Distribution Of Forest Products Research Articles

Assessing the Welfare Impacts of Forest Ecosystem Service Management Policies and Their Distributional Rules

Community based management (CBM) is widely advocated as an effective method for governing and managing ecosystem services (ES). However, the distributional rules and maximum harvesting levels are likely to affect both the effectiveness of CBMs in maintaining ES and the fairness and equity of access to these ES. This article proposes a methodological approach for investigating normative trade-offs involved in CBM of forests, where forest conservation objectives need to be traded off against livelihoods objectives. The study uses remote sensing methods to quantify forest ES supply in Namizimu Forest Reserve in Malawi, and links this to demand for ES within the villages near the reserve. It then investigates how a plausible set of CBM rules can be developed to cap consumption of forest products to sustainable amount and quantifies, by using monetary valuation techniques, how these set of rules may affect the total well-being of local population. Our results demonstrate that, due to the spatial mismatches between demand and supply, the distribution of provisioning ES to the population across the harvesting area is unequal in biophysical terms. The current available stock of forest products is sufficient to cover the current demand, however, it is higher than the mean annual increment indicating that this level of consumption is ecologically unsustainable and will lead to forest degradation as shown under the business-as-usual scenario. We then examined the impact of governance and how CBM rules to allocate forest ES to different social groups (poor and rich) under a co-management regime will affect total societal welfare. We found that the distributional scenario that maximises total societal welfare expressed in monetary terms across the whole harvesting area is the scenario that distributes 40% of biomass to the rich group while the remaining 60% is allocated to the poor group. However, this scenario maximises Willingness to Pay (WTP) at total level but does not maximise WTP in each sub-area of forest but just for those that have a high availability for biomass. This indicates that the distributional rules that maximise total welfare at aggregate level may not maximise welfare at local level where constraints from biomass availability require to restrict further the distribution of forest products. When biomass availability is low, total societal welfare is maximised with distributional rules that distribute more trees to richer. Yet, a policymaker may choose a distributional rule that distribute more trees to the poor on normative grounds and forego the objective of maximising total welfare. In such cases the WTP analysis outlined in this paper can support the policymaker in choosing the distributional rule that minimise trade-offs between efficiency, i.e., maximising total welfare, and livelihoods objectives.

Implementasi Penatausahaan Hasil Hutan Hak di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar Sulawesi Barat

Position forest rights as one of the supporting timber availability in the industry can not be separated from the challenges and dynamics of forest product administration. It required a review of management of forest products from the forest rights in its implementation. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the rights of forest product administration in Polewali Mandar, using descriptive analysis with the existing indicators on variables and dimensions were obtained in accordance with the guidelines for the interview. The results of analysis tools provide the opportunity regulatory administration of forest products to the widest public / private forest owners as well as the adjustment of government policy related to the field of forestry sustainable forest management (SFM) and Timber Legality Verification (VLK). Implementation of the regulatory activities in the form of socialization only held one and the absence of formal socialization to the new set of rules; Issuing Certificates of Origin (SKAU) wood as much as 33 (thirty-three) of 144 (one hundred and forty-four) villages, yet the publisher SKAU set by BP2HP; SKAU publishing process by following the same line district offices are not in line with existing regulations and create problems in terms of time, cost and control; The lack of reporting of forest production and recapitulation SKAU Publisher SKAU to the district forestry department reporting that impact the realization of the production and distribution of forest products are not going well right. Implementation of the management of forest products in Polewali Mandar rights do not go according to Forestry Minister Regulation No. P.30 / Menhut-II / 2012 are rearranged in the Minister of Environment and Forestry No. P.21 / MenLHK-II / 2015 on the administration of forest products of forest rights

Community forestry and livelihood linkages: A case of Kamalamai community forest, Dolakha, Nepal

As a result of institutional failure of the nationalization of forest in 1957 A.D., a newer concept of participatory forest management was introduced in Nepal and local people got their space created in forest management during 1970s with a view to mitigating forest cover loss. Under this scheme Kamalmai Community Forest (129.59 hectares) located in Laduk VDC of Dolakha District was handed over to the community in 2000 A.D. The present study was conducted during February, 2014 to assess the status of forest management strategies and impact on livelihood of forest dependent people. Management aspect of the forest was assessed based on field observation, Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussion, whereas judgmental scoring method was used to assess the impact on livelihood; the questionnaire for which was prepared on the basis of Sustainable Livelihood Framework Guidance Sheet developed by Department for International Development (DFID), 1999. All the forest management practices including control of composition and structure of growing stock, and harvesting and distribution of forest products were strictly implemented. The total average scores for human, physical, social, financial and natural capitals, which were used to assess the livelihood, were found to be 2.5862, 1.4310, 2.5689, 0.2068 and 2.6896 respectively. The result illustrated that the forest under study had contributed to enhance the condition of human, social and natural capitals. The contribution was noticeable in terms of physical capital, but financial capital was not found satisfactory. Since the handover, there has been a notable change in greenery and landscape as well as on livelihood of forest dependent people.

일제 강점기 연료용 임산물 생산,유통 통제와 그 변화

일제 강점기 연료용 임산물 생산,유통 통제와 그 변화

The relative distribution: An alternative approach to evaluate the impact of community level forestry organisations on households

Community forest management in Nepal has shifted from protection to distribution due to a failure of community forestry to have a significant impact on the level of poverty. The failure to have a positive impact on poverty is often attributed to governance issues, which in Nepal are typically associated with differences in the social status of those holding positions of decision-making power and those who have the most need. Using a modified elite theory that characterises decision-making in terms of relative wealth and caste of decision-makers, the study looks at the effect of community structure on governance and on distribution of forest products. The results show that when the poor and disadvantaged households participate in decision-making, either as members of the executive committee or in public assemblies, the relative distribution of firewood, timber and fodder from community forests to poor and disadvantaged households increases. The results provide empirical evidence of the commonly held belief that participation of poor and disadvantaged households in decision-making is a key element of poverty reduction through community management of resources. Based on these results, efforts to increase participation of poor and disadvantaged households in decision-making should be a critical part of planning community forest governance.

Spatial distribution and abundance of selected exploited non-timber forest products in the Takamanda National Park, Cameroon

This study investigated the spatial distribution and abundance of selected non-timber forest products (NTFPs) exploited in the Takamanda National Park, Cameroon. The distribution, abundance, encounter rates, species condition, seasonality and human impacts were assessed in the 217 km reconnaissance survey. The most dominant species recorded were Afrostyrax kamerunensis (44%) and Gnetum africanum (11%) while the least dominant species observed was Ricinodendron heudelottii (1%). Immature NTFPs were dominant (79.44%) while matured NTFPs were the least (20.55%). A total of 58% of the selected species were encountered with 79.44% representing immature NTFPs, while 20.56% represented matured NTFPs. A. kamerunensis, Masularia acuminate,Carpolobia spp. and Irvingia gabonensis showed random distribution patterns. Gnetum spp. equally showed a random pattern of distribution but their occurrence was limited in the Centre and Southern parts. R. heudelotii had clump distribution pattern in the Northern, Centre and Southern parts of the park. Anthropogenic influences such as footpaths (425), farmland, (71) local timber exploitation (9) affected distribution. Harvesting pressure was high for Carpolobia spp. and Garcina mannii because the whole plant were harvested, thus leading to their low regeneration capacity. Information on spatial distribution, seasons of availability and recruitment ability of NTFPs would aid to educate and enforce conservation regulations. Key words: Distribution, encounter rate, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), human impacts, Takamanda rainforest, abundance, conservation.

Role of Forest Development Agencies and Village Forest Committees in National Afforestration Programs of Kamraj Forest Division Zangli Kupwara Kashmir (J.&K.)

During the present study it was observed that the Forest Development Agencies and Village Forest Committees play an important role in National Afforestration Programs by protection and conservation of natural resources through their active involvement. The FDA’s also helps in securing people’s participation in planning and regeneration efforts to ensure sustainability and equitable distribution of forest products from the regenerated lands, and to promote the partnership concept in the management and administration of forest and common property resources (CPRs) in the Forest Division. 1500 ha (Natural regeneration 270 ha, Artificial regeneration 960 ha and Pasture regeneration 270 ha) of afforestration works was done by the Village Forest Committees (VFC’s) under Forest Development Agency (FDA) from the year 2003 to 2007 in the forest division.

Intensified Forestry in Mountain Regions

Intensified forestry can mean many things but one question must always be clearly faced - for what purpose? The answer involves not only the nature and distribution of forest products but many issues of a socio-economic, cultural, and political nature. If these are not considered properly, forest activities occur in an inadequate policy framework and severe conflicts are likely to arise. It is asserted that intensification in the Himalayan region should be largely non-commercial and aimed at supporting subsistence agriculture. Much remains to be learnt of such systems and participatory action research, rather than applied research, is advocated as the appropriate operational mode.