Distribution Of Organophosphate Esters Research Articles

Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in typical industrial parks in Southwest China.

As alternative substances of PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), an emerging organic pollutant, were increasingly produced and used in many kinds of industries and consumer products. However, OPEs also have various adverse toxic effects. Information on the pollution levels and exposure to OPEs in related industries is still limited. This study presented data on OPE contamination in the soil, leaf, and river water samples from seven typical industrial parks in Southwest China. Total concentration of seven OPEs (Σ7OPE) including tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris-(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) ester (TDCPP), and tris-(chlorisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in the soil samples (36.2 ~ 219.7 ng/g) and the surrounding river water samples (118.9 ~ 287.7 ng/L) were mostly lower than those in other studies, while the Σ7OPE level in the leaves (2053.3 ~ 8152.7 ng/g) was relatively high. There were significant differences in the concentration and distribution of OPEs in the surrounding environment of different industrial parks. TDCPP, TnBP, and TCPP could be used as the characteristic compound in soil samples from auto industrial park, river samples from shoe making industrial park, and leaf samples from logistics park, respectively. The parameter m (the content ratio of chlorinated OPEs to alkyl OPEs) was suggested to distinguish the types of industrial park preliminary. When m ≥ 1, it mainly refers to heavy industries sources such as automobiles, electronics, and machinery, etc. When m<1, it mainly for the light industrial sources such as textile industry, transportation services, and resources processing, etc. For logistics park, furniture park and Wuhou comprehensive industrial park, the volatilization of materials was the main sources of OPEs in the surrounding environment, while more effort was required to strengthen the pollution control and management of the waste water and soil in the pharmacy industrial park, shoe making industrial park and auto industrial park. Risk assessment showed that there was a negligible non-cancer and carcinogenic risk in the soil, while high attention should be paid to the non-cancer risk for children.

Occurrence, distribution, sources, and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in typical coastal aquaculture waters of China

This study monitored 20 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water and sediment from three typical mariculture bases (Yunxi Marine Ranching (YX), Hangzhou Bay (HZB), and Zhelin Bay (ZLB)) and Meiliang Bay (MLB) of Taihu Lake in China, focusing on the spatial distribution and sources of OPEs. Moreover, the occurrence and risk of OPEs in fishes from ZLB were evaluated. The ∑OPE concentrations in waters followed the order MLB (591 ng/L) > YX (102 ng/L) > HZB (70.0 ng/L) > ZLB (37.4 ng/L), with tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the dominant OPEs. Significantly higher ∑OPE concentrations were found in sediment in MLB compared to the other three areas with similar levels. The decreasing concentrations of OPEs from nearshore to offshore areas in HZB and MLB indicated that terrigenous input is the main source of OPEs. The even distribution of OPEs in YX and ZLB combined with PCA analysis suggested ship traffic or aquaculture activities are also potential sources. The ∑OPE concentrations in fishes ranged from 0.551–2.45 ng/g wet weight, with TCIPP, tri-phenyl phosphate (TPHP), and TCEP being the main OPEs. Hydrophobicity was a key factor affecting the sediment-water distribution coefficients and the bioaccumulation factors of OPEs. The human exposure to OPEs through consumption of fishes from ZLB had a low health risk.

A Review of Organophosphate Esters in Aquatic Environments: Levels, Distribution, and Human Exposure

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasingly used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various products. Most of them are physically mixed rather than chemical bonded to the polymeric products, leading to OPEs being readily released into the surrounding environment. Due to their relatively high solubility and mobility, OPEs are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and may pose potential hazards to human health and aquatic organisms. This review systematically summarized the fate and distribution of OPEs in the aquatic environment and the potential effects of OPEs on humans. Data analysis shows that the concentrations of OPEs vary widely in various types of aquatic environments, including surface water (range: 25–3671 ng/L), drinking water (4–719 ng/L), and wastewater (104–29,800 ng/L). The results of human exposure assessments via aquatic products and drinking water ingestion indicate that all OPEs pose low, but not negligible, risks to human health. In addition, the limitations of previous studies are summarized, and the outlook is provided. This review provides valuable information on the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in the aquatic environment.

Uptake, accumulation, and translocation of organophosphate esters by watermifoil (Myriophyllum aquaticum) in an aquatic ecosystem: effects of chemical structure and concentrations

In order to explore the environmental behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in aquatic environment, the accumulation and distribution of OPEs in water, sediment, and plant were investigated. In this study, watermifoil (Myriophyllum aquaticum) were exposed with ten OPEs for concentrations of 200ng/g, 500ng/g, 1000ng/g, and 2000ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of Σ10OPEs in rhizosphere sediment were higher than those in non-rhizosphere sediment, demonstrating that rhizosphere processes tend to transport OPEs into the rhizosphere sediment. Most of the selected OPEs were not in equilibrium between water and sediment, and trend to retain in sediment. In addition, OPEs with relatively higher hydrophobicity had trend to retained in Myriophyllum aquaticum roots, whereas OPEs with lower hydrophobicity were more likely transported to shoots. In this study, octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) had significantly positive correlations with organic carbon-normalized soil-water partition coefficients (KOC) and root-water concentration factors (RWCFs), but KOW was negatively correlated with translocation factors (TFs). Moreover, the substituent types and initial levels of OPEs also have impacts on the plant uptake and accumulation. These observations will improve our understanding of the distribution and translocation of OPEs in aquatic environment.

The first detection of organophosphate esters (OPEs) of a high altitude fresh snowfall in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Due to the gradual phase-out of brominated flame retardants, the consumption of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as suitable alternatives has increased in recent years. These compounds could be trapped and accumulate in the widely developed glaciers such as Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), as snow is an effective scavenger of organic pollutants in the atmosphere. However, large gaps in knowledge still exist regarding the occurrence, distribution, and source analysis of OPEs in TP glaciers. In this study, eight surface snow samples collected at different altitudes on Laohugou Glacier No. 12 on the northeastern edge of the TP in order to investigate sources and distribution of OPEs. The results showed that the concentrations of ∑7OPEs varied from 54.53 ng/L to 169.15 ng/L, with a mean of 99.84 ng/L. ∑Chlorinated-OPEs (Cl-OPEs) were dominant in these samples, accounting for 83% of the total OPE concentrations. ∑OPEs concentration increases with altitude on Laohugou Glacier No. 12, implying an altitudinal magnification effect on OPEs deposition. Principal component analysis suggests that OPEs primarily originated from traffic emissions and their variations were largely driven by dust transport. Analyses of backward trajectories of air masses and the wind field indicate that these OPEs might have come from urban emissions northwest of Laohugou Glacier No. 12. This study provides the first valuable insight into the environmental behavior of OPEs in Tibetan glaciers.

Occurrence, correlation, and partitioning of organophosphate esters in soil and tree bark from a megacity, Western China.

Concern over the influences of constant addition of emerging anthropogenic chemicals to the environment has become a public issue during the rapid urbanization. Here, we investigated the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil and corresponding tree bark in a megacity, Western China. Our results showed levels of OPEs in tree bark (1250 ± 573ng/g dry weight (dw)) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in soil (40.4 ± 30.8ng/g dw). Rooster Mountain is a background mountain area, exhibiting significantly lower concentrations of OPEs in soil and tree bark than those in other sites with relatively high population density. This result highlights the effect of human activities on the distribution of OPEs in environmental matrices. Alkyl-OPEs were predominant compounds in soil, whereas halogenated- (Cl-) OPEs were characterized in tree bark. Furthermore, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) positively correlated with tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) in soil (r2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) while negatively correlated with TCIPP in tree bark (r2 = 0.31, P < 0.05). The ratios of logarithm concentrations of OPEs in tree bark to those in soil correlated well with logKOA values of OPEs from 6 to 10, indicating the equilibrium status was achieved between OPE partitioning in soil and in tree bark. Nevertheless, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with high values of logKOA deviated from this linear tendency, which was possibly due to the fact that they were subjected to the particle-bound deposition process, leading to partition into the soil.

Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water sources from Northeast to Southeast China

With the wide utilization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in recent years, OPEs have been detected more frequently in the aquatic environment. However, the distribution of OPEs in drinking source water has rarely been investigated across a large region. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 13 OPEs were investigated in 23 source water sites from Northeast to Southeast (spacing greater than 3320 km) with a direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method. Total OPEs ranged from 218.8 to 636.6 ng/L, with a mean of 380.8 ng/L. The average detected concentration of OPEs in southern cities was higher than that in northern cities. Chlorinated OPEs accounted for 64.74% of the total concentration. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were detected in all water samples. Rainfall is a significant factor that affects the OPE concentration (less rainfall, higher concentration). China's OPE concentrations have rapidly reached a median level when compared to those of other countries. Ecological risk assessment showed that most OPEs have no or low risk to organisms (fish, crustacea, algae), except tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is medium risk. The risk of OPEs in less-rain regions needs to be of greater concern, especially TCP.

Distribution of organophosphate esters influenced by human activities and fluvial-tidal interactions in the Dong Nai River System, Vietnam

Limited information is known about organophosphate esters (OPEs) in sediments of the Dong Nai River System (DNRS) in Vietnam and the influences of complex hydro-sedimentary dynamics on their fate. In this study, 48 surface sediment samples were collected from the Dong Nai-Soai Rap River and its tributary Vam Co River for the determination of 11 target OPEs, together with grain size and total organic carbon (TOC). The total concentrations of OPEs were in the range of 39.4 ng/g dw–373 ng/g dw (mean: 128 ng/g dw), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant one with an average contribution of 81%, followed by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP). The composition profiles of OPEs at different locations of the DNRS showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). In addition, the distribution of OPEs had been influenced by both human activities and the fluvial-tidal interactions. The highly frequent and various human activities in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) leaded to the highest total concentration of OPEs in the midstream site. Based on our dataset, TOC content and grain size of sediments had significant correlation with certain OPEs (p < 0.05), and sediments with higher TOC content and finer grain size in the DNRS were more likely to be deposited in the downstream reach, contributing to the estuary of the DNRS was identified as another hotspot with the second highest concentration of OPEs. Furthermore, the distribution of OPEs in the transects had distinct characteristics, which reflected the joint influence of the human activities and fluvial-tidal interaction as well. However, the mechanism of their influence needed further investigation.

Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and discusses the published scientific studies in this field. Chlorinated OPEs, as flame retardants, are the predominant OPEs found in the environment. The analysis of data revealed large concentration variations among microenvironments, including inflowing river water (range: 0.69–10.62 µgL−1), sediments (range: 0.0197–0.234 µg/g), dust (range: 8.706–34.872 µg/g), and open recycling sites’ soil (range: 0.122–2.1 µg/g). Moreover, OPEs can be detected in the air and biota. We highlight the overall view regarding environmental levels of OPEs in different matrices as a starting point to monitor trends for China. The levels of OPEs in the water, sediment, dust, and air of China are still low. However, dust samples from electronic waste workshop sites were more contaminated. Human activities, pesticides, electronics, furniture, paint, plastics and textiles, and wastewater plants are the dominant sources of OPEs. Human exposure routes to OPEs mainly include dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation, and dietary intake. The low level of ecological risk and risk to human health indicated a limited threat from OPEs. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives for future studies are prospected. A criteria inventory of OPEs reflecting the levels of OPEs contamination association among different microenvironments, emerging OPEs, and potential impact of OPEs on human health, particularly for children are needed in China for better investigation.

Levels and Distribution of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Typical Megacity Wetland Park Landscape Water Bodies in Southwest China.

Human activities have led to the release of organophosphate esters (OPEs) into the environment. This study aims to investigate the levels and partitioning of OPEs in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of landscape waters across eleven parks in the city of Chengdu, a megacity in Southwest China. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in the SPM samples (median: 2.94 × 103ng/L, 6.88 × 104ng/g dry weight) was 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than that in the surface water (median: 359ng/L) and sediment (median: 82.8ng/g) samples. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCIPP) were the primary OPE pollutants in the surface water and SPM samples, while TnBP, tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) predominated the sediment samples. The higher log Koc values of OPEs in park landscape water bodies estimated in the present study relative to previous studies could be explained by the environmental conditions, such as the sources of the inputs and the hydraulic retention times in these surface waters.

Organophosphate esters in inland and coastal waters in northern Greece

The occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in inland and coastal waters in Thessaloniki, Greece, were studied during the period 2019-2020. Samples from rivers and streams as well as coastal waters, were analyzed for the presence of 11 OPEs in dissolved and particulate fraction. OPEs were ubiquitous pollutants in the aquatic environment. Concentrations of dissolved fraction of ΣOPEs concentrations ranged from 400 to 2158 ng L-1 in rivers, 400-1270 in coastal sites and 377-30,560 ng L-1 in streams. TBOEP showed the highest concentrations followed by TPHP, TNBP and TClPP. Significant particulate fractions were determined for TNBP, TClPP TPHP and TCP. Field partition coefficients in inland waters were dependent on the concentration of total suspended solids. Risk assessment did not show potential threat due to OPEs in rivers and coastal sites, however, potential adverse effects were found in streams.

Organophosphate esters and their metabolites in paired human whole blood, serum, and urine as biomarkers of exposure

Although organophosphate diester (di-OPE) metabolites in urine are usually used to assess human exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), whether they can reflect human exposure to all OPEs with great differences in chemical structures and properties is still currently unclear. In this study, we detected sixteen OPEs and ten di-OPEs in 52 paired whole blood, serum, and urine samples collected in Beijing, China to investigate the correlations between different compounds and matrices, thus providing proper biomarkers of human exposure to OPEs. The order of the median concentrations of ∑OPEs was whole blood (8.63 ng/mL) > serum (5.71 ng/mL) > urine (0.396 ng/mL), while those of ∑di-OPEs followed the order of urine (16.6 ng/mL) > whole blood (5.97 ng/mL) > serum (3.70 ng/mL). Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDPP) were the dominant OPEs in both whole blood and serum samples and were significantly correlated between these two matrices. The distribution of OPEs in human blood was evaluated according to serum-to-whole blood concentration ratios (S:WB ratios). The median S:WB ratios of triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BABP), EHDPP, and CDPP were lower than 1, indicating that these OPEs preferred to accumulated in blood cells rather than in serum/plasma. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP) was the major di-OPEs and was detected in almost all whole blood, serum and urine samples. The median whole blood: urine (WB:UR) ratios of di-OPEs were significantly and positively correlated with their logKow values, indicating that di-OPEs with low hydrophobicity were prone to excretion via urine. Based on the relationships between OPEs and di-OPEs in these matrices, the parent OPEs in whole blood can be recommended for use as alternative biomarkers of aryl-OPEs exposure in future human biomonitoring studies, in addition to metabolites in urine.

Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters in the air and soils of Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard, Arctic

The levels of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) were analyzed in air and soil samples collected at Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard during the Chinese Scientific Research Expedition to the Arctic during 2014–2015. The concentrations of total OPEs (∑OPEs) ranged from 357 pg/m3 to 852 pg/m3 in the air and from 1.33 ng/g to 17.5 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the soils. Non-Cl OPEs accounted for 56 ± 13% and 62 ± 16% of ∑OPEs for the air and soil, respectively. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was the dominant compound in the air, with an average concentration of 180 ± 122 pg/m3. Triphenyl phosphate, tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and TCEP were the most abundant OPEs in the soils, with mean values of 1.77, 2.13, and 1.02 ng/g dw, respectively. Compared with the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers found in Arctic regions in previous studies, OPEs showed significantly higher concentrations, thereby indicating the large production and wide usage of OPEs globally. In addition, the fugacity fraction results indicated that net deposition from air to soil was dominated in the area. Overall, the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in the air and soils in the Arctic region indicated that OPEs can undergo long-range atmospheric transport and accumulate in remote regions.

Organophosphate esters and their specific metabolites in chicken eggs from across Australia: Occurrence, profile, and distribution between yolk and albumin fractions

A substantial increase in the usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants and plasticizers in rubbers, textiles, upholstered furniture, lacquers, plastics, building materials and electronic equipment has resulted in their increasing concentrations in the environment over time. However, little is known about the concentrations and fate of OPEs and their metabolites (mOPEs) in biota, including chicken eggs. The aim of this study was to understand the spatial variation in the concentrations in chicken eggs and the partitioning between yolk and albumin. In total, 153 chicken eggs were purchased across Australia and analysed for 9 OPEs and 11 mOPE. Most of the compounds were found to be deposited in egg yolk, where diphenyl phosphate (DPHP, 3.8 ng/g wet weight, median) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP, 1.8 ng/g wet weight, median) were predominant mOPE and OPE, respectively. Moreover, no spatial differences in concentrations of OPEs and mOPEs in eggs purchased from different locations were found in this study. Although comparable levels of ∑OPEs were detected in egg yolk and albumin, much higher concentrations of ∑mOPEs were found in yolk than albumin. Meanwhile, a negative correlation (R2 = 0.964, p = 0.018) was found between the molecular mass of analytes and partitioning coefficient of Cyolk/Cyolk+albumin (defined as chemical concentration in egg yolk divided by the sum of chemical concentrations in both yolk and albumin). These results indicate that n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log KOW) may not be a crucial factor in the distribution of OPEs and mOPEs between egg yolk and albumin, which is important in understanding distribution of emerging organic contaminants in biota.

Distribution of organophosphate esters between the gas phase and PM2.5 in urban Dalian, China

We investigated the concentrations and seasonal variations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the gas phase and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) in an urban area of Dalian, China, as well as their gas-particle partitioning. The total concentrations of OPEs in the gas phase were in the range of 0.056–6.38 ng/m3 with the mean concentration of 0.83 ± 1.24 ng/m3, while the concentrations of OPEs in the PM2.5 were in the range of 0.32–3.46 ng/m3 with the mean concentration of 1.21 ± 0.67 ng/m3. Tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the dominant congener in the gaseous phase, followed by tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TNBP), whereas TCEP was the dominant species in the PM2.5, followed by TCIPP and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Seasonality was discovered for OPEs in both gas phase and PM2.5 with their concentrations higher in hot seasons, which may due to the temperature-driven emission or gas-particle partitioning. The PM2.5-bound fractions of OPEs varied significantly between seasons. Tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), and TPHP were mostly adsorbed onto fine particles, while TNBP, TCEP, TCIPP, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) distributed in both gas and fine particle phases. The predicted PM2.5-bound fractions by Koa-based model were closer to the measurements for TCIPP, TDCIPP, and TPHP, whereas the predictions by Junge-Pankow model were closer to the measurements for TMPP and tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP). However, the predictions of both models cannot accurately match the measured gas-particle partitioning of TNBP and TCEP.

Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters in sediment from northern Chinese coastal waters

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants and plasticizers in many consumer products. Owing to OPEs’ toxicity, exposure of organisms in aquatic ecosystems is a concern. Information that pertains to the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in marine aquatic environment, however, is scarce. In this study, concentrations and profiles of 14 OPE triesters were determined in sediment collected in coastal waters (Bohai Sea and East China Sea) of northern China. The total concentrations of OPEs (ΣOPEs) in surface sediment were in the range of 1.76–49.9 (median: 9.13) ng/g dry weight (dw), which were comparable to or lower than the range of concentrations reported for surface sediments worldwide. Tris(2-chloro-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri-isobutyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) were the predominant OPEs found in surface sediment, collectively accounting for 81% of the total concentrations. ΣOPE concentrations in sediment core (range: 8.58–169, median: 31.6 ng/g dw) were generally higher than those found in surface sediment. The vertical distribution of OPEs in sediment core showed a gradual increasing trend in concentrations during the past decade.

Distribution and Sources of OPEs in Plants and Snow in Hailuogou

In order to study the effects of atmospheric transport and the wet/dry deposition on the content and distribution of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in remote areas, seven types of OPEs including tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), tridichloropropyl phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), and tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) were analyzed in plants and snow samples in Hailuogou using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the pollution levels of the seven OPEs (∑7OPEs) in the plant samples ranged from 43.1 ng·g-1 to 1050.8 ng·g-1. TBEP and TPhP were the main pollutants, accounting for 36%-70% and 24%-80% of the ∑7OPEs, respectively. The main pollutants in the snow in Hailuogou were the same as those in the plants, with TBEP dominating the profile of the ∑7OPEs at 47%, followed by TPhP at 24%. The analysis results of the grid analysis display system (Grads), backward trajectory model, and historical wind data of Hailuogou indicate that the OPEs in this region are affected mainly by atmospheric transmission from Chengdu and the junction of Yunnan Zhaotong and Yibin, Luzhou, and Xichang. The environment of Hailuogou has obviously been disturbed by human activities. It is necessary to conduct thorough investigations of its environmental behavior and to strengthen urban pollution control measures.

Pollution Characteristics of OPEs in the Surface Water and Sediment of the Jinjiang River in Chengdu City

New GC-MS methods were developed for seven typical organophosphate esters (OPEs) including tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP) and tridichloropropyl phosphate (TDCPP). These methods were used to quantify their concentrations in the surface water and sediment from the Jinjiang River, Chengdu. The recoveries of the target substances were 76%-119% (surface water)and 83%-126% (sediments). Total OPEs (Σ7OPEs) ranged from 689.09 to 10623.94 ng·L-1, with the mean of 3747.58 ng·L-1 in the surface water. The pollution level of each monomer was in the order TBEP > TCEP > TPhP > TEHP > TCPP > TnBP. TBEP was the predominant pollutant, accounting for 36.50%-95.90% of the Σ7OPEs concentrations. The contents (dw) of the Σ7OPEs ranged from 25.52 to 296.00 ng·g-1 in sediments, and TBEP was also the main pollutant in these samples. No significant correlation existed between the concentrations of OPEs in the surface water and sediments. Alkyl OPEs were the main pollutants in the surface water and sediments. The distribution of OPEs was influenced by the source of emissions and environmental attributes. The pairs TCPP and TnBP, TBEP and TEHP, and TCEP and TPhP might have common sources in the surface water.

Organophosphate esters in biota, water, and air from an agricultural area of Chongqing, western China: Concentrations, composition profiles, partition and human exposure

We measured the concentrations of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in some biotic samples which can serve as human foodstuffs and ambient environments including air and river water from an agricultural area of Chongqing, western China. Fish samples exhibited highest OPEs levels (960 ng/g lipid weight) among the biota, followed by chicken (676 ng/g lw), cattle (545 ng/g lw) and pigs (535 ng/g lw). Tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris (2-methylpropyl) (TIBP) and chlorinated OPEs were the major analogs in biotic samples, which appeared similar with the patterns from river water and outdoor air, but apparently different from indoor air. To further investigate the influence of ambient environment on the distribution of OPEs in biota, we analyzed the correlation between OPEs concentrations in ambient environment and biological samples, and the results revealed that most of the samples (except for pig samples) heavily correlated with outdoor air, whereas only fish and cattle samples were strongly correlated with river water. The partitioning behaviors of OPEs among biota, air and river water were also studied through calculating the biota-water accumulation factors (BWAFs), biota-air accumulation factors (BAAFs) and air-water partitioning factor (AWPFs). Significantly linear correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between log (BWAFs) and log (KOW) values, and between log (AWPFs) and log H (Henry's law constants), nevertheless log (BAAFs) was increasing along with the log (KOA) values. The daily intake (DI) values were estimated via foodstuffs ingestion and environmental exposure. The estimated DI values of OPEs from food and ambient environments were 1.78 ng/kg-bw/day, 1.23 ng/kg-bw/day and 1.42 ng/kg-bw/day in toddlers, children and adults, respectively, which lay at the low end of the reported data and well below the reference dose (RfD).

Occurrence and Distribution of Organophosphate Esters in Surface Soil and Street Dust from Chongqing, China: Implications for Human Exposure.

In the present study, the occurrence, concentrations, and distribution of organophosphate esters (OPEs) were studied in surface soil and street dust samples collected from different sites of Chongqing, a metropolitan city in western China. Furthermore, nondietary daily intakes (DIs) of OPEs only through dust ingestion absorption were assessed between toddlers and adults. The ∑OPEs contents ranged from 10.1 to 315ng/g dw and from 348 to 1369ng/g dw in surface soil and street dust samples, respectively, with tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), the predominant OPEs in surface soil, whereas tris (chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) occupied a relatively high proportion in street dust samples. The mobility of TCEP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) to deeper soil zones with seepage water may play a role in decreasing contents of both compounds in surface soil. Considerably different patterns of pairwise correlations of six OPEs congeners were observed between surface soil and street dust, which could largely relate to the complicated environmental process for tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and TCIPP in surface soil. Analogous sources between surface soil and street dust have been identified through principal component analysis. Compared with adults, the toddlers were more vulnerable to OPEs intake, according to the estimated DI values. For both toddler and adult groups, the estimated exposure values for all OPEs were several orders of magnitude lower than the reference dose (RfD), not suggesting the potential risk to human health.