Distribution In Poland Research Articles

Spatial patterns of vascular plant species richness in Poland: Relations among species group richness and hot spot distribution

Knowledge of spatial patterns of species richness (SR) is highly relevant for theoretical research in ecology and the development of conservation plans. In Poland, despite a long tradition of botanical surveys, vascular plant SR has not been mapped, nor have the correlations in richness among different plant species groups been explored at the entire country scale. Here, we used a recently published data set to examine spatial patterns and relationships among the joined SR of vascular plant species, including native species, archaeophytes, neophytes, and species with high conservation value (i.e., red-list species). The basic spatial unit employed was a 10 × 10 km grid from the Atlas of Distribution of Vascular Plants in Poland (ATPOL). We found that SR of native species and archaeophytes, neophytes, and red-list species were positively correlated. The main patterns of SR and the percentage of particular groups in the joined SR were based on three components: (1) gradient of overall SR, (2) invasion level, and (3) peculiarity of flora in some regions resulting from the high number and proportion of rare species that often have high conservation value (red-list species). In general, northeastern Poland was species-poor, while the Carpathian Mountain range, the uplands in southern Poland, and some parts of Wisła River valley had the highest SR concentrations. e location of SR hotspots usually did not overlap with the existing national parks system. The correlations among native SR, high conservation value species, and neophyte SR suggest that biological invasions are among the most important threats to vascular plant diversity in Poland. Finally, despite likely biases in SR assessments, we demonstrated that the presented maps seem to reflect general ecological gradients influencing vascular plant distribution in Poland.

Hospital distribution in Polish provinces as a factor of smart living

The primary aim of this research paper is to investigate the distribution of hospitals across different regions in Poland. It provides an in-depth analysis of hospital distribution in Poland, emphasizing the significance of taking into account factors such as population size and accessibility when assessing the quantity of hospitals as a determinant of quality of life in a smart city. This analysis is based on data concerning hospital operations in Poland spanning the years 2012 to 2021. It explores a range of indicators, including the number of hospitals per province, the ratio of hospitals per 1,000 square kilometers within a province's geographical area, and the relationship between the availability of hospitals and the GDP per capita. One noteworthy aspect of this paper is its utilization of cluster analysis to identify groups of provinces that exhibit similarities with respect to these indicators. Surprisingly, the research findings challenge the conventional division of regions into "Poland A" and "Poland B" based on wealth. Instead, the study reveals an unexpected outcome: a positive correlation of 0.81 between the number of hospitals and GDP per capita. This suggests that more prosperous provinces tend to have a greater number of hospitals available.

Signatures of local adaptation to current and future climate in phenology-related genes in natural populations of Quercus robur

BackgroundLocal adaptation is a key evolutionary process that enhances the growth of plants in their native habitat compared to non-native habitats, resulting in patterns of adaptive genetic variation across the entire geographic range of the species. The study of population adaptation to local environments and predicting their response to future climate change is important because of climate change.ResultsHere, we explored the genetic diversity of candidate genes associated with bud burst in pedunculate oak individuals sampled from 6 populations in Poland. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity was assessed in 720 candidate genes using the sequence capture technique, yielding 18,799 SNPs. Using landscape genomic approaches, we identified 8 FST outliers and 781 unique SNPs in 389 genes associated with geography, climate, and phenotypic variables (individual/family spring and autumn phenology, family diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and survival) that are potentially involved in local adaptation. Then, using a nonlinear multivariate model, Gradient Forests, we identified vulnerable areas of the pedunculate oak distribution in Poland that are at risk from climate change.ConclusionsThe model revealed that pedunculate oak populations in the eastern part of the analyzed geographical region are the most sensitive to climate change. Our results might offer an initial evaluation of a potential management strategy for preserving the genetic diversity of pedunculate oak.

The relative persistence of income inequality and intra-generational income mobility in Poland during and after the Great Financial Crisis (2008-2015)

Poland has experienced a very sharp rise in income and wealth inequality after the economic transition. We measure the relative persistence of income inequality and intra-generational income mobility in Poland during the period 2008-2015. Our research is based on the panel survey data, our subsample includes 501 households. To measure the persistence of income inequality we calculate Shorrocks’s R coefficient. We find that if inequality is measured by the Gini index the relative persistence of income inequality in Poland is similar to Western Europe. In the case of the Theil index and the Mean Log Deviation (MLD), the relative persistence is higher than in a majority of Western Europe countries and similar to the United Kingdom or the United States. The income distribution in Poland is rather stable. Income mobility is lowest at the bottom and at the top of the income distribution. In the middle (3rd) quintile upward mobility is higher than downward mobility. The short-term income mobility in Poland has not changed during and after the Great Financial Crisis and is still medium in comparison with the rest of Europe.

Who Controls the National Academic Promotion System: An Analysis of Power Distribution in Poland

In studying the performance of academic systems, one often tries to find out—by inspecting some well-defined parameters—how specific changes in the legal system influence the volume and quality of desired outputs, such as publications, patents, or alumni. This mechanistic approach neglects the fact that the main actors in this spectacle are not passive, but have their own priorities, and actively self-organize in response to any changes in their professional environment. In this contribution, we investigate such collective social behavior using the data for academic promotions in Poland in the years 2011 to 2020. Focusing on degrees higher than the PhD, we analyzed over 12,500 habilitation (= higher doctorate) and over 3,000 professorship applications, extracting personal data on academic promotion panel membership along with official roles on the panels. These details were then linked with data on the personal make-up of three consecutive terms of the central body overseeing academic promotions in Poland, Centralna Komisja do Spraw Stopni i Tytułów (“Central Board for Degrees and Titles”). As a result, we were able to identify a privileged group of individuals who controlled a substantial majority of academic promotions beyond the PhD degree by virtue of being part of the Central Board. We found that this relatively small group of academics held dominant control over academic promotions by repeatedly serving on promotion panels. Thus, despite the well-meaning intentions of the reformists who had designed it, the Polish system of academic promotions in the past decade can hardly be regarded as based on pure merit.

1351. A Retrospective Database Study of Lyme Borreliosis Incidence and Distribution in Poland from 2015 to 2019

Abstract Background Lyme borreliosis (LB), a tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, has been subject to mandatory public health surveillance since 1996 in Poland. Here, the incidence, temporal trends, and geographical distribution of LB and its manifestations in Poland are described for the period 2015-2019. Methods This retrospective incidence study of LB and its manifestations in Poland was based on the data sent to the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH-NIH–NRI) by district sanitary-epidemiological stations using the electronic Epidemiological Records Registration System and data from the National Database on Hospitalization. LB and its manifestations were reported in two categories- probable and confirmed (through laboratory tests). Incidence rates were calculated using the population data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland. Results In Poland, a total of 94,715 cases of LB with an overall mean incidence of 49.3 cases per 100,000 population were reported between 2015-2019. Cases increased from 2015 (11,945) to 2016 (20,857), and then remained stable through 2019. LB was more common among women (55.7%). The highest incidence rates occurred among >50-year-olds, with a peak in 65-69-year-olds. 48,717 persons with LB were hospitalized in the 5-year period, with higher number of hospitalizations in age groups 55-69 years old. Erythema migrans and Lyme arthritis were the most common manifestations of LB with incidence rates of 36.2 and 15.8 per 100,000 population, respectively. EM accounted for approximately 74% of all manifestations of LB. The highest number of cases were recorded in the 3rd and 4th quarters of the year (July – December). Incidence rates in the East and Northeastern regions (Podlaskie, Lubelskie, and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodeships) of the country were higher than the national average. These regions correspond to greater forest cover and/or agricultural areas. Time trend of LB cases and incidence in Poland, 2015-2019. Conclusion LB is endemic in all regions of Poland, and many regions reported high incidence rates. LB is reported year-round in Poland. Thus, large variations in temporal and spatially granular incidence rates highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies, such as vaccines. Disclosures Jozica Skufca, Epidemiologist, p95: Paid by Pfizer to perform the study Archana Nagarajan, Ph.D., P95: Paid by Pfizer to perform the study Andreas Pilz, PhD, Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Andrew Vyse, Ph.D., Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Elizabeth Begier, M.D., M.P.H., Pfizer: Employee|Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Mendwas Dzingina, Ph.D., Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds Maxim Blum, Ph.D., P95: Paid by Pfizer to perform the study Margarita Riera, MD, MPH, P95: Paid by Pfizer to perform the study Bradford Gessner, MD, MPH, Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds James Stark, Ph.D., Pfizer: Stocks/Bonds.

A review of faunistic bibliography relating to spiders (Aranae) in Poland

The study provides a comprehensive list of publications concerning data on spider distribution in Poland. A list includes 1089 original papers, book chapters, books, conference papers with original records on spider species from the contemporary territory of Poland. The list was updated as of December 31, 2020.

Early stages and biology of Pyralis cardinalis Kaila, Huemer, Mutanen, Tyllinen et Wikström, 2020 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with comments on its distribution in Poland

Early stages and biology of Pyralis cardinalis Kaila, Huemer, Mutanen, Tyllinen et Wikström, 2020 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with comments on its distribution in Poland

Socioeconomic Determinants of Health and Their Unequal Distribution in Poland

The purpose of this study is to identify inequities in the distribution of socioeconomic determinants of health within Poland and their impact on the health status of Poles, as measured by mortality rate. We hypothesised that (1) there are inequities in the socioeconomic characteristics within geographically defined population groups and (2) some socioeconomic determinants of health have a particularly strong impact on the health status of Poles. Poland is administratively divided into three levels: voivodeships, powiats and gminas. We used a dataset covering all 380 powiats in Poland for the year 2018. We employed a two-stage nested Theil index and Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. In order to identify which of these determinants has the strongest impact on health, we conducted a regression analysis. The study revealed some inequities in the distribution of socioeconomic determinants of health. The mortality rate can be partly understood from variations within voivodeships in the distribution of health determinants. Important national inequalities were found in the case of two determinants, which simultaneously proved their significant impact on Poles’ health in the regression analysis. Thus, type of employment and access to modern infrastructure should be of particular concern for public authorities.

Reverse drug distribution in Poland

Abstract The trade and distribution of drugs or medicines (the two terms are used interchangeably in the paper) has been evolving throughout the history of European pharmacy. In order to ensure that EU citizens are safe, certain legislative measures had to be taken to prevent the illegal trade in drugs. The problem that affects the Polish pharmaceutical market is the illegal export of medicines. The article attempts to analyse the so-called reverse drug distribution, doing so by employing the dogmatic legal method. The paper ends with de lege ferenda suggestions.

Rozkład wielkości firm w Polsce - czy ma zastosowanie prawo potęgowe?

This article focuses on the existence of power laws in the firm-size distribution in Poland. Specifically, we empirically test whether the size distribution of companies in Poland has the characteristics of Zipf ’s law, a special case of power law observed in many different contexts in empirical economic literature. Our analysis uses 2019 data on the 2,000 largest companies in Poland as ranked by the Rzeczpospolita daily newspaper in its “Lista 2000” (Top 2,000 List). We reviewed theoretical mechanisms generating power laws and used several estimators of the power-law exponent in our empirical analysis. Our results confirm statistically significant deviations from Zipf ’s law in the firm-size distribution in Poland. We found evidence that the power law cannot satisfactorily approximate the sales-based distribution of firms.

Poland: history and development trends of the book industry

The article examines the history and some current trends in the book industry in Poland. The origin of the Polish printed book, the formation of the publishing market in modern conditions, the peculiarities of publishing, distribution and reading of the book in Poland are analyzed. The production of Polish books by thematic categories, state support of book publishing is shown.
 It is proved that book distribution in Poland is entirely based on Western advertising technologies, the search for new ways of distributing the book, the dominance of private companies in the book market.

From Asia to Europe? Where Could the Geographical Place of Origin of Polymerus (Pachycentrum) carpathicus (Horváth, 1882) (Hemiptera: Miridae) Be?

This paper presents the first record of a rare species of Miridae, Polymerus (Pachycentrum) carpathicus (Horváth, 1882), in Poland. A broad analysis of its occurrence was conducted, which was based on modelling its potential ecological niche using past and future models, which enabled new and valuable information about the potentially suitable habitats and its possible range of distribution as well as its climatic preferences to be identified. The results of the research indicate that P. (P.) carpathicus prefers habitats in highlands and mountains. This species probably came to Europe from Asia via a postglacial migration and the disjunctive range that characterises P. (P.) carpathicus may be due to a lack of data. Additionally, the key to identifying the Polish species from the subgenera Pachycentrum and Polymerus and maps of their distribution in Poland are also presented.

Occurrence of Rosa blanda Ait. (Rosaceae) in Poland

The article presents the Smooth rose, Rosa blanda Ait. distribution in Poland based on literature data, available herbarium materials, and shared unpublished data. R. blanda is a North American species that is cultivated and has become wild throughout Poland, where it has the status of a domestic, non-invasive kenophyte. This species is rare in Poland. Only 22 sites have been identified (mainly in the central and northwestern part of the country), as created spontaneously or as remaining from old, local cultivations. However, it cannot be excluded that this species will become invasive in the future and will negatively affect native flora species, especially through its ability to cross with other rose species (including invasive R. rugosa Thunb.).

Optimal Labor Income Taxation in Poland - the Case of High Income Earners

In this paper we present solutions to the optimal taxation problem in Poland in the case of high income earners. We characterize the actual data provided by the Polish Tax Authority and show that it is thick-tailed in the upper end of the distribution. Specifically, we show that income distribution in Poland can be approximated with a Pareto distribution with parameter equal to 3:44; which makes the Saez’s formula applicable. We show that the value of the optimal marginal tax rates in Poland ranges between 16% and 60% for high income earners depending on the value of the elasticity with respect to the wage. Moreover, we show that the value of the optimal marginal tax rate for high income earners can be close 60% when one accepts - an empirically viable - relatively low value of the elasticity of labor supply with respect to the wage.

Analysis of Household Income in Poland Based on the Zenga Distribution and Selected Income Inequality Measure

AbstractResearch background:A lot of research has been directed at describing empirical distributions by using a theoretical model. In the literature there are proposals for various types of mathematical functions. In 2010 Zenga proposed a new three-parameter model for economic size distribution which possesses interesting statistical properties which can be used to model income, wealth and financial variables.Purpose:The aim of this paper is to apply the Zenga model to income distributions in Poland by voivodeship.Research methodology:The basis for the calculations presented in the paper has been based on the individual data coming from a random sample obtained within a Household Budget Survey conducted by the central Statistical Office in the year 2014. The parameters estimates of the Zenga distribution were obtained by means of the D’Addario’s invariants methods, mainly with the Pietra index.Results:The results of the conducted approximations, presented in the paper confirmed the good consistency of the Zenga distribution with the empirical income distribution in Poland, both in total and for households.Novelty:The study contributed to the application of a new three-parameter income distribution model to describe income distributions in Poland.

Current Conservation Status of the Fungus Spongipellis spumeus in Poland Revised Based on New Data

The polypore fungus Spongipellis spumeus is red-listed in Poland and in several other European countries. On the basis of published data and seven new locations, we have presented its distribution in Poland. In the country, S. spumeus was recorded primarily in anthropogenic habitats (tree lines along streets and roads, old orchards, parks), and rarely in forest communities. Two tree species (Acer platanoides, Populus alba) is reported here as a new host of S. spumeus in Poland. The declining acreage of alluvial forests and removal of old trees from substitute habitats (e.g. parks or avenues in cities) seem to be major threat factors for this fungus. Based on the new distribution data for S. spumeus in Poland, it should be rather classified as vulnerable (VU) according to IUCN red-listed criteria, than endangered (E) as it currently is. One beetle species i.e. Tetrotoma fungorum was found on the basidiomata of S. spumeus during the study, that may imply the role of the beetle in spreading of this fungus.

The impact of Hollywood majors on the local film industry. The case of Poland

The aim of the article is to investigate the sector of cinema distribution in Poland, especially to identify the degree of concentration within the Polish film distribution market, and to evaluate the effects of the Hollywood dominant position in distribution on the performance of national distribution companies in Poland. The article presents the results of the research carried out between the years 2002–2018. The results of the quantitative research for the film distributors operating in Poland in the analysed period were presented together with market capacity, market share ratios and measures of market concentration (C4 and HHI indices). The study provides empirical evidence on the influence of major US distributor studios on the local film industry. At the same time, it turns out that the concentration on the cinema distribution market in Poland is high and US distributors dominate the Polish film industry. Yet, the research does not confirm that the American oligopoly has had a negative effect on the distribution of national films. As the cinema distribution market in Poland is still poorly recognised by the researchers, the article is a valuable addition to the existing research gap.

Seroprevalence of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in Invasive Non-native American Mink

Invasive non-native species can become reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and cause their spread during colonization, increasing the risk of zoonoses transmission to both wild hosts and humans. American mink (Neovison vison) are considered an important invasive mammal species responsible for carrying endoparasites. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of feral American mink as a possible transmission vector of Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in wildlife. We analysed the frequency of American mink exposure to both parasites, the spatial distribution in Poland, and the variability over time on the basis of specific antibody presence using ELISA and Western blot. Alimentary tract analyses revealed that American mink do not serve as definitive hosts for these parasites. Altogether, 1100 American mink were examined. The average seropositivity for American mink was 14.2% for echinococcosis and 21.7% for toxocarosis; dual-seropositivity was detected in only 6.0%. Seroprevalence of both parasites differed between study sites and significantly increased over time in Toxocara spp. Thus, our study revealed that free-living American mink are exposed to parasites and likely to be involved in the maintenance of both Echinococcus spp. and Toxocara spp. in the wild as paratenic hosts.

Local determinants of the Common Agricultural Policy rural development funds’ distribution in Poland and their spatial implications

Abstract We combine factor analysis and linear regression models to link local determinants of development of agriculture and rural areas with the frequency of applications for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) rural development measures. We use Poland as an example. Our analysis provides insights into spatial implications of incentive-based rural development programs. The results demonstrate that EU rural development policy in Poland remains farm-centric and favors regions of better agricultural structures, thus it tends to deepen the regional disparities in Polish agriculture and rural areas. The level of local agricultural potential is strongly related to the frequency of applying for funds under all analyzed measures, including those that were designed to diversify rural economies and increase the quality of life in rural areas.