Distribution Of New Information Research Articles

Information and Disinformation: Social Media in the COVID-19 Crisis.

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global pandemic with over 4.7 million cases and 316,000 deaths worldwide.1 Social media, defined as “electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content,”2 has played an important role during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In fact, social media usage amongst the public has previously been demonstrated to significantly increase in cases of natural disasters and crises.3 However, it is important to consider the benefits and limitations of this medium.

A Mathematical Model of Distributing New Information in Society

Diversification of any new idea or concept in the society often begins with the emergence in the mass media of information that can win the attention of particular social groups or individuals. The author analyzes and interprets the results obtained by the means of constructing and studying a basic mathematical model of distribution of new information. The article describes factors and regularities that make the basis for the model, comments on all the relators that form the structure of the model, and describes the parameters of this structure. The proposed model is represented by a system of four ordinary differential equations. The stationary points of the system are found, and their conceptual meaning is described. The stationary points have cardinally different properties, depending on different relators. This provides for several possible scenarios of distributing new information in the society, whose description and geometric interpretation is given in the article.

TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED REGULATORY MODEL IN CHINA AND THE WEST: A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE

Abstract In China, a mere copying and pasting of the regulative skeleton from the West aiming to enhance the quality of regulations would always invite criticism. With respect to the legal system of intellectual property rights protection, especially the digital copyright legal regime, it looks more like a paradoxical combination of the Western approach. Accomplished success has been achieved on the 'black letter' (doctrinalism) aspect. However, there has been little awareness of the comparison from the perspectives of cultural, social, and political context (contextualism) where the regulation develops. This article reviews why and to what extent the cultural context matters in regard to the interaction between technology and digital copyright regulations. This research will eventually come to a conclusion that in those developing countries, such as China, legal transplant could still need to be carefully selected and tailored to the socio-cultural and economic demands of that country. Keywords: digital copyright, contextualism, digital rights management (DRM), DRM regulatory model, intellectual property protection, cultural lag, reciprocal determinism theory, local protectionism 1. In an era when copyright protection system meets digital technology Technology produces far-reaching and profound effects on people's lives. Compared to science, technology plays more direct and important roles in people's behaviours and day-to-day lives (Weber et al. 2010). What's more, concerning the relationship between technology and law, development of technology shall directly drive the growth of wealth to further push the growth of 'rights' as a vital factor in economic relations (Luo 2006), which also leads to changes in the allocation principles and rules governing both rights and power. Friedrich Engels believes that economic relationships are a critical base of social history, including all manufacturing and transportation techniques (Ibid). Furthermore, they also determine the exchange, means of distribution and social class divisions after the disintegration of the clan society. Copyright regulations emerged from the need to protect the intellectual works from any form of unauthorized use and distribution. It was conceived on the basis of protecting the rights-holders' creation from illegitimate use by the public. When copyright exists independently under the intellectual property regime, it merely regulates the issues that have occurred in the physical world. Following the constantly and rapidly developed technologies, there has been an unprecedented change in the ways in which various digital works are accessed and disseminated. This has necessitated the revision of copyright regulatory systems and their regulatory models on a continuous basis in a way that they can timely and adequately respond to the seemingly insurmountable challenges of combating the indiscriminate and illegitimate reproduction and distribution of creators' work that has been facilitated by new technologies. We become what we behold. We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us. (Marshall McLuhan) With the rapid development of new technologies, the problems regarding copyright gradually spread into the digital context (Postigo 2012). It is understandable that the current copyright system has always been challenged by the technological development, and sometimes the current copyright regime is delayed when it is conceived to adapting to this sort of technical innovation. Growing concern from the public is deemed as a control mechanism for the dissemination of information (Will 2014). The whole copyrights system has been primarily and gradually changed by novel technology, which embarrasses the exploitation of copyright works and makes it hard to manage in a networked environment. In the digital context, the massive reproduction and distribution of new information and technological innovation has spread dramatically. …

Symposium

Advancements in medical technology over the last several decades have occurred at an incredible pace. In our specialty of orthopaedics, there are numerous examples of rapid improvements in technology that have markedly improved the care of our patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Arthroscopic surgery is one such example. The field has made tremendous advancements from several decades ago, when visualization alone was a challenge in arthroscopic surgery, to today, when cruciate ligament surgery in the knee and rotator cuff repair in the shoulder are routinely performed through the arthroscope. In parallel with the explosion of new technology in orthopaedic surgery and medicine has been the acceleration of information transfer throughout the world. The Internet has become a tool that allows instantaneous distribution of new information. In the field of medicine in general and orthopaedics specifically, information received by the physician and potential patients may be uncensored. It is only human nature for patients afflicted with musculoskeletal disorders or any other medical disorders to want the best care possible. It is also the challenge and requirement for industry to develop and sell new technology in order to build successful businesses. To many consumers, the best care equates with the care that involves the newest technology. Tried and true methodology is only a cliche. This is the atmosphere in which we practice orthopaedics, and it is the reason that direct-to-consumer marketing is so prevalent and effective today. This symposium explores the critical issue, “How should new technology be introduced into orthopaedic practice?” Various aspects of this question are explored. Insight into industry's investment in new technologies and issues involved in recouping that investment are outlined. Regulatory statutes that govern the implementation of new technology are discussed. The direct-to-consumer marketing concerns are addressed. Finally, “the two sides of the coin” concerning when new technology …

How Campaigns Matter in Canada: Priming and Learning as Explanations for the Reform Party's 1993 Campaign Success

The 1993 Canadian election campaign clearly mattered; the fortunes of the Conservative and Reform parties underwent a fundamental re-orientation during the campaign. Previous research has indicated that Reform's success in 1993 was related to the activation of people who were opposed to the welfare state, but this represents only one dimension of Reform's appeal. This article examines the effect of issues on Reform support during the campaign and considers the actual process by which issues affect party support. While it is sometimes said that a candidate primed or made important certain issues for voters, it may be that some of what is labeled priming is actually something else. This article makes a conceptual and empirical distinction between campaign learning and priming. If voters do not know where a party stands on an issue, they cannot adequately use it in their overall evaluation. The evidence demonstrates that the increased importance of attitudes toward the welfare state was largely a function of the distribution of new information or learning, while the increased importance of cultural questions represented priming.

Preferred argument structure and subject role in American English conversational discourse

Preferred argument structure (PAS) refers to the observed tendency for speakers to avoid expressing more than one lexical argument or more than one piece of new information in a clause, and the tendency to avoid having lexical or new referents in the transitive subject (A) position (Du Bois, 1987). Distribution of new information has been claimed by Du Bois to follow an ergative pattern, in that S, or subject of an intransitive verb, patterns with O, or object of a transitive verb even in non-ergative languages. The present study shows that PAS as formulated above can also be seen to hold for American English conversational discourse. However, the hypothesis of an ergative structuring of discourse is not borne out by my data, as S in general patterns with A rather than O, or the same constraints hold for S as for A. This is hypothesized to be due to the difference in genre, as Du Bois used the Pear Story narratives as data, but above all to the difference in language, as in English the starting-point function has been grammaticized in subjecthood and subjects mainly carry given information (Chafe, 1994). Yet there are some differences in information flow properties between A and S: S is more flexible and tends to accommodate a more varied group of referents and to respond to differences in genre and type of interaction more readily than A.

The dialogic of media and social movements

In the contemporary “information society” the mobilization of information and knowledge may be as important as the mobilization of people in the struggle for social justice and equality. Emergent political actors, such as the new social movements (NSMs), must first reach and persuade their audiences with information and knowledge before they can hope to move them to action. In order to do so, movements must first develop strategic access to commercial news media organizations. As the major sources of political information for citizens in modern societies, news media are still one of the most crucial bottlenecks in the distribution of new information by and about emergent social movements. The question of whether (and how) the new movements can produce access to news media, and what kind of access they can produce, becomes an urgent democratic question about the possibilities and processes of social change in the United States.

The English perfective and ‘still’/‘anymore’

Traugott and Waterhouse (1968: 302) have made the interesting suggestion that the adverbials already and yet should be generated from a set of semantic features associated with the perfective, and that still may be related to the progressive in a similar way. The present paper hopes to show that still and anymore are actually more related to the PERFECTIVE than previously supposed, and that a description of these forms in structural semantic terms, particularly with respect to what Chafe (1970) calls the distribution of new information, helps to clarify the meaning of the perfective inflection.