Distribution In Positions Research Articles

Gender Distribution of Editorial Board Members in Palliative Care Journals: Assessment of Gender Parity.

Objective: Although the representation of women in palliative care has improved in recent years, gender inequality still exists in editorial leadership. This study aimed to characterize gender distribution in leadership positions on the editorial boards of palliative care journals. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed the gender composition of editorial boards for palliative care journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) and the factors that affect this composition. Information on the gender of editorial board members was obtained from each journal's website. Results: A total of 1388 editorial board members from 28 palliative care journals were included in the analysis. The data analysis showed that 540 (38.9%) of the editorial board members were women, while 848 (61.1%) were men. Of the 31 editors-in-chief, only 11 (35.5%) were women. Editorial boards of journals classified as social work (OR, 5.92, 95% CI, 2.29-15.30, p < 0.001) and nursing (OR, 4.20, 95% CI, 1.73-10.17, p = 0.001) in WoS coverage were independently associated with gender diversity. There were differences in gender representation between the editorial boards of palliative care journals published in New Zealand (OR, 0.49, 95% CI, 0.29-0.80, p = 0.005), Japan (OR, 0.17, 95% CI, 0.08-0.32, p < 0.001), and those categorized under oncology in WoS coverage (OR, 0.64, 95% CI, 0.05-0.89, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that women are underrepresented among editorial board members of palliative care journals. Additional efforts are required to broaden diversity policies in palliative care.

Uneven distribution of cooling rate, microstructure and mechanical properties for A356-T6 wheels fabricated by low pressure die casting

Complex aluminum alloy part prepared by low pressure die casting (LPDC) usually has unevenly distributed microstructure and mechanical properties, which is related to the cooling conditions. To investigate the uneven characteristics of cooling rate, microstructure and mechanical properties of LPDC-fabricated A356-T6 wheels, the typical positions (including hub, spoke, outer flange, rim and inner flange) were selected to calculate the cooling rate by casting simulation. Then, the microstructure, mechanical properties, X-ray result and element content of these positions were analyzed in detail. The result shows that, the secondary dendrite arms spacing (SDAS), eutectic silicon and β-Fe phase have the largest size at hub, and the eutectic silicon is plate-shaped when the cooling rate is 10 K/min, which results in poor ultimate tensile strength (UTS, 192 MPa) and elongation (2.1 %). While at the cooling rate of 100 K/min, refined microstructure, the disappearance of β-Fe phases and the elimination of defects result in good mechanical properties of the outer flange. The UTS and elongation exceed 250 MPa and 13 %, respectively. The rim is more prone to occur shrinkage defects at high cooling rate, which results in mechanical properties that do not meet expectations. Furthermore, the Si, Mg, and Fe elements also exhibit uneven distribution in different positions of LPDC-fabricated A356-T6 wheels. The maximum deviation of Si element between the actual content and the standard content is as high as 21 %.

Power Sharing of Political Position in Jeneponto Regency

This study aims to explore in-depth, discuss, and provide a detailed description of power distribution in political positions in Jeneponto. The power-sharing of political position in Jeneponto Regency can be seen from several aspects, first, power-sharing is intended to create a balance, harmony, and political order by adhering to the principle of checks and balances. Second, it anticipates the occurrence of power practices dominated by specific groups or factions. Third, it is a political strategy to acquire power and fight for the rights and interests of the people. This research is qualitative and descriptive in nature. The informants of this study were government officials, political party leaders, general election commission commissioners, and registered voters selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used were data presentation, data reduction, and conclusion. The results of the study indicate that (1) an imbalance was observed in the distribution of political power, which has the potential to create political imbalance, disharmony, and division. (2) There is a tendency for power distribution to be dominated by specific groups or factions. (3) There is still the practice of oligarchy driven by political elites who prioritize their interests and their groups while neglecting or disregarding the interests of others and the general public.&#x0D; Keywords: power sharing, political positions

The evolution characteristics of solidification microstructure in laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by considering transient flow field

During the laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, the formed microstructure during the solidification process of molten pool is highly related to comprehensive properties of welded joints. A macro–micro coupling model is developed in this paper for solidification process of molten pool by considering transient flow field to investigate the evolution process of microstructure morphology and solute distribution in laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Based on the model, the evolution process of microstructure during solidification process of molten pool is calculated and the formed microstructure morphology in the region of molten pool is obtained. Simultaneously, the solute distribution in the different positions of molten pool under the effect of transient flow field at different times is analyzed and discussed in details. The calculated results are found in good agreement with the experimental results, which confirms the validity of the developed macro–micro coupling model for the laser welding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Therefore, the proposed method is efficient for improving microstructure performance of welded joints of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy laser welding.

Pronation Reveals a Heterogeneous Response of Global and Regional Respiratory Mechanics in Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure.

Experimental models suggest that prone position and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) homogenize ventral-dorsal ventilation distribution and regional respiratory compliance. However, this response still needs confirmation on humans. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the changes in global and regional respiratory mechanics in supine and prone positions over a range of PEEP levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. A prospective cohort study. Twenty-two intubated patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 pneumonia. Electrical impedance tomography and esophageal manometry were applied during PEEP titrations from 20 cm H2O to 6 cm H2O in supine and prone positions. Global respiratory system compliance (Crs), chest wall compliance, regional lung compliance, ventilation distribution in supine and prone positions. Compared with supine position, the maximum level of Crs changed after prone position in 59% of ARDS patients (n = 13), of which the Crs decreased in 32% (n = 7) and increased in 27% (n = 6). To reach maximum Crs after pronation, PEEP was changed in 45% of the patients by at least 4 cm H2O. After pronation, the ventilation and compliance of the dorsal region did not consistently change in the entire sample of patients, increasing specifically in a subgroup of patients who showed a positive change in Crs when transitioning from supine to prone position. These combined changes in ventilation and compliance suggest dorsal recruitment postpronation. In addition, the subgroup with increased Crs postpronation demonstrated the most pronounced difference between dorsal and ventral ventilation distribution from supine to prone position (p = 0.01), indicating heterogeneous ventilation distribution in prone position. Prone position modifies global respiratory compliance in most patients with ARDS. Only a subgroup of patients with a positive change in Crs postpronation presented a consistent improvement in dorsal ventilation and compliance. These data suggest that the response to pronation on global and regional mechanics can vary among ARDS patients, with some patients presenting more dorsal lung recruitment than others.

First encounter with the celluloid ceiling: female representation at a student film festival in Türkiye

ABSTRACT Gender inequality in the film industry and the barriers women encounter are referred to as the “celluloid ceiling.” To fully understand the structural and social causes of this phenomenon, comprehensive data collection and analysis are required. The current research aims to explore women’s representation in student projects to examine how women studying in film schools encounter the celluloid ceiling before graduating and entering the workforce. For this purpose, 266 short films submitted over three years to a student film competition in Türkiye were investigated. The gender distribution in leadership positions, such as producing, directing, and screenwriting, as well as technical and acting roles, were examined. The study also looked at how having a woman in a leadership position in a film affected recruiting more women for positions behind the camera. The findings revealed that women are underrepresented behind the camera compared to men, and the proportion of women working behind the camera was higher when a female director or producer was present. A female director’s or screenwriter’s presence in a film also significantly affected passing the Bechdel-Wallace Test, an indicator of on-screen representation.

Gender diversity, leadership, promotion and opportunity among the members of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA).

To demonstrate the gender distribution in leadership positions and academic promotion of Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) members. We conducted a cross-sectional examination of the 2020-2021 OTA membership cohort dataset provided by the OTA. Professional and academic information of OTA members at their site of appointment was also abstracted from publicly available online resources. Data included: gender, OTA membership category, OTA leadership position, trauma fellowship completion, trauma practice setting, level of trauma center, percentage of trauma work, year of first practice, academic rank, and university/hospital/institutional leadership role. Statistical analysis included Chi-Squared, Wilcoxon Two Sample and Fisher's Exact tests. 2,608 OTA members were identified; 14.1% were female. Female representation was highest in the Trauma Practice Professional category (67.1%) and significantly lower in the Active category (9.1%) (p<0.0001). No statistically significant gender differences were observed regarding level of trauma center, percentage of trauma work, or trauma practice setting. In the Active, Clinical and Emeritus categories, males achieved a higher level of academic rank than females at their site of employment (p=0.003), while more males completed trauma fellowships (p=0.004) and had been in practice for significantly longer (p<0.0001). Males held more of the highest leadership positions (e.g., Board of Directors) (p=0.0047) and the greatest number of leadership positions (p=0.017) within the OTA compared to females. Gender disparity exists within the upper echelon of leadership and academic representation in orthopaedic trauma. Our findings will help inform strategic policies to address gender diversity within the OTA and the broader orthopaedic trauma subspecialty.

Research on power consumption distribution characteristics of a water-lubricated twin-screw air compressor for fuel cell applications

The water-lubricated twin-screw air compressor is very suitable for applications in high-pressure PEMFCs in distributed power generation, for it can provide absolutely oil-free air. Power consumption distribution is a significant characteristic for clarifying the influence mechanism of water injection and lubrication, which could provide the optimizing direction for performance enhancement. Hence, a mathematical model is constructed in this paper, aiming to analyze the power consumption distribution in different positions of the compressor at different rotating speed, including indicated power of dry air, water vapor and liquid water, friction power in the rotor chamber, friction power of radial journal bearings, thrust bearings and the lip seal. Results show that thrust bearings account for the largest amount of total power loss by over 52%, followed by indicated power of liquid water, radial journal bearings, while the indicated power of water vapor, friction powers in the rotor chamber and of the lip seal are minor power losses. This is very different from the common oil-injected twin-screw compressors, in which the friction power in the rotor chamber is also the dominant power loss. It illustrates the advantage of the low friction coefficient of water for sealing clearances in the water-lubricated twin-screw air compressor.

Co substituted Ni–Zn ferrites with tunable dielectric and magnetic response for high-frequency applications

Microwave ferrites are the most promising materials for high frequency and high-power devices. In this work, Co substituted Ni–Zn ferrites (Ni0.5-xZn0.5CoxFe2O4; x = 0–0.4) are synthesized, and the structural, morphology, dielectric, magnetic response are systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) pattern confirmed the formation of pristine cubic phase alone without any secondary phase in all the samples. Substitution of Co2+ resulted in increased crystallite size and lattice constant. Raman peak intensity is suppressed, and a shift towards a lower wavenumber is observed with Co substitution. The change in position and intensity is analyzed and attributed to the change in cationic distribution in tetrahedral and octahedral positions by deconvoluting the Raman peaks. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analysis confirms the stoichiometry of compounds. The real permittivity and tan δ are decreased with the dilution of Co (x = 0: ε' = 24, tan δ = 0.015; x = 0.4: ε' = 11, tan δ = 0.035 @ 1 MHz). Further, permeability initially increased in the X band frequency range and decreased with increasing Co concentration. An increase in the saturation magnetization was observed initially with increased Co content and a decrease after x = 0.2. A maximum saturation magnetization (Ms = 63.3 emu/g) observed for x = 0.2 composition. Interestingly, a giant coercivity and high effective magnetocrystalline anisotropy are observed with the incorporation of Co at low temperatures (5 K). The low dielectric loss, high saturation magnetization, and low coercivity at room temperature of Co substituted Ni–Zn ferrites suggest that these compounds are potential candidates for high-frequency devices (circulators).

Thermal analysis of thermal barrier coating systems under transient and time harmonic thermal loads

In this study, the temperature fields in a thermal barrier coating system (TBC) under various types of thermal loadings, including steady and transient thermal loads, is investigated. TBCs are exposed to a variety of harsh thermal loadings, including thermal shock and periodic thermal loads. Therefore, the need to achieve the temperature distribution in different positions of the TBCs, especially in the protective coating is very crucial. Non-uniform Thermal boundary conditions are considered for both external temperature and heat flux distributions. The coating and substrate are not stationary at the onset of transient thermal load. Using the solution of steady-state problem as initial condition, the transient temperature fields within the coating-substrate system is obtained. The dual-phase lag (DPL) heat conduction is utilized to scrutinize the transient response of the TBC system. Fourier and Laplace integral transforms have been used to solve the temperature field equations. The effect of concentrated thermal shock and steady harmonic thermal load on the temperature fields of coating and substrate is investigated. The results demonstrate that the steady state and transient temperature fields strongly depend on the type of thermal load, the thickness and thermal properties of the coating, and the loading parameters. The results indicate that the effect of concentrated thermal shock is felt after at least 8.33 s at distance 1.2 cm far from the top surface of ceramic coating. The effect of concentrated thermal shock is eminent adjacent to point (x=0,y=0) of the free boundary of coating, but after a longitudinal distance of 2 cm drastically reduced. The ceramic coating is able to relieve the amplitude of temperature oscillations up to 1280C at a vertical distance of 3mm from the free boundary of coating.

Water Uptake by Artemisia ordosica Roots at Different Topographic Positions in an Alpine Desert Dune on the Northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Different strategies of water uptake by roots in a semi-arid desert are one way that plants adapt to the water-limited environment. In this study, stable isotopes of δ18O were used to analyze the variability in water sources of the native species Artemisia ordosica during the growing season in an alpine semi-arid desert on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. A. ordosica depended primarily on water from upper soil layers in the early growing season, except for those windward, which obtained water from three soil layers and groundwater from 0.19 to 0.28. In the summer, A. ordosica switched sources, and those individuals at the top of the dune used 0.85 of water from middle soil layers, whereas those on windward (0.27–0.33) and leeward slopes (0.31–0.37) absorbed water from three soil layers. Shallow soil water was the main water source at all sites at the end of the growing season. The water uptake pattern of A. ordosica was consistent with the root distribution in positions with different dune geomorphology. The results suggest that the micro-landforms of sand dunes affect vegetation growth not only through aeolian activities and soil properties but also through plant water use.

National Trends in Gender Diversity Among Trainees and Practicing Physicians in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery in Canada

Monitoring the evolution of gender diversity within medicine is essential to understanding the medical workforce and anticipating its future. To evaluate gender distribution and trends among trainees and practicing physicians in the field of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) across Canada. This cross-sectional study collected demographic data on the Canadian population, medical students, resident physicians, fellows, practicing physicians, and full-time professors from the following publicly available databases: the Canadian Post-MD Education Registry, the Canadian Medical Education Statistics from the Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada, the Canadian Medical Association Masterfile, the Canadian Resident Matching Service archives, and the Canadian Institute for Health Information from 2000 to 2019. Information about the gender distribution in leadership positions and fellowships was obtained through publicly available websites where gender was either listed or assigned by authors. The primary outcomes were the proportion of women in OHNS and the evolution of gender diversity over time. In 2019, 65 of 155 of OHNS trainees were female (41.9%), whereas female representation among all surgical trainees combined was 1225 of 2496 (49.1%). Female OHNS trainees and practicing physicians are underrepresented despite a 13.3% increase in female trainees and a 14.3% increase in female staff physicians from 2000 to 2019. Proportionally fewer female graduates pursued a fellowship during a 10-year period compared with their male counterparts, with otology and neurotology having the lowest female representation (6 of 27 [22.2%]). A minimal increase occurred in the number of women holding academic leadership positions (eg, 4 of 13 residency training programs had a previous or current female director). Despite the overall increase in the representation of women in the field of OHNS in Canada, these findings suggest that persistent gender gaps remain with respect to academic leadership positions and fellowship training. Continuous monitoring of the surgical workforce is important to highlight and address gender disparities within OHNS.

Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics Leadership Roles in Academic Military Treatment Facilities by Subspecialty and Gender.

Gender distribution in academic ob-gyn leadership positions has previously been examined in the civilian sector, but not in military medicine. To characterize the distribution of department-level leadership positions by gender and subspecialty in academic military facilities in comparison to those reported in the civilian sector. This is an observational cross-sectional study. We queried military obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn) specialty consultants, for title and gender of personnel assigned to academic military treatment facilities. Roles were characterized by gender and subspecialty, and the proportion of female leaders was compared to published civilian leadership data. Women comprised 25% of Department Chairs, 45% of Assistant Chairs, and 42% of Division Directors. In educational leadership roles, women comprised 25% of Residency Program Directors, 0% of Fellowship Directors, and 62% of medical Student Clerkship Directors. Female department chairs were most often uro-gynecologists (44%) followed by specialists in ob-gyn (37%). Most female residency program directors were specialists in general obstetrics and gynecology. The proportion of women in leadership roles in military departments was not different than in the civilian sector. In contrast to civilian academic leadership positions, Department Chairs were most likely to be uro-gynecologists. Similar to civilian programs, women remain underrepresented as chairs, Assistant Chairs, Fellowship Directors, and Division Directors and similarly represented as Residency Program Directors. Despite a smaller pool of women available to fill academic leadership positions in military ob-gyn departments, the proportion of women in leadership roles reaches parity with the civilian sector. This suggests that a greater proportion of women rise to leadership positions in military academic ob-gyn departments than in the civilian sector.

Microstructure Analysis and Bulk Texture Study in Wide Magnesium Alloy Sheets Processed by Twin-Roll Casting

The wide magnesium (Mg) alloy sheets produced by twin-roll casting (TRC) are prone to have an inhomogeneous microstructure and basal texture. Texture has a significant effect on the properties of Mg alloy sheets for the processes after TRC, which can be greatly modified by alloy composition. However, systematic studies on the bulk texture of TRCed Mg alloy sheets using neutron diffraction are lacking. In this study, neutron diffraction was used to explore the bulk textures in different positions of the Mg, Mg–Al–Zn, and Mg–Al–Sn–Zn alloy sheets produced by TRC, besides microstructure and micro-texture analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction. The influence of alloy composition on the microstructure and texture evolution of TRCed Mg alloy sheets is explored and discussed. The TRCed pure Mg sheet possesses a relatively strong basal texture, and the texture distribution is inhomogeneous; while TRCed Mg–Al–Sn–Zn alloy sheets feature much weaker textures and a relatively homogenous distribution in different positions. The present study provides guidance for the control of texture via tailoring alloy compositions, which provides candidate Mg alloys suitable for the TRC process.

Sweep frequency method with variance weight probability for temperature extraction of the Brillouin gain spectrum based on an artificial neural network.

The development of optical fiber sensors has led to the possibility of accumulating vast, real-time databases of acoustic and other measurements throughout fiber networks, which brings even more widespread concern on improving the sampling effectiveness. In this paper, we present two kinds of sweep frequency methods based on using a neural network to extract temperature from the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS). Gauss centralization and variance weight probability methods are proposed to compare with the uniform sweep frequency method. By analyzing formulas of the ideal BGS model, we find the gain near the peak of Brillouin gain spectrum has greater correlation with temperature extraction than other positions. Therefore, the Gaussian centralized sweep method is proposed. We further investigate the variation of the weights in the neural network and Brillouin data distribution in different positions and find that the variance is positively correlated with the weights in hidden layers. So, we propose the sweep frequency method based on variance weight probability and make a complement to interpret the rationality of this method in neural network. In all the aforementioned approaches, 281 points are obtained between the 9.07 GHz to 9.35 GHz range under the same condition. The data of each method is trained ten times and tested through the same neural network structure. All the RMSE of each test stage covers all data collecting the passage. The result shows that the RMSE of variance weight probability sweep frequency method is 0.5277, which is superior to the Gauss centralization sweep frequency method that was 0.6864 and the uniform sweep frequency method that was 0.9140.

Diverse axial chiral assemblies of J-aggregates in plexcitonic nanoparticles.

Plexcitonic hybrids, consisting of metal nanoparticles and J-aggregates, are effective nanostructures to achieve a strong coupling regime. The chirality of the exciton in the strong coupled plexcitons provides more potential for the design of advanced optoelectronic devices. Here, we experimentally measured the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of plexcitonic hybrids, and researched the diverse chirality of J-aggregates assembled on the surface of the achiral Au nanorods. We found that the chirality of J-aggregates is not only related to the quantity of dye molecules in the plexcitonic, but also to the distribution in different positions of the nanorods, by analyzing the composition of the CD spectra with a quasistatic theory. The J-aggregates assembled on both ends and both sides of the nanorods had opposite chirality. The interaction between the longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LLSPR) of the nanorods and J-aggregates achieved the strong coupling regime, and Rabi splitting of about 198.3 meV was observed. The research into the chirality of the plexcitons provided more detail on the chiral J-aggregates assembly on the nanoparticles, and give a perspective on the development of the strong coupling interactions and the design of optoelectronic systems.

Gender Disparity in Radiology Society Committees and Leadership in North America and Comparison With Other Continents

PurposeTo evaluate gender distribution in radiology professional society leadership positions. Our study intends to assess and compare the gender distribution among leadership roles and professional society committee memberships of the radiology societies and seek an understanding of potential associations between gender, academic research metrics, institutional academic rank, and leadership roles. MethodsWe identified radiology professional society committee members to assess relative gender composition in 28 radiology societies in North America, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand. The research metrics were obtained from the SCOPUS database and demographics and institutional affiliation through institutional websites' internet searches. Gender distribution by academic ranks and other discontinuous variables were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Wallis tests. ResultsOf the 3011 members of society committees, 67.9% were male, and 32.1% female. Among all the society members, the data showed that the proportion of committee members holding leadership positions was comparable between males (25.7%) and females (22.5%). However, when we did a subgroup analysis and disaggregated the data by leadership positions, we noted that among those who held the leadership positions, the proportion of males was more significant (n = 526, 70.7%) compared to females (n = 218, 29.3%). Overall, males had higher median publications, citations, H-indices, and active years of research (P< 0.0001). At all university academic ranks, men outnumbered females (P = 0.0015, Chi-square 15.38), with the most considerable disparity at the rank of professor (71.9% male, 28.1% female, P = 0.0003). ConclusionThere was male predominance amongst committee members in radiology societies. Our study found no significant differences between those in leadership positions, suggesting that once a member of a committee, females are equally likely as males to attain leadership positions. Analysis of committee members' academic rank and committee leaders demonstrated underrepresentation of females at higher academic ranks, and males overall had higher research metrics than females.

CARBON AND NITROGEN IN SOILS AND HUMIC FRACTIONS OF DIFFERENT PEDOFORMS IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BIOME

Relief is a soil formation factor that can modify the distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in a landscape. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the relief on SOM fractions, considering their distribution in different topographic positions, segments, in two pedoforms (concave and convex) in areas covered with forest in the Atlantic Forest biome. The two pedoforms were selected in adjacent areas and divided into segments considering the topographic variation. The carbon and nitrogen origins were evaluated in the extract up to 100 cm of depth. Soil samples from the 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm layers were collected for chemical characterization and fractioning (granulometric and chemical) of the SOM. The soil density in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers was determined to calculated the carbon stocks. The isotopic composition showed predominance of 13C. The highest organic carbon and particulate carbon contents were found in the convex pedoform. The distribution of humic fractions showed that the larger part of the humidified carbon was in the humin fraction. The humin and fulvic acid fractions were higher in the convex pedoform. The carbon stocks were, in general, higher in the convex pedoform, decreasing as the soil depth increased; and nitrogen stocks presented no differences. The higher carbon and nitrogen contents were found in the convex pedoform and in the lower region of the concave pedoform.

Synthesis and characterization of copper-nickel ferrite catalysts for ethyl acetate oxidation

Materials with nominal composition Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 were prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion technique using corresponding metal nitrates and citric acid as complexating agent/fuel agent. Different ratios between citric acid and metal ions were used to control the combustion reaction. For comparison, Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 ferrite was also synthesised by co-precipitation. Mossbauer spectroscopy was used for analysis of synthesised samples both at room temperature and liquid nitrogen boiling temperature. Iron distribution in tetrahedral and octahedral positions of spinel lattice was determined. Different degrees of agglomeration of the ferrite phase were estimated by super-paramagnetic behaviour of samples. In addition, methods of X-Ray Diffraction, UV-Vis, FTIR, nitrogen physisorption, TPR with hydrogen were applied for structural characterization of the materials. Some quantities of secondary phases (Cu, Cu-Ni alloy and hematite) were found out in samples prepared by auto-combustion method. The catalytic activities of the samples in ethyl acetate oxidation reaction strongly depended on the variations in the structural and texture characteristics of the samples. The sample synthesized at the highest ratio of citric acid to metal ions is characterized by the smallest ferrite crystallite size, the higher surface area and the best catalytic activity.

Gender trends in gynecologic oncology authorship: Implications for the critical evaluation of gender distribution in academic rank and leadership positions

ObjectiveTo investigate trends in the representation of women as first, last, or co-authors in Gynecologic Oncology (GO) publications over the past 15 years. To compare rates of female authorship in GO versus general Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ob/Gyn) and with the gender distribution of membership in the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO). MethodsGender was determined for first and last authors of GO publications from three major journals for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. The Z test was used to assess differences in proportions of female authors between 2000 and 2015 and first versus last female authors in each year. GO authorship trends were compared to those of general Ob/Gyn and new and total membership in SGO using the chi squared test. Results1815 publications were included. Percentages of female first, last, and co-authors increased over time (p < 0.001), reaching 52%, 39%, and 23%, respectively, by 2015. Fewer women were listed as last than as first authors at each time point (p < 0.01). Proportions of female authors in general Ob/Gyn exceeded those of GO. Women comprised a growing proportion of both new and total SGO members over time (p < 0.01). New female SGO membership outpaced rates of female GO authorship, but GO female first authorship surpassed total female SGO membership (p < 0.001). ConclusionsWomen comprise a growing proportion of GO providers and SGO members and have become increasingly productive in academic GO. Differences in publication authorship alone cannot account for gender disparities in the distribution of academic rank and leadership positions in the field.