Distributed Mobility Management Research Articles

Distributed Mobility Management Support for Low-Latency Data Delivery in Named Data Networking for UAVs

Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising architecture to overcome the limitations of the conventional Internet Protocol (IP) architecture, particularly in terms of mobility, security, and data availability. However, despite the advantages it offers, producer mobility management remains a significant challenge for NDN, especially for moving vehicles and emerging technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), known for their high-speed and unpredictable movements, which makes it difficult for NDN to maintain seamless communication. To solve this mobility problem, we propose a Distributed Mobility Management Scheme (DMMS) to support UAV mobility and ensure low-latency content delivery in NDN architecture. DMMS utilizes decentralized Anchors to forward proactively the consumer’s Interest packets toward the producer’s predicted location when handoff occurs. Moreover, it introduces a new forwarding approach that combines the standard and location-based forwarding strategy to improve forwarding efficiency under producer mobility without changing the network structure. Using a realistic scenario, DMMS is evaluated and compared against two well-known solutions, namely MAP-ME and Kite, using the ndnSIM simulations. We demonstrate that DMMS achieves better results compared to Kite and MAP-ME solutions in terms of network cost and consumer quality-of-service metrics.

A study of routing-based distributed mobility management in supporting seamless data transmission in smart cities

<p>The current trend of people having their multimedia-capable wireless and mobile devices roam within highly urbanized areas (i.e., smart cities) has led to the wide deployment of overlapping heterogeneous wireless network technologies. In this regard, various challenges have emerged, such as the number of mobile devices that connect or disconnect a wireless network domain, the diversity of time of their connections, frequent handovers as mobile devices frequently change their locations, the heterogeneity of wireless network technologies, cooperation challenges between the overlapping heterogeneous wireless network technologies, the increasing volume of multimedia traffic, security and privacy issues, and many more. This paper focuses on the deployment of a routing-based distributed mobility management (DMM) scheme to address the constraints and limitations of centralized wireless architectures for smart cities. The comparative analysis with centralized mobility management solutions shows significant alleviation in performance as to handover latency and packet losses, thus providing seamless handovers to maintain quality of service (QoS) for multimedia services.</p>

Handoff performance analysis of PMIPv6‐based distributed mobility management protocol‐urban scenario

SummaryMobility management allows the networks to track down a mobile user's location for sending datagrams and to retain the connection when the user changes its location points repeatedly. Whenever a node switches between one base station and another, the connectivity is maintained through a process called handoff management. For real‐time traffic implementations in wireless network communications, handover performance is essential. A mobile node is blocked from transmitting and receiving a datagram for a longer time as the handover delay increases. Unacceptable handover delays are common in real‐time communication services. To guarantee smooth connectivity and continuous provision of services, effective handoff methods are required. The handoff efficiency of network‐based distributed mobility management (DMM) is studied extensively in this article, along with a comparison to PMIPv6. We specifically investigate how handover delay, session recovery, and packet loss are influenced by cell radius. From the analytical and simulation findings this paper concludes that network‐based DMM performs better than PMIPv6.

Efficient Mobility Management in Mobile Edge Computing Networks: Joint Handover and Service Migration

Mobile edge computing (MEC) has been envisioned as an essential technology for latency-critical applications by providing computing services in close proximity to mobile users. Bringing MEC to come into practice, how to support user mobility remains challenging. In addition to seeking a thorny trade-off between service latency and migration cost, both interactions in space and time exist in mobility management, which requires collaboration among users and perfect prior knowledge, including user mobility and network information. In this paper, we propose an efficient mobility management framework for MEC networks, in which mobility management is operated centered around users’ performance and cost, while radio access and computing service provision are loosely coupled. With a loosely coupled design, the proposed framework exhibits more flexibility and incurs higher complexity. Focusing on multi-user and multi-cell MEC networks, this joint control problem is formulated to maximize the long-term total utility accounting for the service delay and migration cost. Considering the exponential complexity, a distributed mobility management approach is developed, which combines game theory and user-oriented deep reinforcement learning to deal with the interactions in space and time. Simulation results show the efficiency and scalability of the proposed approach.

An overview of internet engineering task force mobility management protocols: approaches and its challenges

<p><span lang="EN-US">In recent years, internet protocol mobility management has become one of the most popular research areas in networking. Mobility management protocols are in charge of preserving continuing communications as a user roam between different networks. All existing internet protocols (IP), like MIPv6, and PMIPv6, rely on a centralized mobility anchor to control mobile node traffic and signaling. The disadvantages of centralized mobility management (CMM) include ineffectiveness in handling massive volumes of traffic, poor scalability, wasteful use of network resources, and packet delay. When CMM is required to handle mobile media, which demands a huge amount of information and frequently needs quality of services (QoS) such as session continuance and reduced latency, these difficulties become apparent. It drives the need for distributed mobility management protocol (DMM) systems to manage the growing amount of mobile data, the overwhelming of this is video communication. DMM approaches could be regarded as an innovative and effective method to deal with mobility. An overview of the CMM protocol and its drawbacks are analyzed. This study examines the various DMM protocol techniques and their performance metrics are compared to highlight similarities and differences. The study reveals the network-based DMM protocol improves overall handoff time and packet loss.</span></p>

Mobility Management Issues and Solutions in 5G-and-Beyond Networks: A Comprehensive Review

The fully accomplished standardization of the new mobile generation has led to the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks to gratify enormous traffic volume for Internet services. The current centralized mobility system could not be sufficient to manage an explosive increase in data volume and is considered a steadily rising issue in modern wireless communication. A new technique that can affluently handle traffic problems and completely avoid network breakdown chances is indispensable. Recently, distributed mobility management (DMM) was introduced to overcome the inevitable obstacles that destructively impact the existing networks. Specifically, a novel design based on the deployment of distributed mobility anchors, closer to the terminal points, was introduced. Several works have been proposed to build DMM solutions with different focuses for 5G-and-beyond networks (B5G), which are also referred to as sixth-generation solutions (6G). In this paper, we present the potential and benefits of flat network design for efficient and fast routing of traffic and furnish the effectiveness of the scheme toward mobility management in B5G by delineating recent research works. We also present the current limitations, challenges, and future research directions for seamless mobility to achieve the desired objectives in the current 5G and upcoming 6G cellular communications.

Beyond 5G: Reducing the handover rate for high mobility communications

The fifth-generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks are expected to support a huge number of mobile devices, roaming seamlessly across very small cells. Consequently, the handover rate for these extremely dense networks is expected to be very high. To reduce the burden caused by rapid handover requests, and to support a massive number of highly mobile devices in 5G and beyond networks, this study suggests using proximity-based clusters as nomadic cells integrated with Aerial Access Networks (AANs). These nomadic cells are formed by two-levels hierarchical partitioning of the mobile devices into proximity-based clusters. Previous distributed mobility management schemes are not sufficiently efficient to support the handover rate expected for 5G and beyond networks. Due to their high computational complexity, previous group-based methods are not applicable for real-time services. In contrast to these schemes, the proposed scheme is scalable with the number of devices. Moreover, the creation of a mobility group raises practical as well as security and privacy issues that were overlooked by previous schemes. These issues are addressed in this study.

Proxy-Based Hierarchical Distributed Mobility Management for Tactical Networks

An important requirement in a military domain is a highly reliable mobility management method, especially when components of the networks are moving in tactical network environments. To increase reliability, the mobility management technology of the tactical network should be able to reflect the characteristics of the tactical network, such as a limited environment, failure, and hierarchical unit structure. In this paper, we propose a proxy-based hierarchical distributed mobility management scheme, which is highly focused on tactical networks. Considering the characteristics of tactical networks, the proposed scheme is composed of the following: 1) a proxy-based method, 2) a distributed mobility management method that synchronizes a mobility database between entities, and 3) a method of managing mobility by dividing the tactical network into upper and lower layers. Mathematical analysis and modeling and simulation results demonstrate that the method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art method in overcoming entity failure, handover cost, and delay in tactical environments.

An MIH-enhanced fully distributed mobility management (MF-DMM) solution for real and non-real time CVBR traffic classes in mobile internet

The integration of wireless access networks has progressed rapidly in recent years. Within the mobile communication environment, the operator provides multiple interface options for the mobile node (MN) to switch its connection to any access network during mobility to achieve the quality of service (QoS) for various traffic classes. The conventional centralised mobility management (CMM) scheme lacks reliability, dynamic anchoring and a single point of failure. This stimulates the distributed mobility management (DMM) scheme to handle mobility at the access network rather in a centralised manner. Therefore, in this paper, an IEEE 802.21 media independent handover (MIH) enhanced fully DMM (MF-DMM) solution is proposed for real- and non-real-time constant and variable bit rate (CVBR) traffic classes for mobile internetworking applications. The performance factors of handover delay, packet loss rate, throughput and signalling overheads are compared with the existing CMM scheme. The simulation results prove that the presented MF-DMM technique considerably reduces the handover delay while switching to different access technologies and, thus, achieves seamless connection by managing mobile internet protocol (IP) traffic locally.

Flexible and Distributed Mobility Management for Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Networks: Challenges, Architectures, and Approaches

Integrated terrestrial-satellite networks (lTSNs) are envisioned to provide seamless broadband services through evolving terrestrial B5G/6G cellular systems and emerging mega satellite constellations. The inherent dual mobility (i.e., satellites and ubiquitous mobile users) and highly overlapped satellite footprints in such ITSNs may result in massive and frequent handovers. This increases handover delays, signaling overheads, and decision making loads, especially under existing fixed, even limited, deployments of ground mobility management functions (MMFs). Thus, a lightweight handover scheme and a mobility management architecture with dynamic MMF configurations are of great significance to guarantee service continuity and management timeliness. Specifically, this article proposes mobility management architectures with an augmented reconfigurable management plane on a higher orbit. The architectures can support flexible configurations of space-distributed MMFs for efficient mobility management together with the ground MMFs. Subsequently, to achieve rapid and unified decisions for massive handovers, we design a clustering and game-based handover decision framework including centralized and distributed decision making functions for different conditions. Based on handover procedures, simulation results validate the high performance of the proposed schemes regarding handover delays, signaling overheads, and convergence property. Notably, many academic issues are worthy of further studies under this architecture, such as higher-layer constellation design and inter-layer management structure optimization.

Efficient mobility management in IP networks through three layered MIPv6

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is considered inefficient to support mobility due to larger handover delay and signaling overhead. Therefore, Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) is designed by introducing a Mobile Anchor Point (MAP) in the MIPv6 architecture. The MAP considerably drops the handoff delay and signaling load for mobility management in IPv6. The Three Layered MIPv6 (TLMIPv6), the focus of this paper, is influenced by the benefits of placing MAPs for efficient mobility management. In this model, three MAPs are placed in the architecture to reduce signaling cost and handoff latency. These MAPs are placed hierarchically in a tree like architecture, and the movement of nodes is coordinated by different MAP based on nodes’ movement patterns. The behavior of the proposed model is simulated under various traffic scenarios and mobility conditions and compared with MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and Flow Based Distributed Mobility Management (FBDM) protocols. The results depict that when users are less mobile or confined their movements to a small geographical area, the proposed TLMIPv6 outperforms MIPv6, HMIPv6, and FBDM in handoff latency and signaling costs. Some suitable application scenarios for adopting TLMIPv6 are also mentioned at the end of the paper. The future scopes of the work are outlined.

Optimized seamless handover scheme with information and decision server‐assisted partially distributed mobility management in heterogeneous 5th generation wireless networks

SummaryExisting mobile network architectures are flatter and employ a centralized mobility management (CMM) scheme, where the entire intelligence is focused on the single‐end, which leads to low scalability, lack of dynamic mobility support, suboptimal routing, and insufficiency to support large volumes of data. The fifth‐generation (5G) networks demand high‐speed seamless connections to the best‐connected network irrespective of user position and connectivity. Further, seamless handover has to be carried out between wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), and long‐term evolution (LTE). This paper aims to propose a distributed mobility management (DMM) solution in order to bring the mobility anchor point nearer to the mobile node (MN) to support the acceptable quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) provision to end users. An information and decision server (IDS)‐based partial DMM scheme (IDS‐PDMM) is suggested to support optimized handover in internet protocol (IP)‐based heterogeneous architecture. The IDS estimates the nearest candidate network for MN during handover and thus provides a seamless connection for delay‐sensitive applications. The performance of the presented approach is compared with the existing CMM scheme and the simulation results prove that the IDS‐PDMM efficiently minimizes the handover delay and packet loss rate with guaranteed QoS provision.

Design and implementation of integrated tactical mobility testbed

Abstract In tactical environments, mobility has a significant impact on the performance such as handover delay. In this paper, we design and implement an integrated tactical mobility testbed that consists of (1) host identify protocol module for secure initial registration, (2) Proxy Mobile IPv6-based distributed mobility management module for infrastructure-based mobility cases, and (3) delay/disruption tolerant networking module for opportunistic mobility cases. The implementation and experimental results demonstrate that the integrated testbed can be used to consider diverse tactical mobility scenarios and to evaluate the handover performance.

A Novel Anchor Selection Scheme for Distributed Mobility Management

The number of subscribers in mobile networks is growing rapidly, which challenges the network management and data delivery. The efficient management and routing are key solutions. An important one of the solutions is the Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) that to handles the mobility of subscribers at the edge of mobile networks and load balancing. Otherwise, mobility anchors are distributed across the network, which can manage the handover procedures. In this paper, we propose a novel mobility anchor selection scheme based on the results of a cost function with three factors, to select a suitable cell and anchor for moving subscribers and improve the handover performances of the network. Our results illustrate that the proposed scheme provides significantly enhanced handover performance.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Self organizing distributed mobility management for next generation mobility protocol

Fast handoff convention for fundamental administration of mobile IPv6 situations has for quite some time been an examination territory in logical world. It has been key issue in deployment of distributed mobility management protocol in network. The instrument for computing execution measurements for delay, throughput, and packet loss intensify the assessing connected convention. The stage under the simulative field in accomplice based hierarchical MIPv6 (PHMIPv6) focus to progress in the speed upgrade of handover the executives activities by handing-off some motioning on chosen accomplice nodes before really changing to new access point. The paper introduces new technique called Son, DMM pmipv6, which depends on self-managed protocol dmmpmipv6. Self-organization network system is arranging and respected by a predefined deep learning neural handover algorithm dependent on the mobility management method, to prepare itself to the sorted out association network is utilized for SON rely upon the prepared feed-forward Network. This paper has the concerned over the discovering Traceability of network through the proposed Son and DMM pmipv6.

A Packet Delivery Cost Analysis of a Flow-Enabled Proxy NEMO Scheme in a Distributed Mobility Anchoring Environment

DMM (Distributed Mobility Management) is a present elective worldview for creating a mobility management scheme to discourse the centralized issues in present IP-based mobile environments. The main reason is to enable these schemes to adapt to the present increment in the number of mobile operators, as well as mobile information traffic size, just as the pattern in the mobile Internet towards Industry 4.0 in a flat architecture. Until this point, the advancement of schemes dependent on the DMM-based method is still at fundamental phases in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), as well as there is no present standard set up. With the point of taking advantage of utilizing different interfaces all at once, this paper proposes an enhanced Flow-enabled Proxy NEMO scheme in a Distributed Mobility Anchoring (FPNEMO-DMA) environment. Besides, a mathematical approach is advanced to assess the performance of the proposed FPNEMO-DMA scheme and benchmark with the existing Nemo Basic Support Protocol (NBSP) and Proxy NEMO.

A Seamless Mobility Management Protocol in 5G Locator Identificator Split Dense Small Cells

Network densification with Small Cells (SCs) has emerged as a key technique to increase the 5G network capacity. However, in a densified network, fast mobile nodes will experience frequent handovers with a high signaling load, handover latency, and packet loss, due to the short cell radius. Indeed, Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) protocols aim to solve the shortcomings of centralized mobility management solutions such as poor scalability and non-optimal routing. However, when the cell residence time is short, DMM protocols might suffer from increased costs and limited performance. This paper proposes a localized mobility management protocol in 5G dense SCs, based on the locator identifier separation protocol, local mobility anchoring, and fast handovers concepts. The proposed scheme divides a local domain into several location service areas, each controlled by a local anchor. We provide the analytical models of several handover metrics, namely the average total signaling cost, the data delivery cost, the handover latency, and the packet loss. Numerical and simulation results show significant cost savings, up to 30 percent in signaling overhead, up to 53 percent of packet loss, and up to 90 percent of processing load reduction at the core of the network compared to the existing lisp mobile node protocol.

ARCFIRE: Experimentation with the Recursive InterNetwork Architecture

European funded research into the Recursive Inter-Network Architecture (RINA) started with IRATI, which developed an initial prototype implementation for OS/Linux. IRATI was quickly succeeded by the PRISTINE project, which developed different policies, each tailored to specific use cases. Both projects were development-driven, where most experimentation was limited to unit testing and smaller scale integration testing. In order to assess the viability of RINA as an alternative to current network technologies, larger scale experimental deployments are needed. The opportunity arose for a project that shifted focus from development towards experimentation, leveraging Europe’s investment in Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE+) infrastructures. The ARCFIRE project took this next step, developing a user-friendly framework for automating RINA experiments. This paper reports and discusses the implications of the experimental results achieved by the ARCFIRE project, using open source RINA implementations deployed on FIRE+ Testbeds. Experiments analyze the properties of RINA relevant to fast network recovery, network renumbering, Quality of Service, distributed mobility management, and network management. Results highlight RINA properties that can greatly simplify the deployment and management of real-world networks; hence, the next steps should be focused on addressing very specific use cases with complete network RINA-based networking solutions that can be transferred to the market.

Analyzing Handover Performances of Mobility Management Protocols in Ultra-dense Networks

To deal with the exponential increase of mobile data traffic, ultra-dense network (UDN) has been evolved as a promising solution for the forthcoming fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. In UDN, a mobile terminal (MT) experiences frequent handovers due to limited coverage regions of the deployed small cells. Such frequent handovers cause increased packet loss and blocking rate if the handover latency is very high. The handover latency explicitly depends on the layer 3 handover mechanisms of upper layer mobility management protocols (MMPs) as well as handover execution mechanisms (HEMs) operating at layer 2. The HEMs also have significant impact on layer 3 handover latency. Despite such dependencies, existing handover performance evaluations of MMPs do not adequately consider the effect of HEMs. In this work, we analyze the handover performances of different class of MMPs considering the effect of underlying HEMs in terms of handover latency, handover packet loss and handover blocking rate. For analysis purpose, we consider a network layer MMP namely fast mobile IPv6, a transport layer MMP namely seamless IP diversity based generalized mobility architecture, and a distributed mobility management protocol as candidate MMPs. Here hard and semisoft handovers have been considered as underlying HEMs. Our analysis reveal the conditional effect of underlying HEMs on the handover performances of upper layer MMPs. Further, based on such analysis, we prioritize among different combinations of MMPs and HEMs employing analytic hierarchy process. Such priority assignment would serve as a protocol selector in UDN scenario.

A flattened architecture for distributed mobility management in IPv6 networks

A flattened architecture for distributed mobility management in IPv6 networks