Distorted Wave Born Approximation Model Research Articles

The Investigation of the 8Li(α, n)11B Cross Section at Low Energy by a Distorted Wave Born Approximation Model

The Investigation of the 8Li(α, n)11B Cross Section at Low Energy by a Distorted Wave Born Approximation Model

Analysis of alpha elastically scattered by light nuclei applying different models

This paper reports on 4He elastic scattering by [Formula: see text]Li, 9Be and [Formula: see text]B angular distributions analyzed in the optical model (OM) context using Woods–Saxon (WS) potential form and double folding (DF) with distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA), while applying the M3Y approach to the real part and a WS shape to describe the imaginary part of the optical model potential (OMP). Cluster folding (CF) with the DWBA model has also been explored for theoretical data analysis. The coupled reaction channels (CRC) method has been applied to all nuclear systems under consideration where both inelastic scattering and the transfer with elastic scattering have been involved in the analysis of experimental data. The study highlights the overall agreement between the data under the study and the concerned theoretical approaches.

Spatial–Temporal Distribution of the Euphausiid Euphausia pacifica and Fish Schools in the Coastal Southwestern East Sea

The spatial and temporal distribution of euphausiid krill Euphausia pacifica (Crustacea: Malacostraca) and of fish schools were observed along acoustic transects at the southwestern East Sea coastline of Korea. Two-frequency (38- and 120-kHz) acoustic backscatter data were examined from April to July 2010. A decibel identification window (SV 120–38) and school detection algorithm identified Euphausia pacifica and fish schools in the acoustic backscatter, respectively. The E. pacifica was regularly observed in middle of southern waters, where phytoplankton was abundant during spring, and irregularly during summer, when phytoplankton was homogeneously distributed. Using the distorted-wave Born approximation model, the acoustic density we calculated of E. pacifica was higher in spring (April: 75.9 mg m−2, May: 85.3 mg m−2) than in summer (June: 71.4 mg m−2, July: 54.1 mg m−2). The fish schools observed by the acoustic data tended to significantly increase from spring to summer. Although major fish species, such as anchovies and herring, fed on copepods and euphausiids in the survey area, the temporal and spatial distribution of E. pacifica was weakly correlated with the distribution of the fish schools. These findings aid in our understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution dynamics of euphausiids and fish schools in the food web of the coastal southwestern East Sea.

Acoustic characteristics of three bladderless fishes

The acoustic characteristics of bladderless fishes were examined by measuring the target strength (TS) of three species, pointhead flounder (flat-shaped), Arabesque greenling (spindle-shaped) and sandeel (cylinder-shaped). TS measurements were collected in a seawater tank (10 × 6 × 5 m) using the EK80 echo sounder (Simrad, Norway) and ES70-7C transducer (Simrad) over a frequency range of 45–90 kHz with a tether method. After TS measurement of the whole fish, we separated the flesh from the body (for pointhead flounder and arabesque greenling) and measured the TS of the head and bones. Pitch angle characteristics were measured from a head-down orientation (−30 deg) to a head-up orientation (30 deg), and TS was processed using Echoview 9 software (Echoview, Australia). TS patterns were examined with respect to orientation using the distorted-wave Born approximation model. The standard length, width, and height of fish were inputted into the model. The three bladderless fishes tested have different body shapes, meaning different areas are exposed to sound waves at the same body length. Therefore, the relationship between TS and the cross-section of the dorsal aspect of bladderless fish is discussed. [Work supported by the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society.]

ZooScatR-An r package for modelling the scattering properties of weak scattering targets using the distorted wave Born approximation.

A thorough understanding of the scattering characteristics of marine organisms is a prerequisite for robust quantitative fisheries acoustic data processing or interpretation. Target strength models, such as the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) can be used to improve the understanding of field recordings of weakly scattering targets. With acoustic methods now being used by a wide audience, allowing access to such models becomes a necessity. To ease access to the DWBA model, an r package (zooscatr) which includes a web application and the ability to parameterise the model either through the web application, text files, or pure scripting has been developed and is now freely available on Github.

Experimental study on Ti K shell ionization cross sections induced by 8-9.5 keV positrons

Due to lack of experimental data of the inner shell ionization cross sections induced by low-energy positron, advanced theoretical models developed in recent years cannot be correctly evaluated, and the application of slow positron beam technique is greatly limited. Here we present the method of obtaining reliable experiment data of atomic inner-shell ionization cross section by positron impact. In this work, the slow positron beam device is used to generate 8-9.5 keV positron beams impacting on a pure thick Ti target, and the silicon drift detector (SDD) is adopted to collect the X-ray spectra produced by positrons impacting on thick Ti target, and the incident positron numbers are obtained by applying an HPGe detector to on-line collect annihilation photons. Then the experimental characteristic X-ray yields of Ti K shell impacted by 8-9.5 keV positron could be acquired. Meantime, the simulated characteristic X-ray yields are acquired by the PENELOPE program simulating the experiments. In the comparison between the experimental yields and the simulated yields based on two sets of different inner shell ionization cross section database in the PENELOPE code, i.e. the optical data model (ODM) and the distorted-wave Born approximation model (DWBA), there is a large difference between the simulated data from the ODM theoretical model and the experimental values, while the simulated yields from the DWBA theoretical model are in good agreement with the experimental results. Accordingly, a correction factor is introduced to modify the DWBA theoretical model database which is used in the PENELOPE, and then the experimental process is re-simulated. When the simulated yields and the experimental yields are in the highest consistence, the reliable Ti K shell ionization cross sections impacted by 8-9.5 keV positron could be obtained. The biggest advantage of using this method to obtain atomic inner-shell ionization cross section impacted by positron is that the effects of the multiple scattering of incident positrons in the thick target, from the bremsstrahlung and annihilation photons, and other secondary particles on the experimental characteristic X-rays do not need calculating (the calculation method that has been developed previously cannot give the more correct result about the contribution of the multiple scattering of incident positrons, from the bremsstrahlung and annihilation photons, and other secondary particles to characteristic X-rays).

Electron-impact ionization ofNe(2p)andAr(3p)at intermediate energies: Role of the postcollision interaction

We present the absolute triple differential cross section (TDCS) for single ionization of $\mathrm{Ne}(2p)$ at an impact energy of 599.6 eV and $\mathrm{Ar}(3p)$ at 195 eV. The role of the postcollision interaction (PCI) is studied using a high-order distorted-wave Born approximation model with a continuum distorted-waves expansion. Both the second- and third-order effects are considered in the present calculations, and the third-order distorted wave Born approximation model is reported in the $(e,2e)$ reaction. The calculated results show satisfactory agreement with experimental data. The magnitude of the absolute TDCS is enhanced by a factor 2--3 when the strength factor $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ of the PCI amplitude is summarized just from 0 to 2. This proves that the PCI plays an important role in the absolute TDCS of the $(e,2e)$ reaction in the intermediate-energy region.

Numerical assessment of post-prior equivalence for inclusive breakup reactions

We address the problem of the post-prior equivalence in inclusive breakup reactions induced by weakly-bound nuclei. The problem is studied within the DWBA model of Ichimura, Austern, Vincent [Phys. Rev. C32, 431 (1985)]. The post and prior formulas obtained in this model are briefly recalled, and applied to several breakup reactions induced by deuterons and $^6$Li projectiles, to test their actual numerical equivalence. The different contributions of the prior-form formula are also discussed. A critical comparison with the prior-form distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) model of Udagawa and Tamura [Phys. Rev. C24, 1348 (1981)] is also provided.

Acoustic Observation of Zooplankton Using High Frequency Sonar (Observasi Akustik Zooplankton Menggunakan Sonar Frekuensi Tinggi)

Underwater acoustic sampling techniques provide an advantage over traditional net-sampling for zooplankton research. The research presents a methodology for extracting both biological and physical information from high frequency sonar. These methods can easily provide the information that will improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of zooplankton. Measured acoustic data converted into biological organisms and numerical physics-based scattering models were used in this research. The numerical backscattering process was modeled using the Distorted-Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) to predict the amount of sound scattered by a weakly scattering animal. Both acoustic measurement and DWBA modeled scattering patterns showed that acoustic scattering levels are highly dependent on zooplankton orientation. The acoustic backscattering from zooplankton depends on the material properties (i.e. the sound speed and density of the zooplankton), the shape and size, and the orientation relative to the incident acoustic wave. DWBA model significantly improve the accuracy and precision of zooplankton acoustic surveys. Zooplankton data measurement and DWBA model analysis provide a basis for future acoustical studies.

Proton Spectroscopic Factors Deduced from Helium-3 Global Phenomenological and Microscopic Optical Model Potentials

Global phenomenological GDP08 and microscopic helium-3 optical model potentials have been recently derived. We evaluate these two potential sets by comparing the elastic scattering data of 25 MeV 3He on 16O, 18O, 19F, 23Na, 24Mg, 25Mg, 26Mg, 27Al, 28Si, 30Si, 31P, 32S, 34S, 35Cl, 37Cl, and 39K isotopes. Using the deuteron angular distributions calculated with the distorted wave Born approximation model, we extract the ground-state proton spectroscopic factors from (3He, d) reactions on the same set of nuclei. The extracted proton spectroscopic factors are compared with the large-basis shell-model calculations.

Second-order Born calculation of coplanar symmetric (e, 2e) process on Mg

The second-order distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) method is employed to investigate the triple differential cross sections (TDCS) of coplanar doubly symmetric (e, 2e) collisions for magnesium at excess energies of 6 eV–20 eV. Comparing with the standard first-order DWBA calculations, the inclusion of the second-order Born term in the scattering amplitude improves the degree of agreement with experiments, especially for backward scattering region of TDCS. This indicates that the present second-order Born term is capable to give a reasonable correction to DWBA model in studying coplanar symmetric (e, 2e) problems of two-valence-electron target in low energy range.

Study of (e, 2e) process on potassium at 6 eV–60 eV above threshold in a second-order Born approximation

The standard distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) method has been extended to second-order Born amplitude in order to describe the multiple interactions between the projectile and the atomic target. Second-order DWBA calculations have been preformed to investigate the triple differential cross sections (TDCS) of coplanar doubly symmetric (e, 2e) collisions for the alkali target potassium at excess energies of 6 eV–60 eV. Compared with the previous first-order DWBA calculations, the present theoretical model improves the degree of agreement with experiments, especially for the backward scattering angle region of TDCS. This indicates that the present second-order Born term is capable of giving a reasonable correction to the DWBA model in studying coplanar symmetric (e, 2e) problems in low and intermediate energy ranges.

Reaction dynamics and nuclear structure of moderately neutron-rich Ne isotopes by heavy-ion reactions

The heavy-ion reaction 22Ne+208Pb at 128 MeV beam energy has been studied using the PRISMA-CLARA experimental setup at Legnaro National Laboratories. Elastic, inelastic, and one-nucleon transfer differential cross sections are measured and global agreement is obtained with semiclassical and distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations. In particular, the angular distribution of the 2+ state of 22Ne is analyzed by DWBA and a similar calculation is performed for the unstable 24Ne nucleus, using existing data from the reaction 24Ne+208Pb at 182 MeV (measured at SPIRAL with the VAMOS-EXOGAM setup). In both cases the DWBA model gives a good reproduction of the experiment, pointing to a strong reduction of the β2C charge deformation parameter in 24Ne. This follows the trend predicted for the evolution of the quadrupole deformation along the Ne isotopic chain.Received 8 May 2012DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.064621©2012 American Physical Society

Second-order Born effect in coplanar doubly symmetric [formula omitted] collisions for sodium

The second-order distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) method is employed to investigate the triple differential cross sections (TDCS) of coplanar doubly symmetric (e,2e) collisions for alkali target sodium at excess energies of 6–60 eV. Comparing with the first-order DWBA calculations, the inclusion of second-order Born term in the scattering amplitude improves the degree of agreement with experiments, especially for backward scattering region of TDCS. This indicates the present second-order Born term is capable to give a reasonable correction to DWBA model in studying coplanar symmetric (e,2e) problems in low and intermediate energy range.

Second-Order Born Effect in Single Ionization of Argon by Electron Impact

We extend the standard distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) to include the second-order Born amplitude in order to describe the multiple interactions between a projectile and an atomic target. Both the first- and second- order DWBA models are used to calculate triply differential cross sections (TDCS) of coplanar (e, 2e) on atomic argon with the scattered electron energy fixed at 500 eV, the scattering angle at 6° and the ejected electron energies at 37, 74 and 205 eV. Overall agreements with experimental measurements have been obtained in shape, and the second-order DWBA model improves the calculations as expected, especially for recoil peak of TDCS.

Incident-energy dependence of the analyzing power in the58Ni(p,3He)56Co reaction between 80 and 120 MeV

This project looks at the angular distributions of the differential cross sections and analyzing powers of a few low lying states of 56 Co in the reaction 58 Ni(p, 3 He) 56 Co at three different incident energies between 80 and 120 MeV. The measurements are compared with zero-range distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations in which we assume a simple direct two-nucleon pickup process. Earlier inclusive (p, 3 He) reaction studies on similar targets were successfully treated in terms of a statistical pre-equilibrium multistep formalism, in which the final stage of the reaction involved a deuteron pickup, described by means of the DWBA. The analyzing power was shown to be rather sensitive to the contributions of the different order steps. However some features observed in the analyzing powers of these inclusive studies, though reproduced by the theory, are not fully understood. We therefore investigate the ability of the DWBA model to describe the (p, 3 He) pickup reaction to discrete states at different incident energies using a high resolution spectrometer.

Calibration of distorted wave Born approximation for electron impact excitation of Ne and Ar at incident energies below 100 eV

We calibrate the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) for electron impact excitation processes empirically. Differential cross sections (DCSs) for the excitation of the 2p53s, 2p53p, 2p54s and 2p54p configurations of Ne and the 3p54s and 3p54p configurations of Ar by electron impact are calculated using DWBA for incident energies between 20 and 100 eV. The calculated results are compared with the absolute experimental measurements and other theoretical results. We found that the structure of the DCS can be well reproduced by the DWBA model while the magnitude is overestimated for most cases considered here. The differences in magnitude between DWBA and experiment are used to test the calibration of DWBA such that the DWBA can be used to describe laser-induced electron impact excitation processes. These processes are involved in the non-sequential double ionization of atoms in strong laser fields.

Swimming angle and target strength of larval Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus)

The swimming angle of larval Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) was measured in a tank, and target strength (TS) was calculated using a theoretical scattering model. The mean swimming angle was 12.8° (SD ±22.1). Increased speeds of flow led to increased mean swimming angles. The mean swimming angle at flow of 5 cm s−1 was higher than at other speeds. TS values were estimated using a distorted-wave Born approximation model for two cases. Average values were 1–3 cm s−1 (11.5° ± 22.1) and 5 cm s−1 (16.6° ± 21.7) for cases 1 and 2, respectively. For case 1, TS ranged from −92.0 to −74.7 dB with a mean of −79.4 dB at 120 kHz. For case 2, TS ranged from −92.2 to −75.2 dB with a mean of −79.9 dB. The mean TS in case 2 was lower than that in case 1, with the maximum difference being 1.0 dB at 120 kHz (standard length 22.0 mm). However, there were no significant differences between the regression lines of cases 1 and 2. Thus, changes in flow speed altered the swimming angle of larval Japanese anchovy, but had little influence on TS.

Measurements of theK-shell ionization cross sections of Si by 3–25-keV electron impact using the thick-target method

In this paper, the $K$-shell ionization cross sections of Si element in the threshold energy region of 3--25 keV have been measured by using the thick-target method. With the Monte Carlo simulations, the effects of multiple scattering of incident electrons and from the bremsstrahlung photons and other secondary particles in the thick-target method have been discussed. The detection efficiency calibration in the lower-energy region has been performed by using the bremsstrahlung spectra of thick carbon target by electron impact in combination with the use of standard x-ray sources, and the detector thickness parameters have also been determined by a nonlinear least-squares fit. The ill-posed inverse problem involved in the thick-target method has been dealt with by the Tikhonov regularization method. The experimental $K$-shell ionization cross sections for Si element obtained in this paper have also been compared with some theoretical models, and it has been observed that the experimental data in this paper are in good agreement with the theoretical values based on the distorted-wave Born approximation model developed most recently.

The ionization of Mg by electron impact at 1000 eV studied by (e, 2e) experiments

The ionization of Mg 3s and 2p and He 1s has been studied in (e, 2e) experiments at about 1000 eV incident energy and 20 eV ejected electron energy for a momentum transfer between 0.5 and 2.1 au. The comparison with the predictions of the distorted wave Born approximation model shows a generally good agreement between experiment and theory. The differences observed between the He and Mg angular distributions can be explained as an initial state effect and are attributed to the differences between the He 1s and Mg 3s wavefunctions in the momentum space.