Distribution Of Microalgae Research Articles

Seasonal Studies on Distribution of Micro Algae in Konam Reservoir, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

In this present investigation, seasonal distribution of micro algae in Konam reservoir (Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh) was studied for a period of one year from November 2022 to October 2023. A total of 61 species were reported which belongs to four groups of algae such as Chlorophyceae (26), Bacillariophyceae (15) Cyanophyceae (15) and Euglenophyceae (5). In post monsoon season higher number (57) of micro algal forms were recorded and lower number (41) of microalgae were reported during monsoon season.

Introduction to the Marine Policy special issue on abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear: Causes, magnitude, impacts, mitigation methods and priorities for monitoring and evidence-informed management

The rapid expansion of the global footprint of marine capture fisheries over recent decades, combined with the transition to synthetic and more durable materials used for fishing gear components, has resulted in increasingly problematic adverse ecological and socioeconomic effects from abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG). Adverse impacts include: ghost fishing; marine wildlife ingestion; distribution and transfer of toxins and microplastics into marine food webs; altered distributions and behavior of species that raft on or aggregate beneath floating ALDFG, including the transport of invasive non-native species and distribution of microalgae that cause harmful algal blooms. ALDFG also causes habitat degradation; obstruction and damage to maritime sectors such as from fouling marine vessels and damaging submarine cables and in-use fishing gear; and reduction of socioeconomic values of coastal areas. There has been growing recognition of the need for improved understanding and evidence-informed management of these adverse effects. The articles composing the Marine Policy special issue on ALDFG contribute to achieving this goal. The articles improve the understanding of key requirements for robust, effective ALDFG monitoring and management. This includes knowledge of ALDFG direct causes and underlying drivers, rates and magnitudes of production, composition, fate, ecological and socioeconomic impacts, and criteria for selecting fishery-specific management strategies, which we review in this introduction to the special issue.

Periphytic microalgae colonization in mosquito breeding stream puddles of Southern Western Ghats

We examined the colonization of microalgae in mosquito breeding stream puddles of Southern Western Ghats, India. In addition, to study the relationship between microalgae and pupal development of mosquito (Aedes aegypti), the laboratory experiment was conducted. For this study, nine different sampling sites from Nilgiri biosphere reserve were selected, Tamil Nadu province, India. As a result, a total of 13 species of microalgae were observed from the field sampling taken for the study. The predominant members of microalgae found were belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae. Among the tested environmental factors, riparian cover influence the diversity and distribution of microalgae in stream puddles revealed by statistical analyses. In the laboratory experiment, six species of microalgae were observed in the container with different combination of leaves. Of these, the cyanobacterial species of Macrocystis had the highest percentage existence during experimental period. Overall, diatomic algae were high in mosquito breeding stream puddles; whereas, cyanobacteria were abundant in the laboratory experiment.

Distribution of microalgae and omega-3 as food for Sardinella lemuru in Bali Strait

Sardinella lemuru is a small pelagic fish that contains high omega-3 which is distributed in the eastern Indian Ocean including the Bali Strait. Lemuru including high-fat with omega-3 content. This different fat content depends on the size of the fish, maturity, season, and type of food. The research objectives were to obtain abundance and diversity of microalgae composition as food and determine the level of omega-3 in the stomach of lemuru. The research was conducted at the 8 station with different waters characteristic. The data obtained were analized using t-test. The omega 3 content of lemuru in the second transitional season was 35.25% higher than the fish caught in the western season (21.4%). Lemuru feed on phytoplankton dominated by the Bacillariophyceae group with Chaetoceros gracilis in the second transitional season. These phytoplankton suspected important role as raw materials for forming omega 3 in the body of lemuru.

Distribution of microalgae as bioindicator for Sardinella lemuru in Bali Strait

The Bali Strait waters become a place for various development activities that connect Java Island and Bali Island so that it is thought to have an impact in the life of microalgae that play an important role in the wealth of their water resources. This study aims to explore the distribution of marine microalgae, which has the potential as a bioindicator for Sardinella lemuru, as well as their relationship with the environmental characteristics of the Bali Strait waters. The research was conducted at the 8 with different waters characteristic. The data obtained were analyzed using Principal component analysis (PCA) and Correspondence analysis (CA). Spatially, salinity, ammonia, nitrate and lutein have significantly different value between stations. Chaetoceros gracilis and Tripos lunula are the main food of selection for Sardinella lemuru as an indicator their presence, located at station 5 (Pang-pang Bay), characterized by high nitrate content which is thought to be utilized by these types of microalgae.

Variations in the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Microalgae in Aquatic Environments Associated with an Artificial Weir

The construction of weirs causes changes in the aquatic environment and affects several aquatic organisms. To understand the ecosystem in the Sangju Weir, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, variations in the spatiotemporal distribution and composition of microalgae communities were analyzed. Microalgae were collected fortnightly from April to November 2018 from six sites in the Nakdonggang River. There was significant variation in environmental factors, microalgal community structure, and flora. Microalgae communities were dominated by diatoms (e.g., Fragilariacrotonensis, Ulnariaacus, and Aulacoseiraambigua), green algae (e.g., genera Eudorina and Desmodesmus), cyanobacteria (e.g., genera Anabaena and Microcystis). Multidimensional scaling indicated that species composition and diversity were generally similar among sites but varied between the bottom and the surface and middle water layers. Vertical migration of microalgae was difficult to investigate because of the thermocline in the study area and high turbidity in the lower layer. The distribution of microalgae was little affected by the construction of the weir, but the formation of thermocline changed microalgae communities in the water layer.

Epiphytic diatoms on Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) from Gran Canaria (Spain)

ABSTRACT The composition and patterns of spatial and season variability of epiphytic diatom assemblages of five intertidal species of Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) from three sampling sites off Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean) were investigated during summer (2007) and winter (2008) seasons using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dominant species included Cocconeis scutellum var. scutellum, C. scutellum var. posidoniae, Grammatophora oceanica, Lichmophora eherembergi, Navicula sp. and Tabularia fasciculata and these represented 78% of the total diatom assemblage on Gelidiales. Eight of the diatom taxa, Cocconeis maxima, Amphicocconeis debesii, Cocconeis convexa, C. neothumensis var. marina, C. scutellum var. scutellum, C. scutellum var. posidoniae, Gomphonemopsis obscura and Pseudohimantidium pacificum, found in the present study represent new records for the Canary Archipelago. These species showed two distinct patterns of zonation, one in relation to their position at the intertidal area and the other relative to position on the host thalli. Although the vertical distribution of host thalli at the intertidal zone was important when considering the assemblage structure of epiphytic diatoms, the results showed that the cell abundance distribution changed more significantly when considering season rather than spatial distribution. Moreover, even though morphology of host thalli was not a determining factor, their aggregation mode had a significant influence on the abundance and distribution of microalgae. Finally, considering the growth forms of diatom communities, adnate diatoms were more abundant in turf than in clump species.

Diversity and distribution of microalgae in coastal areas of East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Zakiyah U, Mulyanto, Suwanti LT, Koerniawan MD, Suyono EA, Budiman A, Siregar UJ. 2020. Diversity and distribution of microalgae in coastal areas of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1149-1159. Indonesia is well known as one of hotspot for biodiversity, including marine resources. However, Indonesia biodiversity has declined rapidly due to the changes in the aquatic environmental quality as the consequence of human activities. Biodiversity loss has been well studied in larger organisms, however, less is known for microorganisms, such as microalgae. Microalgae have received much attention recently due to its potential as renewable energy sources. This study aimed at describing biodiversity and distribution of microalgae in coastal areas of East Java and Madura, Indonesia. Six sites, i.e. Trenggalek and Sendangbiru representing south coast, Banyuwangi and Situbondo representing north coast of East Java, Pasongsongan and Pamekasan representing Madura north and south coast, respectively were sampled, which representing different background of anthropogenic development in these areas. Results showed that seawater condition in all sites is still good, with average pH 8.0 despite intense human activities, such as ecotourism, fishing and boat harbor, as well as residential area that has the potential to produce a lot of waste. Totally, there were 35 genera from all locations with varying abundance in each location and diversity index ranging from 1.105-3.312. Although most genera belonged to Bacyllariophyta, domination indices showed that there was not any single specific domination in all locations. Morisita indices showed that most distribution gave positive values indicating clumped dispersion of microalgae in all locations. Higher Shannon-Weaver indices characterized the south coast of East Java and Madura compared to the north coast of East Java area, which corresponded with lower dominancy indices.

Search of algal viruses as method of study of ecology and geographical distribution of microalgae

The search results for algal viruses from samples of sea water and hydrobionts of the Black and Norwegian Sea, as well as the Atlantic Ocean (coast of USA) are a reflection of the geographical distribution and ecology of microalgae, and also provide the basis for assessing the ecological situation in the studied water areas. It was shown that Black Sea algal viruses can lyse hosts (microalgae) isolated from geographically distant water bodies. It is proposed to use the search for algal viruses as one of the way to study the distribution of microalgae.

Distribution and isolation of microalgae for lipid production in selected freshwater reservoirs of northern Thailand

Prasertsin T, Peerapornpisal Y. 2018. Distribution and isolation of microalgae for lipid production in selected freshwater reservoirs of northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 19: 343-350. Nong Bau Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake are considered important freshwater reservoirs of Chiang Rai Province located in northern Thailand. The surrounding areas of these water bodies are host to a range of human activities that influence water quality. Moreover, to date, there are have not been any studies on the water quality and the distribution of microalgae in these places. The physical and chemical parameters of the water quality and microalgae were carried out in Nong Bua Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake during the months of May, July, and October of 2015. Microalgae were isolated in order to investigate the lipid-producing abilities. Samples collected from Nong Bua Reservoir have revealed the presence of seven divisions, 90 species of algae. Six divisions, 55 species of algae were found in Chiang Saen Lake. The trophic status of the water was evaluated from the main parameters (AARL-PC Score), and it was determined that Nong Bua Reservoir was of meso-eutrophic status and Chiang Saen Lake was of mesotrophic status. Microalgae were isolated from Nong Bua Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake for the purposes of studying lipid content; 25 and 6 isolations were identified, respectively. The lipid content was highest in Botryococcus braunii (39.25 ± 0.32% dry weight) followed by Ankistrodesmus sp. (26.80 ± 0.44% dry weight) and Coelastrum microsporum (24.95 ± 0.55% dry weight). The lowest lipid content was found in Planktolyngbya sp. (7.25 ± 0.43% dry weight). The indigenous strains of microalgae of Nong Bau Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake’s can be considered quite promising as model strains in terms of the production of biofuel within the country.

Dynamic behaviour of the CO2 bubble in a bubble column bioreactor for microalgal cultivation

Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is a major carbon source for microalgal cultivation. It is usually sparged into photobioreactors in the form of bubbles. The behaviour of the bubbles significantly affects mass transfer, distribution and microalgae growth. In this study, the dynamic behaviour of the CO2 bubbles was compared between a microalgal suspension and pure water. These investigations were carried out via visual methods. The movement and distribution of microalgae at the gas–liquid interface were observed. The effects of gas flow velocity, CO2 concentration and capillary orifice size were analysed. The results indicated that much of the microalgal cells adsorbed onto the surface of the CO2 bubbles in the microalgal suspension, when compared with that in pure water. This resulted in an easier detachment of the bubbles in the microalgal suspension. The growth status of the bubbles were divided into two states according to changes in the Eotvos number and the behaviour of the CO2 bubbles as influenced by gas flow velocity: steady and unsteady state. The critical gas velocity between the two states was achieved. The CO2 bubble rising trajectory can be divided into three main phases: the vertical acceleration phase, the transition phase, and the oscillatory rising phase. During the oscillatory rising phase, the amplitude of the bubble rising trajectory was approximately two times greater than the bubble diameter. In addition, the wavelength of the bubble rising trajectory was approximately 16–18 times the bubble diameter in the microalgal suspension. A smaller capillary orifice size and larger CO2 concentration led to a decrease in the bubble detachment diameter, an increase in velocity and an enlargement in the zone of bubble influence in the horizontal direction. These are advantageous for CO2 transportation. These findings are beneficial for optimizing the design and operation of microalgal photobioreactors.

Hydrology Affects Environmental and Spatial Structuring of Microalgal Metacommunities in Tropical Pacific Coast Wetlands.

The alternating climate between wet and dry periods has important effects on the hydrology and therefore on niche-based processes of water bodies in tropical areas. Additionally, assemblages of microorganism can show spatial patterns, in the form of a distance decay relationship due to their size or life form. We aimed to test spatial and environmental effects, modulated by a seasonal flooding climatic pattern, on the distribution of microalgae in 30 wetlands of a tropical dry forest region: the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Three surveys were conducted corresponding to the beginning, the highest peak, and the end of the hydrological year during the wet season, and species abundance and composition of planktonic and benthic microalgae was determined. Variation partitioning analysis (as explained by spatial distance or environmental factors) was applied to each seasonal dataset by means of partial redundancy analysis. Our results show that microalgal assemblages were structured by spatial and environmental factors depending on the hydrological period of the year. At the onset of hydroperiod and during flooding, neutral effects dominated community dynamics, but niche-based local effects resulted in more structured algal communities at the final periods of desiccating water bodies. Results suggest that climate-mediated effects on hydrology can influence the relative role of spatial and environmental factors on metacommunities of microalgae. Such variability needs to be accounted in order to describe accurately community dynamics in tropical coastal wetlands.

Dynamic behaviors of CO2 bubbles coalescing at two parallel capillary orifices in microalgae suspension

In the microalgae cultivation process, CO2 in the bubble form is supplied into photobioreactors as carbon source for microalgae growth. The coalescence of CO2 bubbles greatly affects the mass transport and thus the biomass production rate. In this work, therefore, the dynamic behaviors of CO2 bubbles coalescing at two parallel capillary orifices in microalgae suspension were visually studied and compared with pure water. The movement and distribution of microalgae at gas–liquid interface were also observed. The effects of the center distance of capillary orifices and gas flow rate were also analyzed. It was found that many microalgae and microalgae aggregation adsorbed on the surface of the bubble and tended to distribute between the two bubbles when two bubbles coalesced. Besides, it was also found that in microalgae suspension more time was needed for the coalescence of bubbles, and the coalesced bubbles were more easily detached as a result of low surface tension but with lower terminal velocity after detachment than that in pure water. When the center distance of capillary orifices was 1.5mm (S=3d0), the coalesced bubbles had less growth time and smaller detachment diameter. A critical gas flow rate of 15mL/min was obtained, at which the minimum detachment diameter and terminal velocity of coalesced bubble was achieved. These findings will be beneficial for the design of aeration system of photobioreactors for microalgae cultivation to enhance the mass transport at the interface.

Species composition and distribution of microalgae in the Sukhodol River estuary (Ussury Bay, Peter the Great Bay) in autumn. 2. Epiphyton

Epiphyte microalgae from common macrophytes ( Zostera marina, Z. japonica, Ruppia maritima, Ulva prolifera, Gracilaria verrucosa, Cladophora glomerata, Phragmites australis ) were sampled in the Sukhodol estuary in September of 2012. In total, 46 taxa of diatoms are registered, 72 % of them belong to microphytobenthos. The most numerous are mesohaline species and species indifferent to salinity (in sum 71 %). Similarity between species composition of phytoplankton and epiphyton was 57.4 %, by Czekanowski-Sørensen index. Total number of the epiphyton diatoms varied from 12.9 · 10 3 to 2583.9 · 10 3 cells/g wet weight of basiphyte (on average 541.1 · 10 3 ± 111.9 · 10 3 cells/g), their biomass varied from 17.4 to 3099.0 mg/g (on average 595.0 ± 134.7 mg/g). The lowest epiphyton biomass was registered for U. prolifera (33.9 ± 11.7 mg/g) and the highest - for Z. marina (2790.6 ± 166.8 mg/g). Species composition of epiphyton is significantly different between three groups of macrophytes: 1 - seagrass of external estuary ( Z. marina ); 2 - seagrasses ( Z. japonica, R. maritima ), attached bottom macroalgae ( U. prolifera, C. glomerata, G. verrucosa ) and emergent vegetation ( Ph. australis ) of internal estuary; and 3 - drifting macroalgae ( C. glomerata ) of internal estuary. Thus, species structure of epiphyte communities changes between biotopes and between water layers in each biotope that is determined by salinity preferences of the most common epiphytes, on the one hand, and vertical distribution of macrophytes within the water column, on the other hand. Domination of such α -mesosaprobionts as Tabularia tabulata , Melosira lineata and M. moniliformis var. subglobosa indicates eutrophication of the Sukhodol estuary that presumably is maintained by terrigenous biogenic elements supply. The biogenic elements recycled and accumulated in bottom sediments are dispersed in the estuarine waters by tidal and wind-driven turbulence.

Species composition and distribution of microalgae in the Sukhodol River estuary (Ussury Bay, Peter the Great Bay) in autumn. 1. Phytoplankton

Species composition and quantitative distribution of phytoplankton in the Sukhodol River estuary were studied in September of 2012. It total, 48 species of diatoms are registered, mostly belonged to microphytobenthos (63 %). The most numerous are mesohaline species and species indifferent to salinity (in sum 69 %). The number of diatoms varied from 5.4 ˑ 10 3 to 866.2 ˑ 10 3 cells/l (on average 138.4 ˑ 10 3 ± 75.9 ˑ 10 3 cells/l), their biomass varied from 5.0 to 816.8 mg/m 3 (on average 199.5 ± 71.0 mg/m 3 : 467.8 mg/m 3 in the external estuary, 285.4 ± 117.5 mg/m 3 in the deep-water part of the internal estuary, and 42.0 ± 16.5 mg/m 3 on the shallows of the internal estuary). Species composition of phytoplankton is determined by water structure: Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (74 % of biomass) , Skeletonema costatum (15 %) and Coscinodiscus oculus iridis (8 %) are the most abundant in the external estuary where brackish water spreads in the upper layer and salt water occupies the bottom layer; Ulnaria ulna (72 %), Melosira varians (12 %) and Ctenophora pulchella (4 %) are the most abundant in the deep-water part of the internal estuary with almost fresh water in the upper layer and brackish water at the bottom; and Achnanthes lanceolata (22 %), S. costatum (21 %), Rhopalodia musculus (14 %), Pinnularia gibba (6 %), and C. pulchella (5 %) dominate on the shallows of internal estuary with only one water layer occupied by fresh water. Domination of D. fragilissimus and S. costatum indicates a high level of eutrophication in the Sukhodol estuary that presumably is caused by terrigenous biogenic elements supply. The biogenic elements recycled and accumulated in the bottom sediments are dispersed in the estuarine waters by tidal and wind-driven turbulence.

Potential production and distribution of microalgae in China

Microalgae are considered a promising biofuel resource to fix carbon dioxide (CO2), which can support social development and environmental improvement in the future. In this paper, characteristics of microalgae growth with two parameters of solar radiation and ambient temperature are investigated based on industrial-scale microalgae bulk growth model of Quinn et al. By using this model, the potential biomass production of microalgae in China is estimated based on data of the available untilled lands and the weather to be 7.38 × 109 tonnes. This is 2.4 times larger than China's energy consumption of 3.08 × 109 tonnes standard coal equivalent in 2010, and satisfies that predicted with an exponentially increasing trend for 2020, and 89% of the amount predicted for 2030. The annual total CO2 emissions reduced is estimated to be 13.5 × 109 tonnes, which can improve the natural environment besides supplying sustainable production in China.

Occurrence of brackish water phytoplankton species at a closed coral reef in Nansha Islands, South China Sea

The phytoplankton assemblage of Zhubi Reef, a closed coral reef in Nansha Islands (South China Sea, SCS) was studied in June 2007. A total of 92 species belonging to 53 genera and four phyla have been identified. The dominant taxa in the lagoon were the diatom Chaetoceros and cyanobacteria Nostoc and Microcystis, while in reef flats were cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum, dinoflagellates Gymnodinium and Prorocentrum. The species richness and diversity were consistently lower in the lagoon than in reef flats. Classification and nMDS ordination also revealed significant dissimilarity in phytoplankton community structure between the reef flat and lagoon, with statistical difference in species composition and abundance between them (ANOSIM, p=0.025). Nutrient concentrations also spatially varied, with ammonium-enrichment in the lagoon, while high Si-concentration existed in reef flat areas. Both nutrient levels and currents in SCS may play important roles in determining the composition and distribution of microalgae in Zhubi Reef and SCS.

The spatial and temporal distribution of microalgae in the South China Sea: evidence from GIS-based analysis of 18S rDNA sequences

The purpose of this study was to estimate the spatial and temporal variation of microalgae in the South China Sea and to demonstrate the environmental factors controlling the diversity of microalgae by GIS (geographic information system)-based analysis of 18S rDNA sequences. Six 18S rDNA libraries were constructed from environmental samples collected at different sites in the study area, and more than 600 18S rDNA sequences were determined. The rDNA sequence data were then analyzed by DIVA-GIS software to display the spatial and temporal variation of phytoplankton's composition. It was shown that the autotrophic eukaryotic plankton dominated over the heterotrophic cells in most of our clone libraries, and the dominating phytoplankton was Dinophyceae except for Bacillariophyta at the Xiamen harbor. The percentages of these two groups were controlled by water temperature and salinity. Our results also revealed that the species composition of Chlorophyta showed a close relationship with latitude, changing from Prasinophyceae at the high latitude to Trebouxiophyceae at the low latitude. Several newly classified picoplankton lineages were first uncovered in the South China Sea, including the pico-sized green alga Ostreococcus sp. and Picochlorum eukaryotum, and picobiliphytes, which was just discovered in 2007 with unknown affinities to other eukaryotes. Their spatial and temporal variation were also analyzed and discussed.

Biological soil crusts in a xeric Florida shrubland: composition, abundance, and spatial heterogeneity of crusts with different disturbance histories.

Biological soil crusts consisting of algae, cyanobacteria, lichens, fungi, bacteria, and mosses are common in habitats where water and nutrients are limited and vascular plant cover is discontinuous. Crusts alter soil factors including water availability, nutrient content, and erosion susceptibility, and thus are likely to both directly and indirectly affect plants. To establish this link, we must first understand the crust landscape. We described the composition, abundance, and distribution of microalgae in crusts from a periodically burned, xeric Florida shrubland, with the goal of understanding the underlying variability they create for vascular plants, as well as the scale of that variability. This is the first comprehensive study of crusts in the southeastern United States, where the climate is mesic but sandy soils create xeric conditions. We found that crusts were both temporally and spatially heterogeneous in depth and species composition. For example, cyanobacteria and algae increased in abundance 10-15 years after fire and away from dominant shrubs. Chlorophyll a levels recovered rapidly from small-scale disturbance relative to intact crusts, but these disturbances added to crust patchiness. Plants less than 1 m apart can experience different crust environments that may alter plant fitness, plant interactions, and plant community composition.