Distribution Of Gender Roles Research Articles

Empowerment of Gender-Based Small-Scale Fishers to Strengthen the Coastal Economy: Case Study Batang Regency

This study aims to analyze gender roles in fishing households and formulate gender-based fishers empowerment strategies. This research focuses on the Coastal Area of Batang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The approach used in this study is a mixed method using two approaches: qualitative and quantitative. The approach used in this study is a mixed method with a quantitative approach using descriptive statistics and a qualitative approach using Atlas Ti. Using snowballing sampling, data were obtained through in-depth interviews and questionnaires with selected fishing communities. The results showed that the distribution of gender roles in fishing households is still unbalanced, where women as wives have roles that focus more on reproductive aspects such as taking care of the household and children. While many aspects of production are dominated by men, in addition to aspects of society, both women and men have a balanced role. To encourage gender-based fishers' empowerment, it is necessary to increase the role of women in the production aspect, where the provision of entrepreneurship-related training is essential. In addition, the women's side should encourage the establishment of small and medium enterprises to promote the economic well-being of the family. The findings show that gender-based empowerment in coastal areas is needed to strengthen the economy of small-scale fishermen. Moreover, women have an essential role in maintaining the stability of their families.

MEDIA COMMUNITIES OF UKRAINIAN MIGRANT WOMEN (REFUGEES FROM WAR) IN LITHUANIA AND GERMANY: APPROACHES TO STUDYING

This article examines the empirical data from media channels established by Ukrainian women migrants and refugees fleeing war residing in Lithuania and Germany. Additionally, the article seeks to develop theoretical insights into the organization and community dynamics of these migrant groups, with a particular focus on territorial distinctions and the distribution of gender roles. The article employs a case analysis method to examine the media communities of Ukrainian migrants in Germany and Lithuania during Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The study involves a relational content analysis of text messages and metadata from these communication channels. The resulting empirical data is framed within the context of Kant’s well-being structure, considering its evolution under current circumstances. The media communities within the realm of immigration are examined through the lenses of the “digital text” and “vernacular writing on the web” concepts. Special attention is given to the diverse forms of “the network of networks” and their localization strategies. Ukrainian media communities, notably with women as a dominant social group, exhibit a form of “‘undirected’ being-together”, which involves reproduction or even integration into existing channels on a new territory to seek support and establish social networks in foreign countries. The article underscores the pivotal role of women’s participation, economy platforms, and immaterial labor in this process.

GENDER : MENELAAH KEADILAN DAN KESETARAAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ANTROPOLOGI

This paper discusses gender discourse, building justice and equality from an anthropological perspective. In critical studies, anthropology views that there are socio-cultural influences in building equality and justice in a multicultural society like in Indonesia. Gender itself is the behavior or division of roles between men and women that has been constructed or formed in the social environment. The anthropological approach views that gender differences are social constructions that are formed through social and cultural processes. In gender studies, researchers examine various social and cultural phenomena related to gender such as the distribution of gender roles, access to resources, and determining gender identity. This study also explores how gender differences impact the rights, opportunities and powers possessed by individuals and groups in society. The aim of gender discourse is to place men and women in a social framework in which they are both important components of that environment, rather than simply trying to understand them independently. Sometimes, considerations of socioeconomic class, ethnic differences, skin color differences, and religious differences contribute to the problem of social injustice in society. However, gradually this problem can be resolved with the birth of the General Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which guarantees many factors related -these factors. Then it is different with differences in sex or gender which are still considered unfinished. Problems regarding these differences do not only occur in underdeveloped and developing countries, but are also still one of the issues that are still being discussed in developed countries.

Ensuring gender equality of modern youth

The problem of gender discrimination is relevant and has not yet been resolved. The appearance of this problem was influenced by many factors, such as the formation of a stereotypical image of the role of women in society, male privileges, and socio-cultural prejudices regarding roles and rights based on gender. In the article, the author considers the reasons for the formation of gender stereotypes in society and the technology of gender formation, as a product of social processes and technologies that encompass the practice of everyday life and include various technologies, for example, cinematography and advertising. The author cites examples of advertising in the 50s as one of the technologies for the formation of gender roles in society. Unfortunately, our society still faces the problem of gender discrimination, starting with the distribution of gender roles at an early age and stereotypes about behavior in society depending on gender. This proves the relevance of the research as a guarantee of the implementation and application of appropriate actions regarding the formation of gender relations in society to ensure gender equality of modern youth. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to define the concept of gender and factors that influence the formation of stereotypes regarding the role of women in society. Ukrainian realities have proven the need for the formation of new gender relations in society based on the construction of the necessary legislation and the debunking of old stereotypes. The practical value of the results is that they can be used to determine ways to build legislation on gender equality, as well as to take additional measures in society to revise gender roles and improve gender relations.

Changing the Image of Woman and the Family Model: Rethinking the Traditional Way of Life in the Current Realities of Japanese Society

The paper focuses on the study of the image of Japanese mothers in modern Japanese society in the context of rethinking the traditional way of life. In the course of the research, there was made an attempt to establish what underlies the value model of modern Japanese women and to analyze the degree of influence of habitual traditional gender stereotypes. The author considers the phases of the formation of the family institution in Japan and states that the principles of Confucian ethics, manifested in the presence of moral norms of behavior, attitudes and prescriptions, can be traced in the minds of modern Japanese. However, in the conditions of accelerated socialization of women and the ongoing process of atomization of families, the burden of responsibility from traditional expectations put on a woman increases, leading to adverse consequences in the form of “neuroses in the background of raising children”. The article discusses the changes in the structure of female employment over the past decades, in order to identify problems associated with the distribution of gender roles and the changing position of Japanese women in society. As a result of the study, it was suggested that despite the tendency in Japan to shift the value model towards individualism, the features of traditional family ideology are preserved, as evidenced by the presence of numerous proverbs and idioms of the Japanese language dedicated to family relationships and based on Confucian ethics. In such a society, social roles and labor functions are still divided and consolidated, the observance of the hierarchy is maintained, despite the disintegration of traditional ties, social division, separation from the clan and large family groups.

A “New” Method in Archaeology: Architectural Energetics

The question of how the ancient structures, which evoke admiration among visitors to excavation sites, ruins, and museums, came to be, has puzzled almost everyone. Although experimental studies have sought answers from time to time since the 1900s, many questions were answered with the introduction of the field of study of architectural energetics into archaeology in the 1980s. In this study, architectural energetics is used to answer many unanswered questions, such as how the labor force was calculated and whether the economy of the society could be understood with the resulting costs, what kind of social structure this society had, how the labor force was organized, the distribution of gender roles in the workforce, and how to calculate the population of the settlement. The goal is to find answers through the method and provide confirmation of the existing information. Although the use of this “new” method has been applied to specific architectural structures in many settlements in various parts of the world or to the texture of a city or settlement, this process has not yet been the case for Anatolian archaeology. The aim of this study is to practice the method of architectural energetics in Anatolia in the future.

Gender Discourse – Representation of Ideas about the Distribution of Gender Roles

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the insufficient level of investigation of gender discourse, in particular, in translation studies, understanding the feminine and masculine aspects when analysing the content of the text through the use of linguistic tools and techniques. The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of two translations at the level of phonetic, morphological, grammatical, syntactic, and stylistic means, analysis of translation strategy in such aspects as the accuracy (adequacy) of reproduction of folk realia, the use of emotional and evaluative vocabulary, metaphorical and aphoristic thinking, the use of techniques of foreignization and domestication of language resources. The main method is a theoretical approach to understanding the concepts of gender, gender stereotypes, cultural turn, postcolonial development of literature and feminist discourse, and a comparative linguistic analysis of the linguistic tools used in both translations. This paper focuses on the intralingual and extralingual means of gender identity, reveals the main aspects of the study of masculine and feminine discourse through the use of various mechanisms at the language level to convey national realia, and examines the key aspects of the communication strategy of male and female translators. The materials presented in this paper would facilitate further research of gender issues in the context of the modern reading of literary texts, analysis of world influences on cultural space and language adaptation of translation with the selection of full and incomplete correspondences, and understanding the possibilities of a particular national language to reproduce the content and form of a literary work made in the original.

The structure of social anxiety in Russian society: gender emphasis

The article presents the structure of Russian citizens' anxiety in the gender context, focusing on the attitude of Russian women to the economic and social policy conducted by the authorities, self-assessment of their financial situation, expectations and vision of the future. The material is based on the data of the 52nd stage of the All-Russian monitoring "How are you, Russia?", conducted with the participation of the authors in May 2022 by the Institute of Socio-Political Research of FCTAS RAS. It shows the convergence of men's and women's value judgments due to the increased social and economic activity of women. At the same time, there is still a traditional difference in the level of income, as well as in the distribution of gender roles according to the archetypes "woman = keeper of the family home" and "man = strategist, thinking globally. Respondents of both sexes expressed equally minimal concern about the topic of the special military operation in Ukraine, with women showing serious concern about the economic consequences of the current foreign policy. In the structure of their anxiety, problems of rising prices, economic sanctions, deteriorating relations with the U.S. and Europe, and, as a consequence, fear of an uncertain future lead the way. Lack of stability and uncertainty decrease the loyalty to the power structures among female respondents, who are the most vulnerable in the current situation, slightly increasing the level of protest activity in parallel.

History and/as Science: Rereading Paul Lacombe

Abstract Forgotten during several years and rediscovered by historians of the Annales in the 1930s, Paul Lacombe’s De l’histoire considérée comme science (1894) is now quoted in such books as Antoine Prost’s Douze leçons sur l’histoire and the Sage Handbook of Historical Theory. Lacombe’s work is important from an historical standpoint. Against the focus on single events that prevailed in the late nineteenth century, Lacombe defined scientific history as the identifications of regularities for the purpose of articulating laws. Against the empirical approach practiced during that same period, he also stressed the importance of the hypothesis – of the assumptions that made the selection of the facts possible. Finally, connected to several militant women of the time, Lacombe, sought to do what we would now call “gender history,” that is, to study the distribution of gender roles during specific periods. While anticipating several developments in the theory of history, Lacombe was yet a man of his time. He thus did not foresee that his (and his contemporaries’) contrast between observation-based and document-based science would later be challenged, some philosophers now arguing that chemists and physicists are not more able than historians to “observe” the phenomena that they describe.

YOUTH ATTITUDES TOWARDS GENDER ROLES WITHIN FAMILY

Young people are leaders of change in any society; therefore, studying their attitude towards gender roles in the family is of particular interest in predicting changes in their behaviour and identifying the policy measures needed to achieve sustainable progress in gender equality. The study aimed to research the attitude of youth towards gender roles in the family to determine the influence of the levels of education, gender and other characteristics on gender preferences in relations – traditional or egalitarian. It is based on data from a sociological survey of youth in Chisinau, conducted in 2019 on a representative sample (N = 506). The theoretical basis of the study was the multiple equilibrium theory (Esping-Andersen et al., 2013). The study results showed that the perception of young people regarding the essential qualities of men and women is still under the pressure of stereotypes and corresponds to the intermediate balance model characteristic of the transition from traditional roles based on the division of labour to modern egalitarian ones. This circumstance implies an equal division of responsibilities and family roles between women and men. On the one hand, youth tend to an egalitarian type of marriage and family relationships, and on the other, they adhere to traditional views of family roles. Although there are some differences in attitudes towards gender roles within the family between natives of Chisinau and young people from other localities, they are still not so pronounced. Youth with higher education are more likely to prefer an egalitarian distribution of gender roles than youth with a lower level of education. Girls more often than boys strive for gender equality in the family. However, in some aspects, such as the responsibility of men for the family’s financial support, the importance of the material situation of a partner, they more often express traditional views.

Трансформации гегемонной маскулинности и функции женских образов в западном кинематографе конца XX – начала XXI века

The controversy about modern transformations of consumer society typically is not related to gender studies. At the same time, the spread of mass culture in the consumer society has had a significant impact on the redistribution of gender roles. Gender studies have long been dominated by the study of women's history through criticism of hegemonic masculinity as a system for the distribution of social roles, and economic inequality was only their derivative. Moreover, starting from the first decade of the XXI century, many researchers appear (M. Kimmel, S. Bordeaux, S. Robinson) striving to move away from the established tradition. Thus, according to modern researchers, the concept of "hegemonic masculinity" is controversial. However, it is generally well established in gender studies to describe the power of middle-class white men, their everyday behavior, and normative representations in culture. The purpose of this article is to identify the feedback – the growing influence of the consumption laws, as well as the consumer culture formed on their basis, on the distribution of gender roles in popular Western cinema, which is both a representation and a reinforcement of normative models of social behavior. In modern cinema, the image of a man belonging to the hegemonic type of masculinity undergoes several stylistic changes that allow preserving the former normative ideal. Male images are mimicking in the new social space that has developed in the post-industrial economy, imitating changes in the dominant type of masculinity, which, however, does not lose its power positions. At the same time, the female heroine in popular cinema fails to fundamentally change the established model of normativity: she tries on traditional male roles and becomes a consumer of established stereotypes, refusing to try to change the very system of hegemony.

Modern Russian family under the conditions of changing gender relations

The article is dedicated to analysis of the impact made by a considerable shift in the gender consciousness of Russians over the past two decades, in terms of the actual distribution of gender roles in family and the role of persisting gender stereotypes in the existing gender order of things, as well as the prospects for further development of gender relations based on sociological research. Research findings reveal contradictions between the gender consciousness and the actual distribution of family responsibilities. It emphasizes the importance of satisfaction with marital relations being a contributory factor for maintaining and strengthening family, which is largely and in part based on satisfaction with the distribution of domestic work. In the article the gender stereotypes and attitudes of young people are analysed, and the fact of a more widespread occurrence of egalitarian ideas of distribution of gender roles in family among young people in comparison with other age groups is revealed. Different attitudes to gender stereotypes among young people depending on their gender are also presented by the authors, in particular, a greater commitment to gender stereotypes of young men as compared to young women. The article states that young men more often share traditional attitudes to the distribution of gender roles in family, that is most likely a consequence of the conditions of gender socialization in family, and, perhaps to a degree a result of the media campaign launched to promote traditional gender roles and stereotypes as the cultural code improperly assigned to our people. The authors emphasize the need to study the impact of the lockdown regime on gender relations in family and thus on modern Russian family, since lack of data does not allow us to draw any reasonable conclusions about the impact of these emergency circumstances on the lives of various family types yet.

‘A Real Woman Waits’ – Heteronormative Respectability, Neo-Liberal Betterment and Echoes of Coloniality in SGBV Programming in Eastern DR Congo

ABSTRACTDrawing on archival and field research, this article critically examines the production and distribution of gender roles and expectations in SGBV programming, in particular in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We find the underlying currents in some of these programmes reinscribe heteronormativity and focus on individual betterment which resonates with regulating gender and sexuality during colonialism. In some cases, strongly western-inspired norms of individual agency have been introduced, disregarding structural constraints of people’s lives. To conclude, we explore alternative approaches to SGBV prevention, ones in which international approaches are re-defined and vernacularized for local use – but which also at times inform global understandings.

The antinomy "man-woman" in the personal perspective of the formation of the individual religiosity of the Orthodox believer

In this article "The antinomy "man-woman" in the personal perspective of the formation of the individual religiosity of the Orthodox believer" by Anna Kulagina-Stadnychenko explores the antinomy of the phenomenon of "manwoman" from the point of view of theology and secular science, examines the peculiarities of its functioning at the level of individual religiosity of the Orthodox believer and in the Ukrainian context. Attention is drawn to several challenges that have always been the cornerstone of the collision of alternative thoughts in solving the antinomy "man-woman." The significance of the latter for the Orthodox believer in view of finding the meaning of life, which is due to awareness of the individual finale of the person. It is shown that the category of reciprocity remains universal for the phenomenological understanding of the meaning of gender. However, unlike secular approaches, apologists of Christianity prefer to talk about the formation of gender identity, and not to look for differences between sexes. Instead, a scientific approach clearly distinguishes the gender identities. It was investigated that the distribution of gender roles is significantly influenced by cultural and religious traditions. Regarding the influence of Orthodoxy on the solution of antinomy "man - woman" in the formation of the individual religious faith of a believer in Ukraine, here the author defines certain features. Finally, it is argued that religious pluralism, the temporary integration of certain parts of Ukraine into other Western European states, led to the inclusion of different ideological models into the individual religiosity of an Orthodox believer, practically made it impossible for a strict patriarchal dependence, and thus, reduced the relationship between "man-woman" through more partnerships.

The case of the missing girls: distribution of gender roles in Indian children’s television programming

Children’s programming is booming in India with children having increased access to television. Given that television is a powerful socializing agent, this study seeks to identify how gender is being represented in it using content analysis. The gender and role of 826 major characters across 89 programmes, which were telecast on 11 channels during the evenings, was analysed. The results show that 91.01% of all the programmes were animated. There was a gender bias in the programme titles, as the majority contained only male or gender-neutral names. Males (74.94%) outnumber females (25.06%) across all channels, irrespective of their target audience. More males than females were cast in all the character roles except in the role of the protagonist’s family member, where both genders were cast equally. The underrepresentation of females in some character roles also veered towards 100% on certain channels. Overall, most programmes seem oriented towards boys than girls.

Тезаурусный подход в изучении конфессиональной культуры (на примере католиков Сибири)

<p>Изучение конфессиональной культуры представляет собой актуальное направление в современных социокультурных исследованиях. Понимание особенностей мышления, детерминирование поведенческих стереотипов невозможно без выявления шкалы системы ценностей, а потому в исследовании конфессиональных сообществ мы полагаем целесообразным руководствоваться положениями тезаурусного подхода. Конфессиональное сообщество католиков Сибири представляет собой интересный и нетривиальный объект для исследования, так как, с одной стороны, является воплощением западного типа христианства и связано с религиозным центром вне Российского государства; с другой стороны — являет собой часть и институт регионального сообщества сибиряков. Цель данной статьи — определить круг элементов тезауруса, характерных для локального конфессионального сообщества.</p><p>Католические общины в Сибири возникли в середине XIX столетия. Переселенцами из западных регионов Российской империи были основаны католические приходы и выстроены храмы в сибирских городах: в Иркутске — в 1825 г., в Томске — в 1833 г., в Омске — в 1861 г., в Красноярске — в 1857 г., в Чите — в 1875 г. Исследование проведено на материалах архивных коллекций Российского государственного исторического архива, государственных архивов Новосибирской и Томской областей, Красноярского края.</p><p>Центр тезаурусной конструкции занимает представление о себе или образ «МЫ», представление о вероисповедной принадлежности как факторе дихотомии «свой — чужой». Адаптация к новым природно-климатическим и социокультурным условиям происходила постепенно, в течение жизни нескольких поколений. Политические и социальные катаклизмы не могли не сказаться на образе жизни представителей конфессионального сообщества сибирских католиков, однако ядро тезаурусной конструкции — картина мира — сохранилось благодаря аксиологически значимым факторам.</p><p>Литургические праздники и календарная обрядность несли осевую системообразующую нагрузку, регулярно в течение календарного и литургического года напоминая о принадлежности к западной конфессиональной традиции, обозначая «инаковость». Ценностные установки передавались от поколения к поколению, что обусловило наличие компонентов тезауруса в распределении гендерных ролей и в поколенческом дискурсе, в отношении к собственности. Представление о добре и зле формировалось под воздействием литературы, имевшейся в личных и приходских библиотеках Барнаула, Красноярска, Новониколаевска, Минусинска, Омска, Иркутска, Тобольска, Томска, Омска.</p><p>Не все компоненты тезауруса очевидны и «лежат на поверхности», однако только их комплексное выявление и изучение может способствовать пониманию и объяснению нюансов конфессиональной культуры.</p>

Westernization of the Cherokee Marriage Traditions and Distribution of Gender Roles

Christian missionaries had a strong influence on Native Americans’ and particularly the Cherokees’way of living, which resulted in cultural assimilation. Due to this impact and modernways of living, the Cherokees had been in a constant state of change.The main purpose of this article is to elaborate and understand the impact of Christian missionarieson the Cherokees lifestyle, distribution of power between the Cherokee man andwoman, and the transformation from a traditional style of Cherokee marriage to more Westernizedmethods.This change implies every aspect of marriage in the Cherokee community, from the use ofdances, feasts, and festivals as a means of courtship to the marriage ceremony itself and interracialmarriage and impact of Christianity following the massive movement of white settlersinto the Cherokee territory.

Westernization of the Cherokee Marriage Traditions and Distribution of Gender Roles

Christian missionaries had a strong influence on Native Americans’ and particularly the Cherokees’ way of living, which resulted in cultural assimilation. Due to this impact and modern ways of living, the Cherokees had been in a constant state of change. The main purpose of this article is to elaborate and understand the impact of Christian missionaries on the Cherokees lifestyle, distribution of power between the Cherokee man and woman, and the transformation from a traditional style of Cherokee marriage to more Westernized methods. This change implies every aspect of marriage in the Cherokee community, from the use of dances, feasts, and festivals as a means of courtship to the marriage ceremony itself and interracial marriage and impact of Christianity following the massive movement of white settlers into the Cherokee territory.

Women and the Family in the Late Nineteenth-century Romanian Feminist Press

From a historical sociology and gender studies perspective, this article sets out to explore the representations and the public discourse surrounding women’s role in society and in the family, through the lenses of the late nineteenth-century Romanian feminist press. As elsewhere in Europe, the feminine ideal of that era emphasized motherhood and the dichotomy between public and private spheres in the construction of gender relations. At the same time, the feminist discourse provides a privileged window on the “idealized” model of the family and the distribution of gender roles, but it also allows researchers to capture the tensions between dominant and minority representations of femininity. This kind of discourse and public position create at the time the conditions of possibility for further social change. Hence, a content analysis of Femeia română magazine is of particular heuristic value, due to its longevity, but also to the personality of its founder.

KONSTRUKSI GENDER DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL ANAK KARYA PENULIS ANAK

AbstractThis study aims to describe identities, roles, and gender relations in children’s novels.The data sources were six children’s novels published by Dar! Mizan.The six novels werepurposively selected. The data were collected by repeatedly reading the novels, recorded,and classified based on the problem formulation categories. They were analyzed usingthe framework of feminist literary criticism, namely woman as a reader. The results ofthe study are as follows. First, gender equality has not been manifested because there isstill gender identity stereotyping. Characters with two identities, feminine and masculine,are described as weird characters. Second, there is inequality in the distribution of genderroles. Female characters have roles in public and domestic sectors and male charactersplay roles in the public sector only. Third, existing relations show varied but recognizablepatterns. The relations are manifested in different forms depending on contexts, sexes,ages, social classes, cultures, and descendant factors.