Distributed Mobility Management Scheme Research Articles

Distributed Mobility Management Support for Low-Latency Data Delivery in Named Data Networking for UAVs

Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a promising architecture to overcome the limitations of the conventional Internet Protocol (IP) architecture, particularly in terms of mobility, security, and data availability. However, despite the advantages it offers, producer mobility management remains a significant challenge for NDN, especially for moving vehicles and emerging technologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), known for their high-speed and unpredictable movements, which makes it difficult for NDN to maintain seamless communication. To solve this mobility problem, we propose a Distributed Mobility Management Scheme (DMMS) to support UAV mobility and ensure low-latency content delivery in NDN architecture. DMMS utilizes decentralized Anchors to forward proactively the consumer’s Interest packets toward the producer’s predicted location when handoff occurs. Moreover, it introduces a new forwarding approach that combines the standard and location-based forwarding strategy to improve forwarding efficiency under producer mobility without changing the network structure. Using a realistic scenario, DMMS is evaluated and compared against two well-known solutions, namely MAP-ME and Kite, using the ndnSIM simulations. We demonstrate that DMMS achieves better results compared to Kite and MAP-ME solutions in terms of network cost and consumer quality-of-service metrics.

A study of routing-based distributed mobility management in supporting seamless data transmission in smart cities

<p>The current trend of people having their multimedia-capable wireless and mobile devices roam within highly urbanized areas (i.e., smart cities) has led to the wide deployment of overlapping heterogeneous wireless network technologies. In this regard, various challenges have emerged, such as the number of mobile devices that connect or disconnect a wireless network domain, the diversity of time of their connections, frequent handovers as mobile devices frequently change their locations, the heterogeneity of wireless network technologies, cooperation challenges between the overlapping heterogeneous wireless network technologies, the increasing volume of multimedia traffic, security and privacy issues, and many more. This paper focuses on the deployment of a routing-based distributed mobility management (DMM) scheme to address the constraints and limitations of centralized wireless architectures for smart cities. The comparative analysis with centralized mobility management solutions shows significant alleviation in performance as to handover latency and packet losses, thus providing seamless handovers to maintain quality of service (QoS) for multimedia services.</p>

Beyond 5G: Reducing the handover rate for high mobility communications

The fifth-generation (5G) and beyond cellular networks are expected to support a huge number of mobile devices, roaming seamlessly across very small cells. Consequently, the handover rate for these extremely dense networks is expected to be very high. To reduce the burden caused by rapid handover requests, and to support a massive number of highly mobile devices in 5G and beyond networks, this study suggests using proximity-based clusters as nomadic cells integrated with Aerial Access Networks (AANs). These nomadic cells are formed by two-levels hierarchical partitioning of the mobile devices into proximity-based clusters. Previous distributed mobility management schemes are not sufficiently efficient to support the handover rate expected for 5G and beyond networks. Due to their high computational complexity, previous group-based methods are not applicable for real-time services. In contrast to these schemes, the proposed scheme is scalable with the number of devices. Moreover, the creation of a mobility group raises practical as well as security and privacy issues that were overlooked by previous schemes. These issues are addressed in this study.

Proxy-Based Hierarchical Distributed Mobility Management for Tactical Networks

An important requirement in a military domain is a highly reliable mobility management method, especially when components of the networks are moving in tactical network environments. To increase reliability, the mobility management technology of the tactical network should be able to reflect the characteristics of the tactical network, such as a limited environment, failure, and hierarchical unit structure. In this paper, we propose a proxy-based hierarchical distributed mobility management scheme, which is highly focused on tactical networks. Considering the characteristics of tactical networks, the proposed scheme is composed of the following: 1) a proxy-based method, 2) a distributed mobility management method that synchronizes a mobility database between entities, and 3) a method of managing mobility by dividing the tactical network into upper and lower layers. Mathematical analysis and modeling and simulation results demonstrate that the method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art method in overcoming entity failure, handover cost, and delay in tactical environments.

An MIH-enhanced fully distributed mobility management (MF-DMM) solution for real and non-real time CVBR traffic classes in mobile internet

The integration of wireless access networks has progressed rapidly in recent years. Within the mobile communication environment, the operator provides multiple interface options for the mobile node (MN) to switch its connection to any access network during mobility to achieve the quality of service (QoS) for various traffic classes. The conventional centralised mobility management (CMM) scheme lacks reliability, dynamic anchoring and a single point of failure. This stimulates the distributed mobility management (DMM) scheme to handle mobility at the access network rather in a centralised manner. Therefore, in this paper, an IEEE 802.21 media independent handover (MIH) enhanced fully DMM (MF-DMM) solution is proposed for real- and non-real-time constant and variable bit rate (CVBR) traffic classes for mobile internetworking applications. The performance factors of handover delay, packet loss rate, throughput and signalling overheads are compared with the existing CMM scheme. The simulation results prove that the presented MF-DMM technique considerably reduces the handover delay while switching to different access technologies and, thus, achieves seamless connection by managing mobile internet protocol (IP) traffic locally.

Optimized seamless handover scheme with information and decision server‐assisted partially distributed mobility management in heterogeneous 5th generation wireless networks

SummaryExisting mobile network architectures are flatter and employ a centralized mobility management (CMM) scheme, where the entire intelligence is focused on the single‐end, which leads to low scalability, lack of dynamic mobility support, suboptimal routing, and insufficiency to support large volumes of data. The fifth‐generation (5G) networks demand high‐speed seamless connections to the best‐connected network irrespective of user position and connectivity. Further, seamless handover has to be carried out between wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), and long‐term evolution (LTE). This paper aims to propose a distributed mobility management (DMM) solution in order to bring the mobility anchor point nearer to the mobile node (MN) to support the acceptable quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) provision to end users. An information and decision server (IDS)‐based partial DMM scheme (IDS‐PDMM) is suggested to support optimized handover in internet protocol (IP)‐based heterogeneous architecture. The IDS estimates the nearest candidate network for MN during handover and thus provides a seamless connection for delay‐sensitive applications. The performance of the presented approach is compared with the existing CMM scheme and the simulation results prove that the IDS‐PDMM efficiently minimizes the handover delay and packet loss rate with guaranteed QoS provision.

Distributed Mobility Management Scheme for All IP Based Next Generation Heterogeneous Networks

Distributed Mobility Management Scheme for All IP Based Next Generation Heterogeneous Networks

A Distributed Mobility Management Scheme based on Software Defined Networks

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, monthly, and scientific research journal for scientists, engineers, research scholars, and academicians, which gains a foothold in Asia and opens to the world, aims to publish original, theoretical and practical advances in Computer Science,Information Technology, Engineering (Software, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics & Electrical), and all interdisciplinary streams of Computing Sciences. It intends to disseminate original, scientific, theoretical or applied research in the field of Computer Sciences and allied fields. It provides a platform for publishing results and research with a strong empirical component. It aims to bridge the significant gap between research and practice by promoting the publication of original, novel, industry-relevant research.

Distributed mobility management with ID/locator split network-based for future 5G networks

The challenge to provide seamless mobility in the near future emerges as a key issue. By a brief analysis of the drawbacks of existing mobility management mechanisms, this paper presents the essential reasons why the traditional network model employing the IP protocol cannot provide mobility support for the end-host. This paper produces a distributed mobility management scheme with ID (identification)/locator split network-based, named IDN. It can provide more efficient mobility performance without Triangle Routing. By applying the IDN scheme to the legacy network, the hierarchy of the legacy network can be evolved into one layer ASN architecture instead of 2 layers. A mobility protocol performance analysis model is created, which is applied for a performance comparison between IDN scheme and the other existing mobility protocols. The simulation results show that the IDN scheme can save resources due to elimination of the Triangle Routing up to 18–64%. A qualitative comparison among those main existing network-based approaches is proposed, such as locator/ID separation protocol (LISP) and distributed mobility management (DMM) approaches. The four main weaknesses of host-based mobility management protocols can be overcame by the IDN scheme.

A Bursty Multi-node Handover scheme for mobile internet using the partially Distributed Mobility Management (BMH–DMM) architecture

In the wireless network and mobile internet, several mobile nodes (MNs) may handover from the same previous network X to the same destination network Y at the same time. However, currently proposed Distributed Mobility Management (DMM)-based protocol mainly focus on the handover processing of a single MN’s handover. It causes many redundant messages’ exchanging when multiple MNs do handover at the same time. In this paper, a Bursty Multi-node Handover scheme for mobile internet using the partially Distributed Mobility Management (BMH–DMM) architecture is proposed to tackle the aforementioned problem. Using the proposed BMH–DMM method, one set of control messages for handover is used instead of n sets of control messages for a group that has n MNs. The performance analysis shown that when the number of MNs that perform handover at the same time and in the same place is increased, the handover overhead is not increased so much, for which the proposed BMH–DMM method can reduce about 30% bandwidth consumption for exchanging handover’s signaling messages. Furthermore, the network utilization, handover delay, packet loss, handover blocking probability of using the proposed BMH–DMM scheme are also smaller than that of using the individual handover approach.

Robust Mobility Management Scheme in Tactical Communication Networks

In a tactical communication network (TCN), it is important during military operations to provide timely and accurate information transmission. Accordingly, mobility management plays a key role in supporting the mobility and connectivity of mobile nodes (MNs). In battlefield environments, the intermediate nodes(INs), such as a backbone node or an access node, can due to enemy attack be partially or completely damaged. In order to solve these issues, different distributed mobility management (DMM) schemes have been introduced. However, the existing DMM schemes do not offer any efficient solution to maintain the ongoing communication sessions of MNs associated with a destroyed IN. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a robust mobility management scheme for TCNs. The proposed scheme not only enables the disconnected MNs to attach to a new IN, but by creating IP tunnels, also maintains their ongoing communication sessions. In order to evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme, we develop a physical test-bed environment. With the help of mathematical and experimental results, we show that the proposed scheme outperforms the legacy schemes in terms of service availability, network throughput, and first packet arrival time.

Distributed Group-Based Mobility Management Scheme in Wireless Body Area Networks

For group-based mobility management in 6LoWPAN-based wireless body area networks (WBAN), some schemes using the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP) have been proposed. However, the existing PMIP-based mobility schemes tend to induce large registration delay and handover delay. To overcome such limitations, we propose a new distributed group-based mobility management scheme, in which the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) function is implemented by each Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and the handover operation is performed between two neighboring MAGs without the help of LMA. Besides, each MAG maintains the information of the group of mobile sensors and aggregates the Authentication-Authorization-Accounting (AAA) query messages for a group of mobile sensors as a “single” message to decrease the control overhead. By numerical analysis, it is shown that the proposed scheme can reduce the registration and handover delays, compared to the existing PMIP-based mobility schemes.

A Comparative Study on PMIPv6 and Partially DMM Network Architecture

With the increasing volumes of mobile data traffic and massive increase in the number of interconnected devices, especially on demand for “imperceptible latency” with tactile internet, and nearly 100% reliability with Internet of Thing service [1], IMT-2020 (5G) provides a Fifth-Generation (5G) system to meet new and unprecedented demands. Along with these objectives, distributed mobility management (DMM) has recently emerged as a new paradigm to design a flat and flexible mobility architecture, allowing traffic to be broken out locally closer to the edge (i.e., offloading the network core) and exploiting the use of different gateways for traffic with different connectivity and mobility requirements. Apparently, the DMM approach is a suitable candidate for mobility management in future 5G dense deployments [2]. A number of distributed mobility management schemes have been proposed in literature. For the requirements and DMM network architecture issue, Liu et al. [35] defined the requirements and provided a flattened 3GPP network mechanism, while Chan `et al. [6] introduced several SIPTO/LIPA scenarios based on DMM. For the Mobile Node’s (MN) location management issue, Giust et al. [2,7] and Bernardos et al. [8] proposed a method by querying the Central Mobility Database (CMD) and Software Define Network (SDN) and Domain Name System (DNS) server to acquire the MN’s location information. Kim et al. [9] and Jung et al. [10] proposed a multicast or point-to-point search mechanism to find an MN’s location. For the MN’s data flow issue, Sun et al. [11] presented a novel solution that supported different IP data flow by multiple IP interface. However, those proposed mechanisms did not give a specific implementation mechanism and feasibility analysis. For the performance analysis issue, Shin et al. [12] analyzed the simulation data which showed DMM mechanism is more suitable for sensitive delay and tolerance than Proxy MIPv6. Giust et al. [13] and Kim et al. [14-15] showed signal control and data transmission cost analysis. However, those performances are all cost-based analyses, which are short of the comprehensive and systematic study. 1

PMIPv6 네트워크에서 사용자 기반의 향상된 분산형 이동성 관리 기법

PMIPv6 네트워크에서 사용자 기반의 향상된 분산형 이동성 관리 기법

Timer-Based Bloom Filter Aggregation for Reducing Signaling Overhead in Distributed Mobility Management

Distributed mobility management (DMM) is a promising technology to address the mobile data traffic explosion problem. Since the location information of mobile nodes (MNs) are distributed in several mobility agents (MAs), DMM requires an additional mechanism to share the location information of MNs between MAs. In the literature, multicast or distributed hash table (DHT)-based sharing methods have been suggested; however they incur significant signaling overhead owing to unnecessary location information updates under frequent handovers. To reduce the signaling overhead, we propose a timer-based Bloom filter aggregation (TBFA) scheme for distributing the location information. In the TBFA scheme, the location information of MNs is maintained by Bloom filters at each MA. Also, since the propagation of the whole Bloom filter for every MN movement leads to high signaling overhead, each MA only propagates changed indexes in the Bloom filter when a pre-defined timer expires. To verify the performance of the TBFA scheme, we develop analytical models on the signaling overhead and the latency and devise an algorithm to select an appropriate timer value. Extensive simulation results are given to show the accuracy of analytical models and effectiveness of the TBFA scheme over the existing DMM scheme.

Design and performance evaluation of distributed mobility management schemes for network mobility

Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) is a current alternative paradigm for developing IP mobility management schemes to address the centralised mobility management problems in existing IP mobility management schemes. This is to allow these schemes to cope with the current increase in the number of mobile users and mobile data traffic volume, as well as the trend in the mobile Internet towards a flat architecture. To date, schemes׳ development based on DMM approach is still at preliminary stages in the IETF, and there is no current standard in place. In this paper, we develop network-based DMM schemes for the Network Mobility (NEMO). The schemes are developed for non-nested and nested NEMO scenarios – with the goal of mitigating the sub-optimal routing, high packet overhead and packet delivery latency, especially in a nested NEMO scenario, due to the employment of a centralized mobility management approach in NEMO. Additionally, the proposed scheme improves the packet delivery and location update (i.e., binding update) costs. The paper presents in detail the schemes’ design, operation mechanism, and the performance evaluation (through analytical and simulation in ns-2). Both the analytical and simulation results show that the proposed schemes yield a significant improvement – in terms of reducing packet overhead and packet delivery latency, as well as binding update and packet delivery costs.

Distributed mobility management in named data networking

AbstractThe information‐centric networking concept was proposed to fulfill the scalability and efficiency requirements of the content‐centric Internet in the future. Among the multiple information‐centric networking proposals, Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the most important representatives. NDN uses a hierarchical name to identify the data after which the on‐path cache can be deployed to improve the efficiency of data retrieval. However, with the development of mobile Internet, how to extend NDN in the mobile environment to enable efficient and scalable mobility management remains a challenge. We propose a distributed mobility management scheme for both the mobile receiver and the mobile publisher in NDN. Our proposed approach is based on the basic NDN naming and routing principles to select the branching node of the previous and new access locations of the mobile terminal after which the on‐path routing states are dynamically adjusted accordingly. Then we propose a novel analytical model to analyze the performance of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme inherits the scalability and efficiency of NDN in the mobile Internet. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Distributed Mobility Management with Distributed Routing Management at Access Routers for Network-Based Mobility Support

Currently existing IP mobility management protocols deploy a centralized anchor to manage mobility of the mobile nodes in both control- and data-planes. As a result the data traffic and mobility control signaling for all the mobile nodes registered in the network are handled by the centralized mobility anchor. Considering the ever increasing number of mobile users and mobile data traffic volume, the centralized mobility management approach presents performance drawbacks, such as low scalability, traffic bottleneck, and single point of failure. Furthermore, this approach causes non-optimal routing and creates significant delays on packets, especially when the two communicating nodes are close to each other yet far from the mobility anchor. However, mobility management schemes developed based on a distributed mobility management (DMM) approach can overcome these limitations. In this paper, we present a network-based DMM scheme which eliminates the drawbacks of the centralized mobility management approach such as the traffic bottlenecks and single point of failure. Furthermore, our proposed scheme optimizes the route for ongoing mobile node communication(s), such that both handover and newly established communications are optimally routed. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed schemes yield a significant improvement with respect to the currently proposed DMM schemes--in terms of reducing packet delivery cost, tunneling cost, and total cost as well as end-to-end packet delivery delay and handover delay.

Design and evaluation of distributed and dynamic mobility management approach based on PMIPv6 and MIH protocols

The drawbacks of centralized mobility management (CMM) schemes, such as scalability, non-optimal routes, and single points of failure, led to the development of a distributed mobility management (DMM) scheme. The new DMM paradigm proposes a flatter system by moving the mobility functionalities closer to the user and distributing the control and data planes at the edge of the access network. The DMM involves two approaches: partially DMM (P-DMM), in which only the data plane is distributed while the control plane is kept centralized, and fully DMM (F-DMM), where both the control and the data planes are distributed. In this paper, we present in detail the design and operation of a proposed F-DMM approach based on the existing PMIPv6 and media independent handover protocols. We have also developed an analytical model used for comparative performance analysis of CMM, P-DMM, and F-DMM. The analytical model includes the signaling cost, data cost, tunneling cost, processing cost, handover latency, and packet loss. The numerical results show that the DMM outperforms the CMM in terms of mobility costs while the proposed F-DMM outperforms CMM and P-DMM in terms of handover latency and packet loss. Moreover, the results obtained prove the advantages of the dynamic mobility support of DMM, where the proposed approach provides better performance for a large number of corresponding nodes.

EPD-NEMO: efficient PMIPv6-based distributed network mobility management

Current network mobility management protocols allow users to access broadband Internet while moving in vehicles or from vehicles to fixed locations without breaking ongoing sessions. These protocols rely on a central mobility anchor such as home agent or local mobility anchor. Thus, some issues, including a single point of failure, long handover delay, and scalability, are exposed in these existing approaches. Ever-increasing demand for mobile Internet traffic changes the mobile network from a hierarchical architecture to a flat architecture and distributed schemes are being researched for the purpose of adapting to new flat architecture and overcoming the aforementioned issues. In this paper, we do a survey of existing network mobility management protocols, current solutions for distributed mobility management, and present an efficient PMIPv6-based distributed network mobility management scheme. The proposed scheme consists of characteristics of distributed mobility management and a new handover mechanism to reduce the packet delivery overhead while keeping seamless Internet access to users in vehicles. By numerical analysis, we prove that our new approach improves service disruption time and packet delivery cost compared to exiting solutions under various environment conditions.