over another is, in itself, very subjective. By calculating resource estimates based on a limited number of variables, statistical extrapolation ignores critical types of information. These methodologies commonly rely on assumptions that production history curves are simplistic, despite evidence to the contrary. Pure statistical extrapolation methodologies also inappropriately apply play-level exploration trends to larger features such as basins or countries. Reserve growth, the additions to booked reserves of previously discovered fields, is quantitatively a large portion of the potential additions to oil and gas supply. Reserve growth is not just a US phenomenon, but has been demonstrated in many countries. Even estimates that, by definition, should grow 50% of the time and shrink 50% of the time, grow much more often than they shrink. Nor was it brought about merely by OPEC countries trying to increase their production quotas. Although M. King Hubbert’s work was advanced for his time, the reported success of his prediction of the year of peak US oil production has been overrated and is more than balanced by a lack of success in other predictions. The focus on the year of peak world oil production in Hubbert’s methodology distracts attention from the more important questions of what the real constraints on increased production are, and how regional distribution of resources has a great effect on economics and politics world-wide.

Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth

This paper reviews the current knowledge on an issue of increasing policy interest: what impact fiscal decentralization has on economic growth. Fiscal decentralization may indeed have a direct impact on economic growth but the theoretical underpinnings for this relationship remain largely undeveloped. The absence of an adequate theoretical framework has undermined the validity of the empirical work on this subject. A fair summary of the empirical search for a direct relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth is that it remains an open question. Much less attention has been devoted in the literature to the indirect channels through which fiscal decentralization may affect economic growth, through the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic efficiency, the regional distribution of resources, and macroeconomic stability. This paper explorers the nature of these links and concludes with some thoughts and policy advice.

資源循環再利用計画のための方法論的研究 ＶＩ 故紙回収再利用システムにおける故紙の地域的配分

Regional distribution of resources is one of the problems to be considered in recycle utilization of resources. In this paper, a general representation of a distribution problem of resources is given at first. This concludes that the problem becomes a linear or nonlinear programming problem, in general, of determining the distribution coefficients of resources so as to minimize a performance index. Next, problems of optimal distribution including the production stage of paper and board are discussed.It is shown that the recovery rate of waste paper has an essential role in minimizing the amount of virgin pulp required for production of paper and board. It is also necessary to balance the recovery rate and utilization rate in each region.