Distribution Of Organic Products Research Articles

Consumer versus Organic Products in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities and Barriers to Market Development

The main objective of this study was to determine the behavior of the Polish consumer of organic products during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify preferred channels of distribution of organic products in the situation of restricted freedom of movement as well as to assess what information displayed on the labels of organic food was most important to the customer. The research was conducted on a sample of 1108 respondents with the use of CAWI technique collected in an online survey carried out in February–August 2020. To analyze the obtained results, cluster analysis, linear regression model and duplication method were used to verify the substitute channels for purchasing organic goods. The pandemic has intensified the health value of consumers when making decisions about choosing food products. Consumers are sensitive shoppers who read the content of the labels and pay attention to the ingredients of the products they buy. The price is also of significant importance for consumers; however, it is less important than, for example, the expiration date of the purchased product. With the use of PCA analysis, it was possible to identify 18 factors that could be divided into three segments: marketing, practical and sensory. The proposed factors, according to the respondents, had an effect on the purchase of organic products by Polish consumers. Regarding the preferred purchasing channels, the Internet is becoming more and more important. Almost one-quarter of the respondents confirmed that they bought organic products via the above-mentioned distribution channel. Nearly 17% of the surveyed consumers considered the Internet to be an alternative way of doing their shopping. The results obtained in the research can be used in the sector of organic food producers to design marketing strategies and to adapt their offer to the proposed four groups of purchasers of organic products: eco-activists, eco-dietitians, eco-traditionalists, eco-innovators.

FORMATION OF SALES CHANNELS FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTS IN THE DOMESTIC MARKET

Based on the study of the experience of foreign countries in organizing the distribution of organic products, the main sales channels for organic products are systematized. Possible sales channels for organic products in the domestic market of the Republic of Belarus are proposed taking into account foreign experience.

Conditions for the establishment of distribution channels in the organic food market

The organic food market in Poland remains to be a niche one, constituting a small fraction of the Polish food market. Nevertheless, the market of organic food products can function efficiently and develop under several conditions such as optimisation of the supply of raw and ready products as well as organisation of effective distribution channels while respecting the specificity of these channels among certain segments of customers. One of the key areas that requires an in-depth analysis is the question of efforts undertaken on all levels of a marketing chain, which in a model approach consists of food producers, food processing manufacturers and intermediaries. Finding out what actions need to be taken on subsequent links of the chain, thus being able to suggest how to carry out the process of integration and cooperation, is the goal of this study. Considering the results of the original research, conducted among three groupings of people: food producers, food processors and intermediaries, an attempt was made to identify successful solutions for creating networks associated with particular links of the chain. Based on the results, it is possible to identify prerequisites for the prospective growth of an organic food market. As implicated by the interviewees, initiating and implementing collaboration as an element of marketing activities on the organic food market should lead to such a desirable outcome as attaining higher efficiency of market processes, particularly with regard to the distribution of organic products. Implementation of actions based on the integration and cooperation of marketing efforts should translate into the organic food market development, which would benefit all its participants, especially consumers, food producers and food processing entrepreneurs.

RANTAI NILAI PERDAGANGAN PRODUK ORGANIK DAN DETERMINAN KEPUTUSAN KONSUMEN UNTUK MEMBELI

The shift in consumption patterns from non-organic to organic products has hit many developed countries in the last two decades. This is supported by the increase in people's income, urbanization, awareness of environmental and health issues and changes in the demographic structure. For a developing country like Indonesia, shifting eating pattern such as that experienced by the developed countries actually has occurred especially among the middle to upper- income level. This study aims to analyze the value chain of production and distribution of organic products and their determinants of purchase. The results show that the distribution channels of organic products vary. Some farmers sell their products directly to consumers or supermarket, while others use agents to collect the products and sell them to the consumers, supermarkets or to other agents. The highest added value creation occurs in the upstream. From the ordered logit model applied, it can be concluded that there is a positive effect of income on the probability of buying organic products more frequently but there is no significant effect of education. The probability to buy organic products more frequently is also higher for younger ages, but the reason to consume related with the environment and a high price do not affect the probability to buy organic products.

Creating and Delivering Value for Consumers of Healthy Food – a Case Study of Organic Farma Zdrowia S.A.

Purpose: This paper aims to analyse selected aspects of the marketing strategy of the first and biggest network of self-service shops with organic products in Poland - Organic Farma Zdrowia. Methodology: The adopted methodology involves a qualitative approach. The case study is based on an analysis of company documents and marketing communication, especially that offered on its website and in its social media channels. Findings: The company specializes in distribution of organic products in Poland. It has gone through organic growth, acquisitions, attracting a Dutch investment fund, and entering the NewConnect stock exchange. It operates based on the model of multichannel distribution, combining physical and online retailing. The assortment consists of 4,000 products, including organic food, cosmetics, and cleaning aids. The company has managed to create 3 own label product lines. The online retailer belonging to the company (organic24.pl) is organized in a professional way, although some improvements are possible. In 2015, the company engaged in ambitious marketing projects. Practical implications: The findings may be useful for the Organic Farma Zdrowia company as certain modifications in its marketing communication are recommended. Other companies operating in the sector may also benefit from the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the business in question. Furthermore, our case study may offer a framework of reference for researchers interested in this area. Originality: This is the first study to examine the strategy and marketing activities of Organic Farma Zdrowia, a major player in the sector of organic food distribution in Poland.

Commercialization channels of organic products in Brazil: analysis at the first level of the production chain

Abstract Specialized literature on organic production highlights the presence and concentration of retail, especially supermarkets, in the organic enhancement chain. This presents enormous obstacles for the entrance of small farmers in the production of organic products due to administrative barriers, in addition to pressure for lower prices by the supermarket retail network. This paper investigates the commercialization channels of organic production in Brazil. The survey was undertaken in 2013; questionnaires were sent to 900 out of approximately 11.200 farmers producing organic products; 216 answers were received. Analysis showed that approximately 90% of farmers provided for the internal market and 60% of the products were fresh fruits and vegetables. The distribution of organic products in Brazil is highly fragmented at the local, regional and national levels. The presence of supermarkets and intermediaries in the commercialization of fruits and vegetables is relevant, regardless of the size of the farm. There is a great dispersion of channels in the case of small farmers, although supermarkets rank second. However, direct commercialization (farmers markets) is the main form of commercialization of the produce. Commercialization triggered by social programs has guaranteed a considerable part of the income on small production units or small farms. It seems that high involvement of retail networks and agents in the agribusiness segment causes low development rates in small agricultural units and in local development due to the latter’s low profit margins.

EXPECTATIONS OF PODKARPACIE RESIDENTS WITH REGARD TO OFFERS OF ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTS OF REGIONAL ORIGIN

The aim of the study was to present the conditions for development of food production and distribution of organic products in Podkarpackie voivodeship and to present the opinions of consumers representing various local communities from this part of the country about purchased eco-food. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted using direct interview method. The study involved a total of 700 residents of Podkarpackie gathered through a purposive sample. The market of organic food products is a future-oriented segment of the food market. Consumers from Podkarpackie voivodeship are of the opinion that increasing the supply of eco-products on the market in this part of the country should apply especially to dairy products, fruits and vegetables, honey, herbs, meat, and bread. The development of the organic food market will be stimulated by, among other things, the increase in demand that results from raising the level of consumer awareness of quality of organic food and its impact on health.

RANTAI NILAI PERDAGANGAN PRODUK ORGANIK DAN DETERMINAN KEPUTUSAN KONSUMEN UNTUK MEMBELI

The shift in consumption patterns from non-organic to organic products has hit many developed countries in the last two decades. This is supported by the increase in people's income, urbanization, awareness of environmental and health issues and changes in the demographic structure. For a developing country like Indonesia, shifting eating pattern such as that experienced by the developed countries actually has occurred especially among the middle to upper- income level. This study aims to analyze the value chain of production and distribution of organic products and their determinants of purchase. The results show that the distribution channels of organic products vary. Some farmers sell their products directly to consumers or supermarket, while others use agents to collect the products and sell them to the consumers, supermarkets or to other agents. The highest added value creation occurs in the upstream. From the ordered logit model applied, it can be concluded that there is a positive effect of income on the probability of buying organic products more frequently but there is no significant effect of education. The probability to buy organic products more frequently is also higher for younger ages, but the reason to consume related with the environment and a high price do not affect the probability to buy organic products.

Organic photolysis reactions in tropospheric aerosols: effect on secondary organic aerosol formation and lifetime

Abstract. This study presents the first modeling estimates of the potential effect of gas- and particle-phase organic photolysis reactions on the formation and lifetime of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Typically only photolysis of smaller organic molecules (e.g., formaldehyde) for which explicit data exist is included in chemistry–climate models. Here, we specifically examine the photolysis of larger molecules that actively partition between the gas and particle phases. The chemical mechanism generator GECKO-A is used to explicitly model SOA formation from α-pinene, toluene, and C12 and C16 n-alkane reactions with OH at low and high NOx. Simulations are conducted for typical mid-latitude conditions and a solar zenith angle of 45° (permanent daylight). The results show that after 4 days of chemical aging under those conditions (equivalent to 8 days in the summer mid-latitudes), gas-phase photolysis leads to a moderate decrease in SOA yields, i.e., ~15 % (low NOx) to ~45 % (high NOx) for α-pinene, ~15 % for toluene, ~25 % for C12 n-alkane, and ~10 % for C16 n-alkane. The small effect of gas-phase photolysis on low-volatility n-alkanes such as C16 n-alkane is due to the rapid partitioning of early-generation products to the particle phase, where they are protected from gas-phase photolysis. Minor changes are found in the volatility distribution of organic products and in oxygen to carbon ratios. The decrease in SOA mass is increasingly more important after a day of chemical processing, suggesting that most laboratory experiments are likely too short to quantify the effect of gas-phase photolysis on SOA yields. Our results also suggest that many molecules containing chromophores are preferentially partitioned into the particle phase before they can be photolyzed in the gas phase. Given the growing experimental evidence that these molecules can undergo in-particle photolysis, we performed sensitivity simulations using an empirically estimated SOA photolysis rate of JSOA = 4 × 10−4 JNO2. Modeling results indicate that this photolytic loss rate would decrease SOA mass by 40–60 % for most species after 10 days of equivalent atmospheric aging at mid-latitudes in the summer. It should be noted that in our simulations we do not consider in-particle or aqueous-phase reactions which could modify the chemical composition of the particle and thus the quantity of photolabile species. The atmospheric implications of our results are significant for both the SOA global distribution and lifetime. GEOS-Chem global model results suggest that particle-phase photolytic reactions could be an important loss process for SOA in the atmosphere, removing aerosols from the troposphere on timescales of less than 7 days that are comparable to wet deposition.

Rolnictwo ekologiczne jako czynnik rozwoju zrównoważonej konsumpcji

The market of organic products is now one of the fastest growing sectors of food production in the world and especially in the EU countries. The purpose of this article is to present the status of organic farming in Poland and in the EU countries and to show the impact of these products on sustainable consumption. The article uses data from FiBL, IFOAM and IJHARS. For the presentation of the data we used the time series, cluster analysis, and multidimensional clustering of features and objects. In Europe, in 2012, organic products were produced by approx. 320 thousand manufacturers with a total value of 22.8 billion euros, of which 250 thousand in the EU and its value amounted to 20.9 billion euros. In Poland 26 376 organic producers were registered and the value of organic products was valued at 650 thousand PLN. It is crucial for organic farming to invent capital into processing and distribution of organic products. This will provide for continual development and increase the consumer's awareness of the importance of organic food for both their health and the environment.

Further observations on the reaction of uranium tetrachloride with simple lithium alkyls

Further observations on the reaction of uranium tetrachloride with simple lithium alkyls

Further observations on the reaction of uranium tetrachloride with simple lithium alkyls

A number of years ago, we reported a brief investigation of the thermally unstable products of the reaction of uranium tetrachloride with alkyl lithium reagents [1] (eqn. (1)). The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether β-hydride elimination might occur in a uranium hydrocarbyl with potential coordinate unsaturation. This being the object of the investigation, no attempt was made to characterize the intermediate organometallics nor was any structure or stoichimetric formulation specifically claimed for them (historically such species have been presumed to be tetrahydrocarbyls [2, 3]). Subsequent to this work, several groups have reported the successful use of eqn. (1) to generate finely divided uranium metal for synthetic purposes [4, 5], and evidence has been presented that, under certain conditions [6], greater than four alkyl groups may coordinate to uranium. In hydrocarbon or ether solvents, eqn. (1) is obviously a highly complex, heterogeneous reaction, and the course of the transformation should be critically dependent on the state and history of the UCl4. During a recent study of ‘stabilized’ actinide tetrahydrocarbyls [7], the sensitivity of reactions such as eqn. (1) to parameters involving the heterogeneity became apparent and stimulated a brief reinvestigated of our earlier work, using improved analytical techniques and a wider range of reaction conditions. We report here for two representative lithium reagents and the ‘innocent’ solvent heptane, further observations of eqn. (1) as regards optimization of RLi-derived products and, ultimately, metallic uranium. Results The principal goal of this investigation was to determine how, for constant solvent and lithium reagent, the course of eqn. (1) depends on the exact state of the UCl4 and the reaction conditions. In Table I are compiled data for the gaseous organic products of eqn. (1) as a function of these t001. Gases Evolved in the UCl4 + 4RLi Reaction. Experiment Lithium Reagent UCl4 Treatmenta Time (h) Agitation Cumulative Yield Rh + (RH)-H (%)b Butene:Butane 1 R = n-C4H9 none 153 stirring 20 0.7 ultrasound 34 105 stirring 44 52:48c 2 R = n-C4H9 grinding, SOCl2 110 stirring 48 26 ultrasound + 9 stirring 77 38 ultrasound 90 55 ultrasound 90 55:45c 3 R = t-C4H9 none 87 stirring 11 2.3 ultrasound + 33 stirring 28 3 ultrasound 30 30 stirring 30 56:44d 4 R = t-C4H9 SOCl2 90 stirring 38 1 ultrasound + 24 stirring 52 1 ultrasound + 48 stirring 60 1 ultrasound + 38 stirring 63 1 ultrasound + 24 stirring 63 62:38d 5 R = t-C4H9 grinding, SOCl2 118 stirring 58 1 ultrasound + 9 stirring 68 8 ultrasound + 37 stirring 81 21 ultrasound + 59 stirring 96 35 ultrasound + 47 stirring 98 47 ultrasound 98 60:40d a None indicates that UCl4 was employed as obtained from the procedure of ref. 9. b Estimated uncertainty: ±5%. c 1-Butene: n-butane. Estimated uncertainty in yields: ±3%. d Isobutene:isobutane. Estimated uncertainty in yields: ±3%. Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV parameters. For all experiments, the distribution of organic products (n-butane:1-butene, isobutane: isobutene) is similar to that reported in eqn. (1) for the longest reaction periods. The nature of the products is evidence that the intermediate uranium hydrocarbyls readily suffer β-hydride elimination. The yields are, however, found to be quite sensitive to the history of UCl4 and the agitation procedure. Thus, for practical reaction times, yields of butane and butene are significantly below stoichiometric if UCl4 is employed as obtained from the synthesis, and simple stirring is carried out. These low yields are due to the heterogeneous nature of the conditions and incomplete reaction. Thus, finely pulverizing the UCl4 and drying it with SOCl2 both increase the hydrocarbon yields substantially1 Furthermore, the use of the ultrasonic agitation, which is known to accelerate many types of heterogeneous reactions [8], increases the butane:butene yield to near quantitative. In the case of experiment 4, where the butane:butene yield is not quantitative, the additional equivalents of t-butyl functionality can be readily accounted for an unreacted lithium reagent.

Reactions of organic halides and cyanides with bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel(0)

The reactions of the complex bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel(0) (Ni(PCy 3) 2) with organic halides and cyanides RX (R  CH 3, X  I, CN; R  C 2H 5, X  Br, I, CN; R  C 3H 7, X  Br, CN; R  C 6H 5, X  Cl, CN), all involving fission of the RX bond, have been studied in toluene at various temperatures. Oxidative addition of the bromides produces the stable complexes [Ni IBr(PCy 3) 2] 2 and Ni II (H)(Br)(PCy 3) 2. Methyl iodide affords phosphonium salts of a nickel(II) complex. The organic products of these reactions involve alkanes, alkenes, benzene, and reductive coupling products RR. Except for the methyl and phenyl derivatives the distribution of organic products is rather insensitive to the functional group X. The reactions are discussed in terms of molecular and radical mechanisms. The reactivity of Ni(PCy 3) 2 is compared with that of Ni(PEt 3) 3 and Ni(PMe 3) 4.