Distinction Of Sex Research Articles

Some issues of the status and functioning of the United Nations human rights monitoring mission in Ukraine

Today, the United Nations plays a leading role in the development of international law and cooperation among the world's states. Member states have pledged to realize their rights and fulfill their obligations under the UN Charter. The main objectives of the UN are envisaged in Article 1 of the Charter, where the key provision relating to human rights is reflected in paragraph 3 of Article 1. According to it, the UN aims to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction of race, sex, language or religion [1]. As it can be seen, the Charter only calls on states parties to promote the protection of human rights, without establishing clear obligations to protect and guarantee them.
 Since 2014, i.e. since Russia launched its war against Ukraine, the aggressor has not stopped committing crimes against our country and our people. Russia's actions encroach not only on the sovereignty of our state, but also on human rights and freedoms. Under such circumstances, the international community cannot stand aside from these events. Many international human rights organizations have offices in Ukraine. Among them is the UN. On 31.07.2014, the Government of Ukraine and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights signed an agreement on the deployment of a short-term UN human rights monitoring mission in Ukraine.
 The legal status of UN monitoring missions in legal science has not been the subject of a separate study. Certain aspects of the activities and competence of such missions have been considered in the works of such scholars as I.A. Shumilo [14], F. Megre [13], K. Boyle [12] and others, which are devoted to the coverage of international mechanisms for the protection of human rights and freedoms, the status of the UN General Assembly and the UN Human Rights Council. Therefore, the task set out in this article is to analyze and establish the specifics of the legal status of the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission (hereinafter - the Mission), in particular, the one established for Ukraine, and the limits of the Mission's powers under the UN Charter, UN General Assembly resolutions, and international agreements between UN agencies and Ukraine. Therefore, the relevance of this article is beyond doubt. It has been established that the purpose of the Mission is to facilitate cooperation between the Government of Ukraine and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (hereinafter - OHCHR)[2] and it plays the role of a subsidiary mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms within the UN. The conclusions of the mission will undoubtedly serve as a convincing additional evidence base for Ukraine in international judicial and other bodies in protecting its interests and establishing the guilt of the Russian Federation for actions committed against our country.

Epidemio-Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Digestive Surgical Emergencies at Fousseyni Daou Hospital in Kayes

Introduction: According to the WHO, digestive surgical emergencies are abdominal pain lasting a few hours or days (les s than three) and which are related to a surgical pathology requiring emergency treatment. Digestive surgical emergencies are pathologies which occupy an important place in surgery due to their high frequency, their difficult management, and their high mortality and morbidity rate. Objective: Study the epidemio-clinical and therapeutic aspects of digestive surgical emergencies à the Fousseyni Daou in Kayes Hospital. Patients et Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study from March 2022 to March 2023 in the general surgery department of Fousseyni Daou Hospitol in Kayes. We included in this study all patients operated on for a digestive surgical emergency without distinction of sex or age. Results: The frequency of digestive surgical emergencies was 42.53%. The 10-20 year old age group was most represented with 37%. Abdominal pain was the most fréquent reason for admission with 87%. The site of pain was the right iliac fossa in 35% of cases. Acute appendix was the most common preoperative diagnosis with 37%. In our series, 54% of patients were operated on in les s than 24 hours. Therapeutically, 47% of patients benefited from an appendectomy. In our series, 30% of patients presented with a postoperative complications. We observed 3 cases of death. Conclusion: Digestive surgical emergencies occupy an important place in digestive pathology due to their high frequency at the Fousseyni Daou Hospitol in Kayes. The etiologies are multiple and varied, hence the need for close multidisciplinary collaboration for treatment.

The history of establishing the principle of nondiscrimination in public international law

The history of establishing the principle of non-discrimination in international public law is marked by the progressive evolution of international consciousness regarding the necessity of guaranteeing equality and fundamental rights for individuals and states. An important moment in the history of affirming non-discrimination was the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945, which states in the preamble that all UN members must promote respect for the fundamental rights of humans without distinction of race, sex, language, or religion. Subsequently, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 consolidated these principles and asserted that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Another significant moment was the adoption of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in 1965, representing a major step in addressing discrimination based on race. Later, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979 and the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 expanded these principles to cover other categories of individuals.

Development of a prevention strategy for child malnutrition based on standardized assessment through anthropometry and bioimpedance methods

Introduction: the weight increase has occurred in recent decades at an increasing rate affecting individuals without distinction of sex, ethnicity, age or socioeconomic status; Overweight and obesity are defined as an excessive increase in body adiposity, which in turn is related to a broad spectrum of chronic non-communicable diseases that generate a great burden on health systems. Objective: to develop a prevention strategy for child malnutrition based on standardized assessment through anthropometry and bioimpedance methods. Methods: a descriptive, prospective and longitudinal research is developed, based on a theoretical systematization of nutritional processes in the infant age group. Results: it is necessary to have early diagnosis instruments that present a low technical complexity and reduced cost to evaluate populations with higher risk factors, thus reducing the progression of the disease and the establishment of complications, specifically in children, the body mass index is an instrument that presents limitations to evaluate the percentage of body fat,By complementing the evaluation of body composition by electrical impedance, it supplements these, improving its diagnostic capabilities. Conclusions: the strategy of prevention of overweight and obesity designed, based on the analysis of body composition by electrical impedance in school-age children, taking into account that this diagnostic method allows to know the components of the human body and express it in percentages, in the same way it is possible to locate children with excess adiposity even when the body mass index determines a state of normality in the subjects evaluated

GLIOMA-08 INTRACRANIAL HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA MANAGEMENT IN COTE D’IVOIRE : ABOUT 19 COALIGATED CASES FROM MARCH 2019 TO JUNE 2021

Abstract INTRODUCTION Intracranial malignant gliomas are serious conditions that constitute a therapeutic challenge. In Côte d'Ivoire, since 2019, their care meets international standards with the advent of the National Center of Radiotherapy and Medical Oncology Alassane Ouattara and interdisciplinary consultation meetings. Our objective was to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of patients treated for high-grade gliomas in Côte d'Ivoire. MATERIALS AND METHODS We realized from March 2019 to June 2021, a retrospective cohort study on 19 patients with malignant intracranial glioma, without distinction of age and sex, whether alive or deceased. They were 12 male patients and 07 female patients. The parameters studied were, among others, the type and quality of complementary treatment, the evolution under treatment, and the time to onset of recurrence and death. RESULTS The time to consultation was early in 57.9% of cases. High ICP syndrome was the main reason for consultation at 51.6%, followed by neurological deficit. Surgery was performed on average in all patients within 30 days after imaging. The histological diagnosis of grade 4 glioma was pronounced in 16 patients. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 94.7% of cases, associated with concomitant then adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide in 84.2% of patients. During the treatment, two cases of local recurrence were notified. At the end of the cohort, the death rate was estimated at 73.7%, with a median survival of 11 months and extremes ranging from 06 months to 34 months. CONCLUSION Despite the availability and application of reference therapeutic processes, malignant glioma remains, due to many factors related to our context, a very pejorative prognosis. This study should continue with the inclusion of a larger number of patients in order to review the state of play of the management of high-grade gliomas in Côte d'Ivoire.

The right to education: international standards and their influence on the constitutional legislation of the member states of the Council of Europe

The article draws attention to the UN Charter, which proclaims the task of reaffirming faith in basic human rights, in the dignity and value of the human person, in the equality of men and women, and in the equality of rights of large and small nations. Attention is focused on the principle of UN activity - implementation of international cooperation in the promotion and development of respect for human rights and basic freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language and religion. International acts on human rights of a universal nature are characterized, in which for the first time at the international level everyone’s right to education was enshrined: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the Convention against Discrimination in Education of 1960, the Convention on the rights of the child of 1989. Attention is drawn to the minimum standards of the right to education that the state must ensure. The relationship between the right to education, which was first enshrined at the international level in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and human dignity and the value of the human personality is defined. Emphasis is placed on the right to education and criteria for determining the degree of respect and observance of fundamental norms related to this human right throughout the world. The article also raises the question of the influence of international standards of the right to education on the constitutional legislation of the member countries of the Council of Europe - Bulgaria, Poland, Ukraine and other countries.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN SEDENTARY NOMADIC HYPERTENSIVES IN SOUTHERN ALGERIA

Objective: the objectives of this study were to determine the proportion of uncontrolled hypertension in a nomadic hypertensive population and to investigate the factors associated with this poor control. Design and method: this is a descriptive cross-sectional study including 135 sedentary nomads recruited with known hypertension, without distinction of sex or skin color. The blood pressure was taken between eight and 12 a.m., on both arms, in the supine position, after resting for an average of five minutes. We looked for the classic cardiovascular risk factors (age greater than or equal to 50 years for men and 60 years for women, physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, tobacco, diabetes and dyslipidemia) and calculated the overall cardiovascular risk according to the model of framingham. A sbp greater than or equal to 140 mmhg and/or a dbp greater than or equal to 90 mmhg was considered as uncontrolled blood pressure. A univariate and then multivariate analysis by logistic regression (using the spss program version 22.0) were carried out in search of factors associated with poor blood pressure. Results: of the 135 hypertensives, 62 were women (46%), sex ratio is 1.2. The modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in addition to hypertension were dominated by dyslipidemia (19.9%) and diabetes (13.2%). The global cardiovascular risk calculated according to the framingham method was low in 19.3%, moderate in 24.0%, high in 14.8% and very high in 10.9% of cases. The proportion of uncontrolled hypertension was 73.8% (n = 118 including 76 women and 42 men). This poor blood pressure control was linked (multivariate analysis) to age greater than or equal to 60 years, physical inactivity, low socioeconomic level, high to very high cardiovascular risk, antihypertensive monotherapy, duration of treatment greater than or equal to ten years, associated treatment and non-adherence to treatment. Conclusions: three quarters of hypertensives in our study were poorly controlled by antihypertensive treatment. The factors of this poor control were age greater than or equal to 60 years, low socioeconomic status, high to very high cardiovascular risk, antihypertensive monotherapy, duration of treatment, associated treatment and non-compliance with treatment.

Sweaty Miliary During the Heat Period in A Sub-Saharan Country (Mali)

Considered to be commonplace in our countries, sweaty miliary can be responsible for pruritus with significant socio-professional repercussions. No data are available on this condition in our environment. The aim of this study is to describe sweaty miliary during hot weather in the dermatology hospital of Bamako. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study over a period of 6 months (1 February to 31 July 2019), carried out at the dermatology hospital in Bamako, the study involved all patients received for sweaty miliary without distinction of age, sex or origin and who gave their informed consent. Socio-demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables were collected on a survey form, entered and analysed with Epi Info 7.2.2.6. A total of 93 patients (18 males and 75 females) out of 13,000 patients or a frequency of 0.7%. Median age of patients was 11.31 years. The dominant clinical type was crystalline miliaria (sudamina) in 79.56%. Dermocorticoids and zinc oxide were the most used in the treatment and flattening of the abscess in 8 complicated cases.

Počátky hnutí za získání ženského volebního práva ve Velké Británii v druhé polovině 60. let 19. století

The paper focuses on the first phase of women’s efforts to gain the right to vote. There had been discussion over the preparation of the Second Reform Act about widening the franchise. In 1866, a group of women gathered in the Kensington Society came up with an idea to create a petition which called for right for women householders to gain right to vote on the same basis as men did, without the distinction of sex. The petition of 1866 reached an unexpected number of signatures and MP John Stuart Mill presented the question of women’s suffrage in the House of Commons. The paper follows the arguments for and against the women’s suffrage in the 1860s. The 1866 petition was an important step in the women’s emancipation movement as it started a broader movement to gain the suffrage.

Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections in Patients Operated at the University Clinic of Traumatology-Orthopedics and Restorative Surgery of the National Hospital and University Center Hubert Koutoukou Maga in Cotonou

Background: Operative site infections (ISO) are typically nosocomial. According to the WHO the incidence of ISO varies from 0.5% to 15% and exceeds 25% in developing countries. They result from the combined action of several factors and represent a concern for public health. To study the contributing factors of surgical site infections in patients operated at the University Clinic of Orthopedic Traumatology of CNHU-HKM of Cotonou. Method: This was an analytical cross-sectional study that involved 35 operated patients and ten nurses. Were included in our study: 1) All patients, without distinction of sex or age, having been operated on in the university clinic of orthopedic traumatology, during the survey period; 2) Patients hospitalized for post-operative care during the survey period; 3) The nursing staff on duty during our study period. The usual statistical measures were used according to the type of variables: means, standard deviations, percentages. Data analysis first involved calculating percentages for the qualitative variables and means followed by their standard deviations for the quantitative variables. Next, the Pearson Chi-square test was used to test the association between the dependent variable and the independent variables of interest. The significance level is set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of surgical site infections was 28.58%. The main factors contributing to the occurrence of SSIs that were found were the patient’s level of education (p = 0.003) and the reuse of bandages used for dressing (p = 0.004). Other potential factors such as the economic status of the patient, the poor quality of technical dressings, and the preoperative stay were also highlighted. Conclusion: Surgical site infections remain a global concern. Risk factors were found on both the patient and nurse sides. It is urgent to address these various factors to minimize the occurrence of surgical site infections.

Bruxism and masticatory pattern: an understudied relationship

Bruxism as a pathophysiological entity, both day and night bruxism, has been the subject of innumerable investigations. Among the probable causes that have been raised are biochemical alterations in the central and/or peripheral nervous system, which can be seen reflected in an alteration of the rhythmic movements of the masticatory musculature of the stomatognathic system. On the other hand, chewing is recognized as one of the main functions of the stomatognathic system, responsible for maxillofacial growth and determining a rhythm in the movements of the masticatory musculature, depending in turn on a functional demand of the individual, in other words, the type of food consumed and the way to process it in the mouth. Objective: To determine the existence of a relationship between bruxism and the type of masticatory pattern installed in the patient. Methodology: Functional examinations and application of Fonseca questionnaires and bruxism self-report were performed in 27 adult patients, without distinction of sex, who have been diagnosed with possible and probable bruxism. Results: 100 % of the sample of subjects diagnosed with bruxism presented an altered masticatory pattern. Conclusions: The high correlation found in the sample between bruxism and masticatory pattern suggests that it is vital for the success of a bruxism treatment or a DTM to consider the way of processing food, by educating the patient with Masticatory Orientation. Based on the above, it proposes to conduct a study to evaluate the efficiency of a functional treatment for future Bruxism therapies.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, THE MOST FREQUENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTOR, BUT HITHERTO UNRECOGNIZED IN THE NOMADIC POPULATION OF SOUTHERN ALGERIA

Objective: evaluate the prevalence of hypertension among former nomads Design and method: cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study, where we included 605 nomads, 303 nomads, and 302 nomads settled for 03 years aged 40 and over without distinction of sex or skin color. Results: nomadic population the average age is 61.2 years ± 13.5 (40–101), 136 women (44.9%), and 167 men (55.1%). 252 (83.2%) had white skin, while 51 (16.8%) had black skin. nomad’s blood pressure status 32% of nomads were hypertensive (95% ci: 26.6–35.2), hypertension was known in 47.4% (95% ci: 44.1–54.9), 73.8% were treated (95 % ci: 63.8–87.4), and 33.1% were controlled (95% ci: 20–39.4). sedentary nomadic population the average age is 58, 4 years ± 13,7 (40–95), 148 women (49%), and 154 men (51%). 156 (65, 6%) had white skin, while 104 (34,4 %) had black skin. blood pressure status of the sedentary nomad 47% (95% ci: 39,1–50,5) were hypertensive, hypertension was known in 35,6 % (95% ci: 28–43,9), 96,9% were treated (95% ci: 92–99), and 25,4% were controlled (95% ci: 15,7–37,2) Conclusions: high blood pressure is found in 32% of the nomadic population and in 44.7% in the sedentary group. the statistical difference according to the environment is clearly significant in favor of the sedentary group. this survey allowed us to obtain important data among the nomadic population on the prevalence of other risk factors

Standing Up for Culturally Competent Care in Portugal: The Experience of a “Health in Equality” Online Training Program on Individual and Cultural Diversity

Health professionals play an essential role in the protection and promotion of health rights without distinction of sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, ethnicity/race, nationality and migration status, age, functional diversity, or any other individual and/or cultural positions. With the growing diversity of patient populations, health professionals must be able to identify and be responsive to individual and cultural diversity, ensuring equity in access to high-quality individually-centered care. For this, it is fundamental to promote training in cultural competence, understood as responsivity and the ability to work the valorization of multiple and intersectional identities throughout life. The paper aims to describe the experience of the implementation of the program “Health in Equality”, aimed at training the primary healthcare workforce in Portugal, which was based on Sue and Sue’s (2008) three-dimensional model of multicultural skills, which champions cultural best practices in an intersectional perspective. Based on the trainees’ and trainers’ evaluation of four completed editions developed online between March and July 2021, this study discusses ways to improve the impact of the training program and amplify the number of leaders and role models for other health care providers towards culturally competent healthcare systems and organizations.

Trastornos electrolíticos en pequeños animales: Revisión

The electrolytic disorders are common in the clinical routine of small animals, in which affects without distinction of species, age and sex. The diseases most frequently found as a base cause or result of other pathogenesis are metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, which bring together a variety of nonspecific clinical signs, such as diarrhea, emesis, apathy, dehydration, renal failure, anorexia and other clinical signs that accompany the diseases. These diseases are the result of changes in blood pH, causing the dysregulation of the body's homeostasis. The diagnosis must be quick, using physical examination, laboratory tests, and specific tests such as gasometry. Treatment of the disease should correct the underlying cause, fluidotherapy, and correction of secondary clinical signs.

Hematological and biochemical values in Breton breed horses in Brasília-DF.

Due to the scarcity of information on Breton horses, the objective was to study hematobiochemical values of this breed. Blood samples were collected from 29 Bretons, males and females, of different ages, in Brasília-DF, distributed into groups, according to age, without distinction of sex (G1): animals from 4 to 9 years old (n=16) and (G2): from 10 to 26 years old (n=13). The horses were also distributed into males and females for comparisons between the sexes. Values for red blood cells, hemoglobin, creatinine, and urea were statistically higher in females. Fibrinogen was higher in males. Lymphocyte values were higher in G1, but mean corpuscular volume, monocytes, neutrophils, and GGT in G2 were higher than G1. The hematocrit value differed between the ages of the females and was higher than that of the males, while the older male animals showed higher values than the young animals. Females presented lower platelet values than males, with older females having higher platelet values than younger females, in the same way as males. G1 females had the highest leukocyte values. The leukocyte values in males of G2 were higher than those of G1. This same behavior occurred for lymphocytes, eosinophils, and creatine kinase. Considering the albumin and aspartate aminotransferase variables, females had the highest values in the group of animals aged 4 to 9 years. Bretons are considered cold-blooded animals, which is consistent with the observed blood count values. However, it is concluded that these horses have biochemical values similar to warm-blooded breeds.

베트남 골프장의 마케팅 믹스가 고객만족과 구매 후 행동에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to examine how a golf marketing strategy (4Ps) influences customer satisfaction and their behavior after the purchase (return intention and recommend to others) of golf products. The study chooses visitors to golf courses in Ho Chi Minh City as population and totally selects 217 questionaries by convenient sampling method. The study uses 208 ones as its final data. The study verifies each hypothesis after examining the fit of models by SPSS WIN Ver.20.0. The results are as follows: First, the results of the difference of marketing mix factor according to demographic characteristics show that there is no difference in the distinction of sex, monthly income, occupation show no statistical difference. The results of ANOVA according to the Number of strokes and Age have no statistically meaningful difference while the results of post analysis show there is an intergroup difference in Promotion. Second, the result shows that the marketing mix factors in golf course makes a meaningful effect on customer satisfaction, especially in the order of product, price, place, and promotion among the marketing mix factors. Third, the result of simple regression analysis shows that customer satisfaction makes a meaningful difference to recommendation intention to others and revisit. Finally, the result of the analysis on the effect on marketing mix factor and revisit shows that product, price, and promotion make a meaningful effect on it. The result of the analysis on the effect on recommendation to others shows that product and promotion make a meaningful effect on it.

Gender, Sex, and Trust in Government

AbstractAs Americans’ trust in their government—most specifically Congress—has declined over the past half century, it has become increasingly important to answer the question of who does or does not trust government and why. Trust research tends to take for granted that sex affects trust—most studies control for it—but results have been mixed. This could be because researchers have been looking at the wrong aspect of gender, relying on the traditional distinction of sex rather than an alternative—the non-sex-specific distinction of feminine personality traits. These traits are communal in nature, and as such, they may lead to higher levels of trust in government. This article analyzes the potential effect of femininity, demonstrating that feminine personalities are significantly more trusting of our governing institutions than nonfeminine personalities.

Lelang Jabatan Sebagai Inovasi Dalam Penempatan Aparatur Sipil Negara di Indonesia

The high political intervention of the bureaucracy in this case the placement of the state Civil Apparatus (ASN) has an impact on ASN's inneutrality in the elections involved in practical politics. This is because solely to get the position of positions when the candidate he supported was elected as the head of the district. This article aims to analyze the innovation of the open recruitment policy of ASN. The implementation of high Leadership (JPT) (auction) in Indonesia is generally done well in accordance with merit system, namely based on qualifications, competence, and performance in a fair and reasonable manner with no distinction of political background, race, color, religion, origin, sex, marital status, age, or condition of disability. However, this open recruitment system has not yet decided the chain of political intervention against bureaucracy. The results of the JPT recruitment were handed over to the personnel recruitment officers who were in fact held by political officials. Thus, it is difficult to separate political and administrative dichotomy. In addition, there are still weaknesses in this open recruitment, such as expensive costs, restrictions or (demarcation) of prospective participants of the JPT recruitment, and take a long time. Therefore, this policy needs to be reviewed to not only produce the competent ASN, but also free from political intervention.

Indexing gender, culture, and cognition

In their inaugural Editorial for the Journal of Language and Discrimination, van der Bom, Mills and Peterson observed that language plays a key role in discriminatory acts. I quote their words: ‘Discrimination is manifest (and can be traced and challenged) discursively; ideological stances and beliefs are produced, reproduced and legitimised through discourse, meaning that language is intertwined with people’s beliefs and ideologies’ (2017:3). This special issue targets the role of gendered language structures in sustaining gender ideologies that reinforce sexism. Contributions in the issue address the following questions: What is the relationship between grammatical and lexical gender, and the construction of social gender? Do gendered terms generate inferences about the social gender order and mediate speakers’ thinking of the social world? Can we explore conceptualisations of gender at the level of discourse? What is the cognitive effect of the generic use of the masculine gender, and what are the cognitive mechanisms underlying gender inequality? The debate on the role of language in producing and stabilising the social gender order can be traced to the early work of feminist linguists in the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. Lakoff (1975) treated language as a medium that reflects women’s subordination and men’s domination at the social level, and Spender (1980) focused on the role of language in constructing and reproducing a man-made worldview that silences female difference. Early feminist linguistic work (e.g. Baron 1986; Bodine 1975; Eakins and Eakins 1978; Graham 1975; Miller and Swift 1976; Schulz 1975) examined gendered forms, for which the semantic distinction of sex is grammaticised or lexically specified, and their role in encoding and reproducing social gender inequality. However, questions about structural features of language were downplayed or neglected in the following years due to the performativity turn in gender studies (see Motschenbacher 2016 for a critical approach). The latest developments in language and gender research have criticised the binary and static view of gender, foregrounded variation within the categories of ‘women’ and ‘men’, and showed that language does not relate to gender in a straightforward way (general overviews of research on language and gender are found in Bucholtz 2014 and Cameron 2005). In recent years there has been revived interest in the role of gendered language structures in constructing and challenging the binary gender order and heteronormativity (see, e.g., Abbou and Baider 2016; Bing and Bergvall 1996; Hellinger and Busmann 2001–2002–2003; Hellinger and Motschenbacher 2015; Livia and Hall 1997; Motschenbacher 2010). Researchers claiming that language constructs social gender and maintains gender inequality often tacitly presuppose or imply that language has a cognitive role, namely, that language mediates the way in which speakers interpret experience. However, cognition is rarely addressed explicitly in language and gender research. The past few years have seen new data on the relation between grammatical and lexical gender, and cognition from studies in psychology (Garnham et al. 2016), typology (Aikhenvald 2016) and talk-in-interaction (Alvanoudi 2014). Despite a number of in-depth works on the relation between gendered language structures and social gender, there has been no attempt to offer a systematic account of the cognitive aspects of this relation. This special issue is intended to partly fill this gap by exploring the complex interface between indexing gender, culture and cognition across different languages, namely Croatian, English, Greek and Italian. The sections ‘Indexing gender’, ‘Indexing gender and culture’ and ‘Indexing gender and cognition’ outline some theoretical preliminaries for the contributions included in this special

Evaluation of DMFT in paediatric patients with social vulnerability conditions.

The aim of this study was to analyse the dmft/DMFT index in paediatric patients belonging to families with low income, in conditions of social vulnerability and absolute poverty and to compare it with a control group with a good socioeconomic status. The study analysed a total sample of 160 patients with average age of 8.6±2.5. The sample was divided into two groups based on the Equivalent Economic Situation Indicator (ISEE). Group 1 consists of 80 patients with an ISEE value less than €6.000 and was examined at the "Solidarietà Vincenziana" Dental Centre - Rome (Italy), which is a centre dedicated to people with minimum income, destitute, elderly without resources, immigrant children; Group 2 consists of 80 patients with an ISEE value of more than €20.000 and was examined at the Pediatric Dentistry Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version 21 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical analysis included a descriptive evaluation of the results in a bivariate analysis. The association between the presence of caries and the background variables was evaluated with the chi-squared association or Fisher test. The minimum level of significance was fixed at P-value?0.05. Analysing the number of caries-free subjects and subjects with caries in reference to the age group between 5 and 12 years and the ISEE value, without distinction of sex, there is a statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2, both in relation to the dmft (p=0.038, Chi-squared Test=4.28) and to the DMFT (p=0.001, Chi-squared Test=19.23). Subjects aged between 5 and 12 years had an average DMFT of 1.88 ± 0.83 (Group 1) and 0.95 ±0.54 (Group 2). The study highlights a positive relationship between ISEE value, of poor socio-economic situations (condition of absolute poverty, low economic income) and increase in the DMFT index. The oral health status is an indicator of poverty. For this reason it would be advisable to plan early preventive interventions, providing the possibility of appropriate and effective access for children in economic and social needs, whose quality of life can be further negatively affected by oral diseases.