Distinct Symptoms Research Articles

Two Sides of Depression: Medical & Social

Abstract Two models have dominated portrayals of depression. The medical model views depression as a disease that has distinct symptoms with predictable courses and outcomes. It typically relies on brain-related explanations and responses, although many adherents also use social and psychological causes and treatments. A second model conceives of depression as the result of external stressors, loss events, and other problems of living that naturally subsides when these conditions improve. In this view, optimal responses lie in addressing the social conditions that underlie depressed states. In this essay, we examine how each edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since DSM-III in 1980 has blurred the medical and social approaches and conceived of all sorts of depressive symptoms as needing medicinal responses. Although the distinction between the social and medical types is often difficult to make, it is an essential first step in developing accurate conceptions of the two sides of depression.

9 The Likelihood to Disclose Symptoms of Sickness During the COVID-19 Pandemic Increases with Age Across Adulthood

Objective:Compliance with safety precautions plays significant role in containing pandemic. On a personal level, one critical precaution is to disclose sickness status to people who one comes into direct contact with. Yet, factors governing this personal decision remain uncertain. This study examined age-related differences across adulthood in (i) the likelihood to disclose symptoms of sickness (LDSS) during COVID-19 pandemic, (ii) the level of COVID-19-associated anxiety (CAA), and (iii) the relationship between LDSS and CAA.Participants and Methods:Data were obtained from a large-scale survey “Measuring Worldwide COVID-19 Attitudes and Beliefs” (Fetzer et al., 2020). Retained data included sociodemographic characteristics, number of chronic conditions and self-rated quality of health for USA sample (n=11,445) which we stratified by age into five groups (18-29 years old n=2065; 30-39 n=3765; 40-49 n=2463; 50-59 n=1760; 60+ n=1392). Disclosure of sickness was measured with statement: “in the past week if I had exhibited symptoms of sickness, I would have immediately informed the people around me”, where participants self-rated it on the scale from 0–“does not apply at all to me” to 100– “applies very much to me”. We computed LDSS score with thresholds: ≤50–unlikely/uncertain, >50–likely, 100–certain to disclose. CAA symptoms were measured with the following statements which participants self-rated on a scale from 1–“does not apply at all” to 5– “strongly applies”: I am nervous when I think about current circumstances; I am calm and relaxed; I am worried about my health; I am worried about the health of my family members; I am stressed about leaving my house. ANOVA w/Bonferroni post-hoc tests compared LDSS and CAA between the age groups. Multivariate regression (accounting for: gender, education, self-rated health, number of chronic conditions) examined LDSS–CAA relationship.Results:Age groups were comparable in gender (∼40% males), education (∼17 years of education), and relationship status (∼65% married/cohabitating). Most participants rated own health as good and reported one chronic condition. LDSS was increasing with aging, F(df=4)=35.552 (p<0.001), with 72% youngest vs. 85% oldest adults indicating certainty about disclosing sickness status. Anxiety about own health was increasing with age, F(df=4)=7.319 (p<0.001), while anxiety about health of family members was decreasing with age, F(df=4)=25.398 (p<0.001). Middle-aged adults showed the highest anxiety related to thinking about the current circumstances, F(df=4)=10.476 (p<0.001), and feeling stressed about leaving own house, F(df=4)=6.368 (p<0.001). LDSS was positively related to anxiety about health of family members and/or feeling stressed about leaving own house in young and middle-aged adults (B=0.042, p=0.001, CI95%=0.017–0.068), but not related to any CAA symptoms in adults aged 60+.Conclusions:This study suggests that people can become more likely to disclose sickness status as they age and can be prone to different CAA symptoms across life stages. The results further indicate that distinct CAA symptoms can play a role in LDSS in young and middle adulthood, but may loose significance in older age. Acknowledgement of these diverse mechanisms can inform clinical practice dedicated to individuals with illness anxiety, as well as can help develop age-targeted campaigns that promote compliance with the safety precautions.

Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders: Group and sex differences and associations with symptom severity.

Research increasingly implicates glutamatergic dysfunction in the pathophysiologies of psychotic disorders. Auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is an electroencephalography (EEG) waveform linked to glutamatergic neurotransmission and is consistently attenuated in schizophrenia (SCZ). MMN consists of two subcomponents, the repetition positivity (RP) and deviant negativity (DN) possibly reflecting different neural mechanisms. However, whether MMN reduction is present across different psychotic disorders, linked to distinct symptom clusters, or related to sex remain to be clarified. Four hundred participants including healthy controls (HCs; n=296) and individuals with SCZ (n=39), bipolar disorder (BD) BD typeI (n=35), or BD type II (n=30) underwent a roving MMN paradigm and clinical evaluation. MMN, RP and DN as well their memory traces were recorded at the FCZ electrode. Analyses of variance and linear regression models were used both transdiagnostically and within clinical groups. MMN was reduced in SCZ compared to BD (p=0.006, d=0.55) and to HCs (p<0.001, d=0.63). There was a significant group×sex interaction (p<0.003) and the MMN impairment was only detected in males with SCZ. MMN amplitude correlated positively with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score and negatively with Global Assessment of Functioning Scale score. The deviant negativity was impaired in males with SCZ. No group differences in memory trace indices of the MMN, DN, or RP. MMN was attenuated in SCZ and correlated with greater severity of psychotic symptoms and lower level of functioning. Our results may indicate sex-dependent differences of glutamatergic function in SCZ.

Examining accurate diagnosis of complex PTSD in ICD-11

BackgroundComplex posttraumatic stress disorder (complex PTSD), the most frequently suggested new category for inclusion by mental health professionals, has been included in the Eleventh Revision of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Research has yet to explore whether clinicians' recognition of the distinct complex PTSD symptoms predicts giving the correct diagnosis. The present study sought to determine if international mental health professionals were able to accurately diagnose complex PTSD and identify the shared PTSD features and three essential diagnostic features, specific to complex PTSD. MethodsParticipants were randomly assigned to view two vignettes and tasked with providing a diagnosis (or indicating that no diagnosis was warranted). Participants then answered a series of questions regarding the presence or absence of each of the essential diagnostic features specific to the diagnosis they provided. ResultsClinicians who recognized the presence or absence of complex PTSD specific features were more likely to arrive at the correct diagnostic conclusion. Complex PTSD specific features were significant predictors while the shared PTSD features were not, indicating that attending to each of the specific symptoms was necessary for diagnostic accuracy of complex PTSD. LimitationsThe use of written case vignettes including only adult patients and a non-representative sample of mental health professionals may limit the generalizability of the results. ConclusionsFindings support mental health professionals' ability to accurately identify specific features of complex PTSD. Future work should assess whether mental health providers can effectively identify symptoms of complex PTSD in a clinical setting.

Receptor-based approaches and therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease along with role of AI in drug designing: Unraveling pathologies and advancing treatment strategies

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent cause of dementia in the elderly, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the etiology of AD, the role of various receptors [TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) receptor, nAChR (Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors), NMDARs (N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors), APOE (Apolipoprotein E) receptor, and amyloid-beta receptor], and risk factors contributing to its development. AD progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages, each exhibiting distinct symptoms. The hallmark pathologies are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, comprised of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and amyloid-beta peptides, respectively. Current pharmacotherapeutic options alleviate symptoms but lack a complete cure. To address the challenges in developing effective AD treatments, researchers have turned to artificial intelligence (AI) and computational approaches in drug design. AI techniques, including machine learning and molecular docking, enable the analysis of large datasets and prediction of molecular interactions between potential drug candidates and target receptors. Virtual screening and molecular modeling aid in identifying novel therapeutic compounds. Predictive modeling and optimization algorithms optimize drug properties and predict efficacy. AI also facilitates the repurposing of existing drugs by analyzing their interactions with AD-related receptors and pathways. Clinical trial optimization using AI algorithms enhances patient selection, treatment monitoring, and outcome prediction. Integrating AI into AD drug design holds tremendous promise for accelerating the discovery of effective interventions. By leveraging AI’s capabilities, researchers can efficiently analyze extensive data, predict drug-target interactions, and optimize drug properties, leading to the identification of novel AD treatments. However, further research and validation are needed to translate AI-driven drug design approaches into clinically viable solutions for AD patients. Through continued advancements in AI and collaborative efforts, the development of targeted and advanced therapies for AD is within reach.

Can herbicides of different mode of action cause injury symptoms in non-herbicide-tolerant young soybean due to simulated drift?

Accidental herbicide drift onto neighboring crops, such as soybeans, can seriously harm non-target plants, affecting their growth and productivity. This study examined the impact of simulated drift from ten different herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, saflufenacil, oxyfluorfen, hexazinone, diuron, diquat, nicosulfuron, and isoxaflutole) on young soybean plants. These herbicides were applied at three simulated drift levels (1/4, 1/16, and 1/32) equivalent to recommended commercial doses, and the resulting symptoms were carefully evaluated. Simulated drift caused distinctive symptoms, including chlorosis, twisting, necrosis, and growth abnormalities, varying depending on each herbicide’s mode of action. Dicamba proved more toxic than 2,4-D, and symptom severity increased with drift proportion, with all herbicides causing over 30% injury at the 1/16 proportion. Notably, 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, hexazinone, and diquat exceeded the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, significantly reducing total biomass. Dicamba consistently caused 50% injury at all proportions, while hexazinone, at the highest dose proportion, led to plant mortality. Dicamba also had biomass accumulation beyond the growth reduction (GR50), whereas hexazinone exhibited less than 10% accumulation due to its capacity to induce plant mortality. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding herbicide drift effects on non-target crops for more effective and safe weed management strategies.

Myofascial urinary frequency syndrome is a novel syndrome of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms associated with myofascial pelvic floor dysfunction

This study describes a novel, distinct phenotype of urinary symptoms named “myofascial urinary frequency syndrome” (MUFS) present in one-third of individuals presenting with urinary frequency. In addition to a characteristic symptom constellation suggestive of myofascial dysfunction, MUFS subjects exhibit “persistency”: a persistent feeling of needing to urinate regardless of urine volume. On examination, 97% of MUFS patients demonstrated pelvic floor hypertonicity with either global tenderness or myofascial trigger points, and 92% displayed evidence of impaired muscular relaxation, hallmarks of myofascial dysfunction. To confirm this symptom pattern was attributable to the pelvic floor musculature, we confirmed the presence of “persistency” in 68 patients with pelvic floor myofascial dysfunction established through comprehensive examination and electromyography and corroborated by improvement with pelvic floor myofascial release. These symptoms distinguish subjects with myofascial dysfunction from subjects with OAB, IC/BPS, and asymptomatic controls, confirming MUFS is a distinct LUTS symptom complex.

Transcriptional dissection of symptomatic profiles across the brain of men and women with depression

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most important causes of disability worldwide. While recent work provides insights into the molecular alterations in the brain of patients with MDD, whether these molecular signatures can be associated with the expression of specific symptom domains remains unclear. Here, we identified sex-specific gene modules associated with the expression of MDD, combining differential gene expression and co-expression network analyses in six cortical and subcortical brain regions. Our results show varying levels of network homology between males and females across brain regions, although the associations between these structures and the expression of MDD remain highly sex specific. We refined these associations to several symptom domains and identified transcriptional signatures associated with distinct functional pathways, including GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, metabolic processes and intracellular signal transduction, across brain regions associated with distinct symptomatic profiles in a sex-specific fashion. In most cases, these associations were specific to males or to females with MDD, although a subset of gene modules associated with common symptomatic features in both sexes were also identified. Together, our findings suggest that the expression of distinct MDD symptom domains associates with sex-specific transcriptional structures across brain regions.

Trajectories of psychosocial environmental factors and their associations with asthma symptom trajectories among children in Australia.

Several psychosocial factors, such as maternal mental health and parents' financial hardship, are associated with asthma symptoms among children. So, we aim to investigate the changing patterns of important psychosocial environmental factors and their associations with asthma symptom trajectories among children in Australia. We considered asthma symptoms as wheezing (outcome) and psychosocial environmental factors (exposures) from 0/1 year to 14/15 years of the participants from the "Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC)" for this study. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify the trajectory groups for both exposure and outcome variables. Associations between psychosocial factors and three distinct asthma symptom trajectories were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. We included 3917 children from the LSAC birth cohort in our study. We identified distinct trajectories for maternal depression, parents' financial hardship, parents' stressful life events and parents' availability to their children from birth to 14/15 years of age. Compared to the "low/no" asthma symptom trajectory group, children exposed to a "moderate & increasing" maternal depression, "moderate & declining" parents' financial hardship, and "moderate & increasing" parents' stressful life events were significantly associated (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27, 1.91; RRR: 1.40, 95%; CI: 1.15, 1.70; RRR: 1.77, 95%; CI: 1.45, 2.16) with "persistent high" asthma symptom trajectory. Several psychosocial factors that are potential stressors for mental health increase the risk of having an adverse asthma symptom trajectory during childhood. Further attention should be given to reducing exposure to maternal depression, parents' financial hardship, and parents' stressful live events for long-term asthma control in children.

Hell's Itch: A Unique Reaction to UV Exposure.

We present a survey-based exploration of Hell's Itch, a severe dermatologic reaction often mistaken for sunburn, that reveals distinct symptoms including intense pain, unrelenting itching, paresthesia, and even suicidal ideation, differentiating it from a typical sunburn.

O066 The Lived Experience of Narcolepsy - From Symptoms to Stigma

Abstract Introduction Narcolepsy is a rare neurological sleep disorder with a substantial adverse impact on health-related quality of life and psychological well-being. Few studies have qualitatively explored how persons with narcolepsy perceive their symptoms and illness experience. Understanding how those with narcolepsy conceptualise and communicate their experience is important if we are to identify/meet their healthcare needs. Method 127 self-reported persons with narcolepsy were recruited from an Australian support group. Saturation was reached after 24, 1hr semi-structured interviews (mean age=33 (SD11), 44% reporting cataplexy). A multidisciplinary team of researchers/clinicians analysed interview transcripts using thematic analysis. Results Several key findings include: 1. participants identified fatigue, sleepiness, and two separate experiences of 'falling asleep/sleep attacks' as distinct symptoms often grouped as excessive daytime sleepiness. 2. Participants attributed their own meaning to commonly used medical terminology that differed from the literature (e.g. describing a sleep attack but calling it cataplexy). 3. ‘well-managed’ narcolepsy was determined by the level of functional impairment rather than symptom frequency. 4. Almost all participants experienced frequent anticipated and internalised- or self-stigma, likely stemming from societal devaluation of sleep and conflation of sleepiness with laziness. Conclusion Our findings suggest a needed shift in narcolepsy management that focuses on functional impairment, rather than just symptom treatment. They also highlight the need for clarification around common narcolepsy terms, as patients/physicians may use the same terminology to try and communicate different concepts. Having identified the type of stigmas experienced, future research is needed to explore if stigma-reduction reduces psychological comorbidity in narcolepsy.

Strongyloidiasis in Bornean Orangutan: A Case Report

This study reported the diagnosis and treatment of Strongyloidiasis in two Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus); adult male aged 23 years, weighing 100 kg and an infant female orangutan, 4 years old, weighing 13,6 kg. Samples were physically and laboratory examined for faeces using the Mini-FLOTAC method. Therapy was performed on the adult orangutan using albendazole at a dose of 400 mg individual twice a day for 4 days, orally. The infant orangutan was administered albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW once a day for 3 days orally. From several physical examinations, both orangutans looked active, body temperature and oral mucosa color were normal, green feces with solid consistency in the adult orangutan and brown with solid consistency in the infant orangutan. Microscopic faeces examination of the adult orangutan showed Strongyloides sp. as many as 1005 eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, and the infant orangutan as many as 2490 larvae per gram of feces. Both orangutans were diagnosed with severe Strongyloidiasis based on those examinations. Three days after starting treatment, the adult orangutan's EPG decreased to 890, and a week later, no Strongyloides sp. eggs or larvae were discovered. A week following treatment, no Strongyloides sp. was discovered in an infant orangutan. In conclusion, albendazole was an effective treatment for severe Strongyloidiasis in adult and infant orangutans. Strongyloidiasis can be a threat to both infant and adult orangutans without distinct clinical symptoms.

Unravelling the intricacies between gaming motivations and internet gaming disorder symptoms in adolescents: a network analysis of 2-year healthy and deteriorating transition profiles

BackgroundThe increasing prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) among adolescents has become a global concern, while gaming plays a large role in many adolescents’ lives. While prior research emphasised the significance of investigating IGD through an etiological lens, the interconnections between diverse gaming motivations and IGD symptoms in adolescents remain inadequately understood. This study explored the associations between distinct gaming motivations and IGD symptoms by conducting network analysis in adolescents.MethodsData from a two-year longitudinal school-based survey (N = 2148) was utilized. LPA was used to offer a straightforward and interpretable solution for identifying adolescents with two-year healthy and deteriorating transitions of IGD profiles. Subsequently, we conducted a network analysis to explore and compare the associations between gaming motivations and IGD symptoms in adolescents with two-year healthy transition profiles and deteriorating transition profiles.ResultsThree profiles were delineated: ‘low IGD’ (T1: n = 808, 37.62%; T2: n = 731; 34.03%), ‘middle IGD’ (T1: n = 1063, 49.49%; T2: n = 1103, 51.35%), and ‘severe IGD’ (T1: n = 277, 12.89%; T2: n = 314, 14.62%), classifying adolescents with healthy transitions and those with deteriorating transitions. Three gaming motivations (i.e., ‘Daily entertainment’, ‘I am good at it’, and ‘Improvement of ability and mindset’) were identified as protective motivations. Two others, ‘Enjoy being in the gaming world’ and ‘Preoccupation’, were identified as bridge nodes in adolescents with deteriorating transitions. Three core nodes (i.e., ‘Sense of victory’, ‘Enjoy being in the gaming world’, and ‘Sense of achievement’) were identified in both adolescents with healthy profile transitions and deteriorating transitions.ConclusionFindings suggest that not all gaming motivations contribute to the development of IGD in adolescents. Adolescents with deteriorating transitions showed specific gaming motivation and IGD symptom that is closely connected. Future interventions should consider corresponding gaming motivation when addressing IGD among adolescents.

Urdbean Leaf Crinkle Virus: A Mystery Waiting to Be Solved.

Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) affects mainly the urdbean or blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) causing distinct symptoms that often result in serious yield losses. It has been known to occur for more than five decades and is considered to be of viral etiology. The identity of the causal agent, often referred to as the urdbean leaf crinkle virus, is not unequivocally proved. There are few attempts to characterize the causal agent of ULCD; however, there is no unanimity in the results. Recent attempts to characterize the causal agent of ULCD using next-generation sequencing of the virome of ULCD-affected urdbean plants indicated the involvement of cowpea mild mottle virus; however, without conforming through Koch's postulates, the etiology of ULCD remains inconclusive. Claims of different insect vectors involved in the transmission of ULCD make this disease even more mysterious. The information available so far indicates that either two different viruses are causing ULCD or a mixture of viruses is involved. The identity of the virus/es causing ULCD still remains to be unambiguously ascertained. In this review, we attempt to analyze information on the various aspects of ULCD.

Shared and distinct biological mechanisms for anxiety and sensory over-responsivity in youth with autism versus anxiety disorders.

Sensory over-responsivity (SOR) is a prevalent cross-diagnostic condition that is often associated with anxiety. The biological mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of SOR and anxiety symptoms are not well understood, despite having important implications for targeted intervention. We therefore investigated the unique associations of SOR and anxiety symptoms with physiological and neural responses to sensory stimulation for youth with anxiety disorders (ANX), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or typical development (TD). Age/IQ-matched youth aged 8-18 years (22 ANX; 30 ASD; 22 TD) experienced mildly aversive tactile and auditory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging and then during skin conductance response (SCR) and heart rate (HR) measurements. Caregivers reported on participants' SOR and anxiety symptoms. ASD/ANX youth had elevated SOR and anxiety symptoms compared to TD. ASD/ANX youth showed similar, heightened brain responses to sensory stimulation compared to TD youth, but brain responses were more highly related to SOR symptoms in ASD youth and to anxiety symptoms in ANX youth. Across ASD/ANX youth, anxiety symptoms uniquely related to greater SCR whereas SOR uniquely related to greater HR responses to sensory stimulation. Behavioral and neurobiological over-responsivity to sensory stimulation was shared across diagnostic groups. However, findings support SOR and anxiety as distinct symptoms with unique biological mechanisms, and with different relationships to neural over-reactivity dependent on diagnostic group. Results indicate a need for targeted treatment approaches.

Neural processes of emotional conflict detection and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in traumatic injury survivors.

Given the prevalence and significant burden of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), identifying early predictors of symptom development following trauma is critical. PTSD is a heterogeneous disorder comprised of distinct symptom clusters-reexperiencing, avoidance, negative mood, and hyperarousal-that contribute to the broad range of possible symptom profiles. Affective and attentional regulation processes, such as emotional conflict detection, are impaired in individuals with PTSD; however, the neural mechanisms underlying these alterations and their predictive utility for the development of PTSD symptoms remain unclear. Traumatic injury survivors (N = 49) without traumatic brain injury were recruited from the emergency department of an urban, Level-1 trauma center. Within 1 month of trauma exposure, participants completed a well-characterized emotional conflict task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Participants returned 6-month later for a clinical assessment of PTSD symptoms. Using a region-of-interest mask derived from whole-brain voxelwise analyses during emotional conflict detection (vs. no emotional conflict detection) we examined whether differential neural activity predicted 6-month PTSD symptom cluster severity. Greater activation of the right middle frontal gyrus during emotional conflict detection prospectively predicted lower PTSD avoidance symptom severity 6 months later (above and beyond the effects of self-reported baseline PTSD and depressive symptoms, previous traumatic life events, racial discrimination, age, sex, and injury severity). Neural processes of emotion conflict detection measured in the early aftermath of a potentially traumatic event are useful as predictors for the development of PTSD symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Intrusive-like memory errors associate with positive schizotypy

Schizophrenia is characterized by memory impairments, yet the relationships between its distinct symptom clusters (i.e., positive, negative, disorganized) and specific aspects of memory dysfunction remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we compiled a large analog sample (N = 795) to test whether positive symptoms, versus negative and disorganized symptoms, were uniquely and differentially related to false alarm versus miss errors during recognition memory. Mixed-effects beta regression analyses revealed that both positive schizotypy and paranoia were more strongly associated with false alarms than misses. Disorganized schizotypy showed a similar pattern, though to a lesser extent; negative schizotypy showed a significant relationship with neither false alarm nor miss errors. We suggest that those higher in positive schizotypy are especially prone to misattribute signal to noise stimuli during recognition memory – characteristic of an “intrusive-like” profile of memory impairment, wherein context-irrelevant stimuli trigger spurious retrieval events – and speculate on the neural processes that might give rise to this asymmetry.

Diagnosis and Prevalence (1975-2010) of Sudden Death due to Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Cervical Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Literature Review.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints and tendons, can potentially impact various organs within the body. One notable complication associated with RA is upper cervical spine instability, medically termed atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS). This condition can lead to adverse consequences, including chronic myelopathy and acute mechanical compression of the medulla oblongata, with the potential for sudden death. While AAS may often remain asymptomatic, some nonspecific symptoms, such as neck pain, have been documented. Severe atlantoaxial subluxation can trigger more distinct symptoms, including delayed occipital pain attributed to the compression of the exiting C2 nerve root. Recent studies have elucidated a spectrum of symptoms preceding sudden death, encompassing vertigo, dizziness, convulsions, dysphagia, disorientation, and seizures. Remarkably, some cases have reported sudden death occurring during sleep. Historical data reveal a fluctuating incidence of this phenomenon, with eleven cases reported between 1969 and 1975 and six cases documented between 1990 and 2010. Notably, one of the most prevalent causes of sudden mortality in individuals with RA is the acute mechanical damage inflicted upon the medulla oblongata due to atlantoaxial subluxation.

Ovarian Cancer: Overview Related to Affected Age, Risk Factors, Histological Types, Staging and Symptoms in Sudan

The most common type of female reproductive cancer that leads to death is ovarian cancer. Early detection of ovarian cancer is challenging due to the lack of distinct symptoms and inadequate screening techniques, leading to a diagnosis of advanced-stage disease in around two thirds of patients. The patients in this study ranged in age from 46.5 to 27.5 years. Ninety percent (90%) of the women in this cohort were between the ages of 30 and 70.

Epidemiological and clinical differences of confirmed and discarded Mpox cases on the 2022 Chilean outbreak

ObjectivesTo improve Mpox diagnosis by identifying distinctive symptoms in confirmed vs discarded cases due to outdated case definition. MethodsThis is a case-control study conducted using data from the Institute of Public Health database, encompassing all suspected cases analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction between June 1 and September 30, 2022. We calculated means, frequencies, performed Fisher's test, and computed odds ratios (OR) using RStudio and Microsoft Excel. ResultsAmong 1415 suspected Mpox cases, 87% were men aged 30-39 with exanthema. Confirmed cases had higher rates of lymphadenopathy (31% vs 12%), fever (42% vs 29%), myalgia (35% vs 25%), and specific lesions: pustules (36% vs 27%), scabs (25% vs 17%), and umbilicated lesions (24% vs 7%) (P <0.05). Key risk factors for Mpox included contact with a positive case (OR 2.33), multiple sexual partners (OR 3.52), and male gender (OR 29.93). ConclusionThe symptomatology of confirmed Mpox cases closely aligns with that reported in the current outbreak. The primary risk factors identified include prior contact with another positive case, having multiple sexual partners, and male gender. However, to facilitate a more complete analysis, more evidence needs to be investigated.