Distribution Function Of Relaxation Times Research Articles

Procedure for Obtaining the Analytical Distribution Function of Relaxation Times for the Analysis of Impedance Spectra Using the Fox H-Function

Procedure for Obtaining the Analytical Distribution Function of Relaxation Times for the Analysis of Impedance Spectra Using the Fox <i>H</i>-Function

Distribution function of relaxation times: An alternative to classical methods for evaluating the reaction kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction

Reaction kinetics of RuO2 is precisely evaluated by distribution function of relaxation times (DFRT) model using impedance spectroscopy analysis by genetic programming (ISGP). Effective resistances of the Faradaic processes, measured using Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at various overpotentials, were determined utilizing DFRT, by separating and associating three electrochemical phenomena occurring during the reaction. The effective resistances are used to generate a Tafel plot of potential as a function of log1Reff. The classical method, based on linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), to evaluate the Tafel slope is associated with some considerations for accurate results. For RuO2, a reference catalyst, LSV illustrates an average Tafel slope of 182 ± 8 mV/dec while the effective resistance method, estimated using DFRT, shows an average of 181 ± 3 mV/dec. A relative error of 0.3 % between the two methodologies, and a lower standard deviation for DFRT demonstrate the higher precision and effectiveness of ISGP in determining the reaction kinetics via Tafel slope analysis. Therefore, using DFRT with the ability to separate Faradaic from non-Faradaic processes to evaluate the relevant part of the effective resistance, reaction kinetics can be estimated, avoiding shortcomings of the classical Tafel method.

IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY GENETIC PROGRAMMING (ISGP) ANALYSES SETTING PROPER WORKING CONDITIONS OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study demonstrates application of Impedance Spectroscopy Genetic Program (ISGP) for the investigation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). It further demonstrates the procedures to optimize the operating conditions of a single cell in a test station. To do that, the effects of temperature, hydrogen/air, and dew point temperature (DPT) on the cell were examined using an Arbin test station. ISGP followed a two-iteration procedure. First, find an out-of-range peak (at high frequencies) that corresponds to the ohmic (series) resistance of the system. Second, finding the models after subtracting the ohmic resistance from the real part of the measured spectrum. This two- step procedure allows solving a Fredholm equation of the second kind with a reasonable accuracy. The resulting peaks making the distribution function of relaxation time (DFRT) were partially assigned to different physical processes in the PEMFCs. ISGP seeks for a distribution of relaxation times that has the form of a peak or a sum of several peaks, assuming the Debye kernel, where each peak is represented by a known analytic function. As a part of the analysis, the peak areas, which correspond to the contribution of the relevant process to the total impedance, were calculated obtaining tendentious behavior depending on the changing environmental parameters. ISGP of PEMFC results in three peaks. The optimized conditions were found to be the ratio of gas flow fuel to air rate 1:7, fuel cell temperature 60°C and dew point temperature 50°C.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

(Keynote) On Interpretation of Impedance Spectroscopy Data

Impedance spectroscopy represents a rich area of science that has been applied to many research disciplines, including those associated with corrosion and corrosion control, energy systems, and biological systems. In laboratory settings, impedance has been used to study the kinetics and mechanisms of electrochemical reactions. Impedance spectroscopy has also been applied in industrial applications to quality control and corrosion monitoring and constitutes the basis of a class of sensors [1].Impedance spectra are easily measured by used of modern instrumentation. The difficulty lies in interpretation of impedance spectra in terms of physically meaningful information. While graphical methods [2], distribution of relaxation times analyses [3], and measurement model analyses [4] can guide model development, interpretation is generally based on use of a deterministic model that describes the physics of the system under study [5]. Such models may be coupled with electrical circuits that account for the double layer formed at the electrified interface and for the electrolyte resistance. The deterministic model approach is often perceived as being much more complicated than use of electrical circuits alone because it requires mathematical expertise.In general, interpretation of the impedance response requires both a quantitative evaluation of the error structure of the impedance measurement and insight into the physics and chemistry of the system under study. Analysis of the error structure yields a standard deviation for the stochastic errors, which can be used to weight subsequent regressions. The error analysis also identifies the range of frequencies that are consistent with the Kramers–Kronig relations and are, therefore, suitable for regression analysis. The physical insight is used to guide the interpretation model development. It should be noted that interpretation models are not unique. The models may suggest other experiments which can be used to reject the proposed model. Greater confidence may be assigned to a model that explains a variety of experimental observations.The objective of this paper is to review our work on interpretation of impedance data, including the identification and quantification of the error structure associated with impedance spectroscopy measurements. The presentation makes use of a program that allows users to access the power of the measurement model concept and to fit custom process models [6].References S. Wang, J. Zhang, O. Gharbi, V. Vivier, M. Gao, and M. E. Orazem, “Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,” Nat. Rev. Methods Primers, 1, 41 (2021), 1-21.M. E. Orazem, and N. Pébère, and B. Tribollet, “Enhanced Graphical Representation of Electrochemical Impedance Data,” J. Electrochem.Soc., 153 (2006), B129-B136.B. A. Boukamp, “Distribution (Function) of Relaxation Times, Successor to Complex Nonlinear Least Squares Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy?” J. Phys. Energy, 4 (2020), 042001.H. Liao, W. Watson, A. Dizon, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, and M. E. Orazem, “Physical Properties Obtained from Measurement Model Analysis of Impedance Measurements,” Electrochim. Acta, 354 (2020), 136747.V. Vivier and M. E. Orazem, “Impedance Analysis of Electrochemical Systems,” Chem. Rev., 122 (2022), 11131-11168.W. Watson and M. E. Orazem, EIS: Measurement Model Program, ECSArXiv, 2020, https://ecsarxiv.org/kze9x/.

Comprehensive study of functional properties and electrochemical performance of layered lanthanum nickelate substituted with rare-earth elements

The present work is devoted to the comparative study of the absolute oxygen content, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance of the La1.6Ln0.4NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) complex oxides. The thermal expansion coefficients, obtained for the La1.6Ln0.4NiO4+δ compact samples, have approved thermomechanical compatibility of the materials with the Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 electrolyte. The highest conductivity value is found to be 107 S cm−1 at 420 °C for the La1.6Sm0.4NiO4+δ sample. The results of scanning electron microscopy, performed after the cycle of measurements on two-layer electrodes with the La1.6Ln0.4NiO4+δ functional layers and the LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3−δ (LNF) collector layers, have demonstrated the stability of the electrode structure under the measurement conditions and the maintenance of high average porosity for both layers. The minimum polarization resistance value, equal to 0.64 Ω cm2 at 700 °C, has been measured for the La1.6Eu0.4NiO4+δ electrode sintered at 1200 °C. Comprehensive distribution function of relaxation times (DFRT or DRT) analyses of the impedance data has been performed to establish the rate-limiting stages of the electrode reaction. Oxygen kinetic parameters calculated in the framework of the Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model with considering the microstructural parameters are shown to correlate well with those obtained from the isotope exchange data.

High-temperature impedance properties of Sr1-xCaxTiO3 ceramics for lead-free capacitor applications

ABSTRACT Lead-free Sr0.6Ca0.4TiO3 ceramic was prepared by solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction technique showed the phase purity and identified the orthorhombic perovskite structure. Scanning Electronic Microscopy observation evidenced homogeneous morphology and dense microstructure. Electrical conduction and dielectric relaxation mechanisms at high temperature have been studied by complex impedance measurement techniques over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures, from 100 Hz to 1 MHz and from 573 K to 783 K. Fitting of impedance measurements allowed us to study grains and grain boundaries electrical characteristics and their contribution to the conduction and dielectric relaxation processes in the ceramic. Electrical conduction in grains is due to oxygen vacancy jumps for temperatures below 733 K and to polarons above 763 K. Electrical DC conductivity in grains and grain boundaries is mainly due to oxygen vacancies. Impedance measurements and relaxation time distribution function calculations show non-Debye-type relaxation effects for both grains and grain boundaries.

Interpretation of the resistance of Li7La3Zr2O12 – Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 composite electrolytes for all–solid–state batteries using the distribution of relaxation times technique

Solid electrolytes based on Li7La3Zr2O12 are promising membranes for all–solid–state batteries. However, the main parameters of all transport stages in composite and doped Li7La3Zr2O12 could not be determined by conventional impedance fitting. A tremendous assistance in the analysis of impedance spectra over the past few years has become the method of distribution of relaxation times (DRT). In the present study, a composite electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 – Li2O–B2O3–SiO2 was investigated by impedance spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the impedance spectra by DRT showed that the additional peak appears on the DRT function with the introduction of glass; this interfacial resistance is responsible for the transfer of lithium ions across the Li7La3Zr2O12/glass interface. The resistance, capacitance and relaxation frequency of all the transport stages in the composite electrolytes were determined based on the analysis of the DRT functions. It was found that the Li7La3Zr2O12/glass resistance decreases with increasing fraction of glassy additive. It was established that the DRT technique can be successfully used to deeper understanding of the transport stages of lithium ions in composite and doped solid electrolytes for all–solid–state batteries.

Analysis of Impedance Spectra of a Lithium Electrode by the Distribution of Relaxation Times

The possibility of analyzing the electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium–lithium cells using the Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) function is studied. A comparative analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium–lithium cells obtained during long-term storage at a constant temperature and at different temperatures was performed using the method of either equivalent electrical circuits or the DRT function. The analysis of the impedance of lithium–lithium cells by the DRT function is shown to allow estimating the number of layers in the surface film on the lithium electrodes and evaluating their physical parameters—the resistance and capacitance. It has been established that with a long exposure of lithium–lithium cells at the temperature of 30°C, the number of layers in the surface film and its resistance decreased. With the increase in the temperature, the physical properties of the layers of the surface film are differentiated and its total resistance decreased. The analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium–lithium cells by the DRT functions is more informative than the method of equivalent electrical circuits.

Electrochemical properties of double molybdate LiSm(MoO4)2 ceramics with ultra-low sintering temperature

A novel double molybdate LiSm(MoO4)2 composition was prepared through a conventional solid-state ceramic route for its potential application as a solid-state Li+-ion conductor for low-loss dielectric ceramics. Ceramic disks were prepared by uniaxial pressing and sintered at the low temperature of 620 °C. Phase formation was confirmed through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), which was indexed to the tetragonal crystal system with a Scheelite-type structure. Laser Raman spectroscopy showed that the MoO42− tetrahedra in the LiSm(MoO4)2 material are more regular, suggesting high symmetry for the compound. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of polygonal grains with an average grain size of less than 1 μm. The electrochemical properties of the ceramic system were investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in O2, air, and Ar (250 °C – 500 °C). Data were systematically analyzed using an Equivalent Circuit Model (EQM) combined with a Distribution Function of Relaxation Times (DFRT) analysis. The results revealed the coexistence of both a delocalized (long-range conductivity) and a localized (dipole relaxation) phenomenon, mainly distinguishable at lower temperatures (i.e., for T ≤ 350 °C) and in a pure O2 atmosphere. This localized phenomenon was tentatively attributed to the presence of trapped hole-vacancy pairs with reduced mobility. Conversely, at higher temperatures in O2 (i.e., for T ≥ 350 °C) and in the whole temperature range in less oxidizing conditions (air and Ar), such a localized phenomenon was no longer observed, as a likely result of a decrease in hole concentration with decreasing oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The current work, thus, underscores a different perspective for the development and characterization of ceramic-based solid-state Li+-ion conductors for their application as low-loss dielectric ceramics.

Extraction of Distribution Function of Relaxation Times by using DRT-RBLM Tools: A New Approach to Combine Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm and Radial Basis Functions for Discretization Basis

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool for the analysis of different power sources and various materials. One of the methods used for studying EIS data is the distribution function of relaxation times (DRT). EIS data can be converted into a Fredholm integral of the first kind; and DRT extraction is known to be an inverse ill-posed problem. Herein, a new strategy to extract DRT by applying the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) is proposed. The Jacobian matrix appearing in LMA is partially numerically approximated by applying the radial basis function as a basis for the discretization. DRT data are smoothed by the application of the finite difference matrix and the negative values are avoided by the limits application. The tests conducted with ZARCs/FRACs synthetic data show that the extracted DRT profiles correspond well to their analytical counterparts. The application of LMA in solving Fredholm integral equation of the first kind (i.e., DRT extraction) resulted in the automatic tuning of the regularization parameter. The aforementioned findings show that by modifying LMA it is possible to both solve the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind in a completely data-driven way and to obtain the applicable DRT data for general EIS study.

Detecting mechanical indentation from the time constants of Li-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries pose severe hazards if their safety is compromised. Previous work has shown that mechanical damage to the battery may not affect its voltage, capacity, or other primary specifications. Therefore, currently, there is no method to check the integrity of battery cells inside an electric vehicle battery pack once it has been subjected to a shock or impact. Here, we report a method to detect mechanical damage to Li-ion cells from their electrical response. We formulate the distribution function of relaxation times (DRT) by a series of passive electrical elements consisting of inductors, resistors, and capacitors. Using our DRT formulation and criteria, we show that the indented cells have substantially different high-frequency time constant characteristics than the control group. This non-invasive method has the potential for detecting hazardous mechanical damage to the batteries of electric vehicles after a road crash or impact landings of drones.

Polarization resistance of the Ruddlesden-Popper nickelates Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 1, 2, 3): Comparative analysis using the distribution of relaxation times method

The Ruddlesden-Popper layered nickelates La2NiO4+δ (n = 1, LN21), La3Ni2O7-δ (n = 2, LN32) and La4Ni3O10-δ (n = 3, LN43) were studied as electrodes in symmetrical cells based on Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ (SDC) at various temperatures (600 ≤ T ≤ 800 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (−3 ≤ log(P(O2)/P0) ≤ −0.67). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of the selected Lan+1NinO3n+1/SDC cells with similar microstructure reveals that the polarization resistance of the electrodes gradually increases with increasing n, namely by ≈0.75 Ω cm2 at 800 °C in air. The Distribution Function of Relaxation Times (DFRT) analysis of the obtained data shows that the polarization resistance of Lan+1NinO3n+1 includes four distinguishable contributions RHF (1), RHF (2), RMF and RLF. The Ri resistances at fixed temperatures and P(O2) were determined by fitting the obtained impedance spectra using the equivalent circuit consisting of electrolyte resistance and a series of R-CPE elements. Based on the analysis of the Ri = f(T, P(O2)) dependences, the RHF (1), RHF (2) resistances are assigned to the charge transfer through the interfaces and RMF, RLF are interpreted as “chemical” part of the impedance, i.e. ionic transport in the electrode and oxygen dissociation at the electrode surface, respectively. Comparison of the obtained resistances shows that RMF dominates the polarization resistance meaning that ionic transport in the electrodes is the slowest stage of the electrochemical reaction at the studied temperatures in air. The increase in the number of perovskite layers deteriorates ionic diffusion and promotes oxygen dissociation. As RMF > RLF, this leads to an increase in the overall polarization resistance from 0.75 Ω cm2 for LN21 to 2.25 Ω cm2 for LN43 at 800 °C in air.

Distribution functions of magnetic moments and relaxation times for magnetic fluids exhibiting controllable microstructure evolution

The paper presents experimental and numerical studies of laboratory magnetic fluid samples that differ significantly from each other by dispersion compositions (particle size distributions). We propose and justify a new technique for describing the magneto-granulometric properties of magnetic fluids. Our approach is based on the analysis of distribution functions of magnetic moments and their relaxation times. It can be used to determine the magnetic response of any magnetic fluid with arbitrary particle size distribution f(x) and arbitrary microstructure, including magnetic fluids undergoing phase transition. No intermediary representation of the f(x) function is needed. It is shown that a priori standard distribution functions f(x) cannot describe the ferrofluid microstructure features, specifically those related to the formation of nanoparticle aggregates. The distributions of magnetic moments and their relaxation times were obtained by means of a regularized numerical inversion of experimental static magnetization and dynamic susceptibility curves. These distributions contain full information about the microstructure of ferrofluids. Analysis of the distribution curves showed the temperature-dependent evolution of the ferrofluid microstructure in the zero applied magnetic field: particle aggregates form or disintegrate and magnetic moment relaxation mechanism changes depending on the temperature.

Application of distribution of relaxation times method in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer

Distribution function of relaxation times (DRT or DFRT) is a well-established method of solving electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data from electrochemical component, such as fuel cells and battery. It can be used to develop the most accurate equivalent circuit models without the input of any circuit architecture information, due to the complexity in equivalent circuit model (ECM). For the first time, this paper implemented DRT methods in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMECs). The regularization parameter, characteristic parameters and frequency factors of the solving process are introduced. The results show that (1) DRT method represents the original impedance spectrum of hydrogen production in the form of three characteristic peaks, which correspond to the main polarization processes in hydrogen production system, including water/gas diffusion, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) reactions, and proton transfer processes. (2) The optimal regularization parameter is 0.01 for different current and temperature. (3) The frequency of water/gas diffusion, HER /OER reactions and proton transfer processes is 0.1–60 Hz, 100–1000 Hz and 2000–4000 Hz, respectively. (4) DRT methods couples with genetic algorithm can effectively identify various types of polarization impedance corresponding to different characteristic frequencies without equivalent circuit model.

Analytical distribution function of relaxation times for porous electrodes and analysis of the distributions of time constants

Based on the work by Boukamp (Boukamp, 2017), the method of Fuoss and Kirkwood (Fuoss and Kirkwood, 1941) is applied to derive an analytical distribution function of relaxation times for physics based porous electrode impedance cases. These impedance models are typically described by transcendental transfer functions. The porous electrode impedance treated here reflects a balance of the effective ionic and electronic impedances inside a porous electrode consisting of particles. Therefore, first the DFRT of the single particle interface impedance is derived. This includes treatment of charge transfer, double layer charging, solid state diffusion inside the particles, open-circuit voltage variations due to solid-state concentration, and insulating layers surrounding the particles. The resulting single particle DFRT relations are then incorporated into a mathematical description of the porous electrode DFRT. The results show that the DFRT of the porous electrode can be clearly separated into distributions of time constants corresponding to charge transfer, solid state diffusion and in case of intercalating particles, like in lithium-ion batteries, a third distribution of time constants is identified. A novelty of this work is the explicit treatment of the low-frequency capacitance and the resulting distribution of time constants in porous electrode systems. Analytical relations for the individual time constants are derived and reported. Since the ideal distribution of time constants can be represented by a series of R||C circuit elements, validation is performed by reconstruction of the impedance spectra, based on the analytical results.

Changing the oxygen reaction mechanism in composite electrodes by the addition of ionic- or ambipolar-conducting phases: Series or parallel pathways

In this work, we conduct a systematic investigation of composite oxygen electrodes for Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) based on the recently emerging misfit calcium cobaltite material, “Ca3Co4O9+δ” – C349. Its electrochemical performance is shown to be limited by its low intrinsic level of ionic conductivity, thus, requiring the addition of an ionic-conducting composite phase. In this respect, Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ (CGO) is the state-of-the-art choice due to its excellent ionic conductivity. Nonetheless, little attention has been given to the use of alternative ionic phases, such as Ce0.8Pr0.2O2-δ, which also offer minor levels of p-type conductivity. Therefore, we try to elucidate the influence of this minor electronic component in this phase, on the resultant oxygen reaction mechanism of the composite electrode. We demonstrate that a preferential series pathway for the oxygen reaction occurs in the CGO-based electrode, performing better at high temperatures and low oxygen partial pressures. Conversely, the CPO-based electrode presents superior performance under highly oxidising conditions and at low temperatures, related to an increasing importance of possible parallel reaction pathways. The results are supported by a detailed mechanistic study, based on a Distribution Function of Relaxation Times (DFRT) analysis, allowing clarification of potential mechanistic models for both electrodes.

A study on Ti-doped Fe3O4 anode for Li ion battery using machine learning, electrochemical and distribution function of relaxation times (DFRTs) analyses

Among many transition-metal oxides, Fe3O4 anode based lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been well-investigated because of their high energy and high capacity. Iron is known for elemental abundance and is relatively environmentally friendly as well contains with low toxicity. However, LIBs based on Fe3O4 suffer from particle aggregation during charge–discharge processes that affects the cycling performance. This study conjectures that iron agglomeration and material performance could be affected by dopant choice, and improvements are sought with Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped with 0.2% Ti. The electrochemical measurements show a stable specific capacity of 450 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate for at least 100 cycles in Ti doped Fe3O4. The stability in discharge capacity for Ti doped Fe3O4 is achieved, arising from good electronic conductivity and stability in microstructure and crystal structure, which has been further confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Detailed distribution function of relaxation times (DFRTs) analyses based on the impedance spectra reveal two different types of Li ion transport phenomena, which are closely related with the electron density difference near the two Fe-sites. Detailed analyses on EIS measurements using DFRTs for Ti doped Fe3O4 indicate that improvement in interfacial charge transfer processes between electrode and Li metal along with an intermediate lithiated phase helps to enhance the electrochemical performance.

Extraction of Distribution Function of Relaxation Times by using Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm: A New Approach to Apply a Discretization Error Free Jacobian Matrix

Nowadays, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy is attracting more attention due to an increasing production of power sources. One of highly popular tools to diagnose diverse power sources is Distribution Function of Relaxation Times (DRT). Because of that, there are numerous approaches to extract DRT from impedance data. The majority of them are based on the numerical approximation of integral. However, herein we have applied an analytical approximation of the EIS integral. For the first time, we have employed Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) to extract the applicable DRT from impedance data by using the Jacobian matrix that was obtained without any discretization errors. Although LMA was previously used to fit EIS data by DRT characteristics, the DRT profile was not applicable due to discretization errors. In this work, LMA was applied as it has an automatic update of the regularization (λ) parameter. The tests conducted in this work have shown that LMA is capable of extracting DRT from ZARC and FRAC synthetic data.

High-Frequency Features in the Distribution of Relaxation Times Related to Frequency Dispersion Effects in SOFCs

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is commonly used for the characterization of electrochemical systems, such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In recent years, the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis has attracted increasing interest as a tool for investigating electrochemical loss mechanisms in fuel cells due to its ability to resolve electrochemical features that overlap in complex planes. Among the methods used for the deconvolution of the distribution function of relaxation times, DRTtools is commonly used due to its user-friendly graphical user interface. In this study, we investigate the root cause of the expression of additional DRT features in the high-frequency range and link them to characteristic properties of the processes that contribute to the polarization loss of SOFCs. Identification of the root cause leading to the expression of the features is performed by conducting a simulation study with synthetic EIS spectra that are then analyzed using DRTtools. It has been shown that the constant phase element behavior of high-frequency processes in SOFCs is the root cause of the expression of additional peaks in the high-frequency range of the DRT.

Effect of sintering temperature on the transport properties of La2Ce2O7 ceramic materials

La2Ce2O7 (LCO) based materials are of a paramount importance since they can be utilized for ammonium production, thermal barrier application, catalysts, hydrogen production and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this work, a nano crystalline LCO powder was prepared using glycine-nitrate combustion method and then its properties were comprehensively characterized. The structural analysis of the synthesized LCO was carried out using conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. In a disordered phase, LCO is a biphasic mixture composed of C- and F-type phases. Densification studies were performed by sintering LCO pellets at different sintering temperatures. A densification of ≥95% was observed in all the samples with a very little variation. Sintering temperature had a marked effect on the electrical conductivity of LCO. The LCO sintered at 1100 °C showed the highest conductivity (3.68 mS/cm at 700 °C in air). The electrical conductivity was found to be decreasing with an increase in sintering temperature from 1100 to 1400 °C. To understand the behavior, the analysis of distribution function of relaxation times (DFRTs) utilized for correct separation of grain and grain boundary resistances. The presence of C- and F- type phases calculated from Raman spectra plays a crucial role in deciding conduction behavior of LCO. The results suggest a strong relationship between history of the ceramics preparation and their electrical properties.