Distinctive Odor Research Articles

Formula Optimization of Propolis Transfersome Gel, Aloe Vera, Gotu Extract: Formula Design, Formulation Evaluation and Cell Regeneration Test in Diabetic Wounds

The study was conducted to determine the optimal formula of transfersome propolis gel, aloe vera extract and gotu gotu leaf extract and test it against diabetic wounds in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The gel was created with an optimal formulation resulting from the application of a Design Expert with Cutimed as a positive control of burns on the backs of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Formula optimization was carried out using a Simple Lattice Design with variations of carbopol, TEA and glycerin. Activity tests of propolis transferosome gel, aloe vera extract and gotu gotu extract were conducted on 20 rats. The data results were statistically analyzed using the SPSS One Way ANOVA method. Phytochemical screening on aloe vera and gotu gotu showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, tannins and saponins. Transfersome propolis has a particle size of 88.55 nm and a zeta potential of -24.13 mV. The optimal formula produces a clear preparation in white, a distinctive odour, a stable viscosity of 19980 cps, dispersion power of 6.67 cm, adhesion of 4.07 seconds and pH of 6.45. The burn activity test had the fastest effectiveness on day 12 but did not differ significantly from the customized control.

Cryptoporus qinlingensis sp. nov., the third species of Cryptoporus (Polyporaceae, Polyporales) from northwestern China

The macrofungal genus Cryptoporus consists of only two species presently. Another species of the genus was collected from Qinling Mountains in northwestern China, and here described as a novel species based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. In morphology, the novel species C. qinlingensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from related species by its relatively larger fruiting bodies (projecting up to 5.5 cm, 6.5 cm wide and 2.5 cm thick at base) with distinct odor of medicinal herbs when fresh, cream to reddish brown pileal surface, thick context (up to 1.5 cm thick), slim cystidioles (2.5–5.5 μm wide), host (pythogenesis on trunk of Pinus massoniana Lamb.) and sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses based on both ITS and multi-locus sequences (nLSU, tef1, mtSSU, rpb2 and nSSU) were carried out. Both morphological and molecular analyses confirm the distinct taxonomic status of C. qinlingensis.

Chemical mimicry in the corpse flower: Floral odor and phytochemical profiles of Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc.

Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc., commonly known as titan arum, corpse flower or carrion flower, is famous for having the largest inflorescence in the world. In addition to mimicking rotting meat with its flesh-colored floral parts and thermogenesis features, the bloom produces a variety of odorous chemical compounds that give the inflorescence its characteristic rotting animal smell when blooming, in order to attract a specific group of pollinators. This study analyses the volatile chemical profiles of the odors emitted during various stages of blooming. The floral odor samples were collected at different times of the bloom using HS-SPME fibers, and the samples were analyzed by GC/Q-ToF. A total of 66 volatile compounds were identified in the bloom, representing 31.62–96.92% of the volatile composition. Several malodorous compounds were detected, including trimethylamine, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl tetrasulfide, and indole. We also analyzed the non-volatile phytochemical constituents of various floral and vegetative organs of the plant for the first time using LC/Q-ToF and identified 40 compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, amino acids, xanthones, C-glycosylflavones, and organic acids in different organs of the plant. The main constituents of anthocyanins were cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside. Leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine were the major amino acids found in the plant's organs. We observed that A. titanum emits distinct odor compounds from different parts of the inflorescence at various stages of blooming.

Olfactory dysfunction decreased local field potential in the reward system and increased EtOH consumption in mice

The relationship between olfactory dysfunction and alcohol intake is unobvious. Chronic alcohol intake results in reduced olfactory acuity and olfactory discrimination and addiction in humans. However, alcohol is a beverage with distinctive odors, which usually works as a cue to induce addictive memories and craving behavior. Whether olfactory impairment increase or decrease alcohol consumption remains an important but unclear issue. In this study, we measured ethanol (EtOH) consumption in the two-bottle choice EtOH drinking test, two bottle choice EtOH/sucrose drinking test and the drinking in the dark (DID) test during the olfactory loss. We also recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the brain reward system, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and piriform cortex (Pir) one and four weeks after the induction of olfactory epithelium lesions using zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) in mice. The results showed that the EtOH consumption and preference were increased during the period of olfactory dysfunction. 1 week after the olfactory injury, LFP powers in the reward system at low- and high-gamma bands decreased significantly, coherence between the Pir and the reward system was also decrease. 4 weeks after the ZnSO4 treatment, LFP powers were reversed, but the coherence between VTA and NAc was decreased, indicating lasting effects post-recovery. This study demonstrates that olfactory dysfunction increased EtOH consumption in mice, which was accompanied by decreased LFP power and coherence in the reward system, which suggest that olfactory deficits changed activities in the reward system and could alter reward-seeking behaviors, which provide insights into the neurobiology of alcohol addiction.

FORMULASI DAN UJI FISIK SALEP KOMBINASI EKSTRAK PUTRI MALU (Mimosa Pudica) DAN DAUN JARAK PAGAR (Jatropha Curcas)

Indonesia is a tropical country that has the potential to experience skin diseases. The development of drugs from natural ingredients can be used to treat skin diseases. One of the appropriate pharmaceutical preparations for treating skin infections is ointment. Putri Malu (Mimosa Pudica) and Jatropha Leaves (Jatropha Cuscas) are plants that contain flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenols which have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. The aim of this research is to formulate an ointment preparation from the extract of putrimalu (mimosa pudica) and jatropha curcas leaves (jatropha curcas) which meets the requirements of an ointment preparation by means of a physical test of the ointment. This type of research was experimental, which was carried out by making 3 ointment formulations combining Putri Malu and Jatropha leaves using the ointment base Vasellin Album and Adeps Lanae. Physically tested ointment preparations include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, spreadability tests, and adhesiveness tests. Based on testing of a combination of ointment preparations from the extract of putrimalu (mimosa pudica) and jatropha leaves (jatrooha cuscas) with a base of vasellin album and adeps lanae, the organoleptic results were blackish brown, distinctive odor, semi-solid consistency, homogeneous ointment with a Ph value of 5 and viscosity test. adhesion and spreading power in accordance with ointment preparation standards. The best formulation of the ointment combination of the extract of the mollusk (mimosa pudica) and jatropha curcas (jatropha cusrcas) leaves is formulation 2 with a ratio of (2:2).

Environmental chamber analysis of objective volatile organic compounds emissions and subjective olfactory perception from main automotive interior components

This study examined the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their associated odors from five key automotive interior components: door panels, weatherstrips, seats, headliners, and carpets. Objective VOC emissions and subjective odor evaluations were conducted in an environmental chamber with controlled temperature, humidity, and ventilation rates. VOC analysis revealed that alkanes and aromatic compounds were the predominant emissions, together accounting for 43 %–61 % of the total number of emission types. Other notable emissions included aldehydes and ketones. The overlap in the emitted compounds was substantial, with 13 % of the compounds being universally emitted, 42 % emitted by two or more components, and 45 % unique to individual components. Subjective odor evaluations identified distinct odor fingerprints for each component, with weatherstrips having the highest odor intensity and headliners having the lowest. Perceived pleasantness (PP) ratings were generally negative, indicating the unappealing nature of the odors. Odor activity value (OAV) analysis showed a weak linear relationship with odor intensity, particularly because of the negative correlation in weatherstrips, suggesting significant masking or enhancement effects among odor molecules. Aldehydes and acids were the major contributors to OAV, whereas alkanes, which are often overlooked, were also significant because of their high emission levels.

Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds from Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) Eggs Using Headspace Odor Sampling Methods.

The spotted lanternfly (SLF) is an invasive species native to China. It was first discovered in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014. It is known to cause great economic damage by destroying various crops, specifically grape vines, and therefore, several efforts have been made to control and mitigate its spread from the Northeast. Canine detection is a useful detection tool; however, it is crucial to understand the volatile organic compounds emitting by this pest to better direct canine training paradigms to prevent false alerts and to understand potential volatile markers of importance indicative of this species. The purpose of this study is to address the gap in research regarding the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of SLF to better inform pest control mitigation strategies. Instrumental analysis was performed utilizing SPME-GC/MS on cold-killed SLF eggs, dried crickets, and tree bark. Differences in detected VOCs within each sample set depicted distinctive odor profiles for each matrix tested. Storage of these samples also depicted VOC accumulation variation as a function of time, thereby providing implications for long-term storage and sample handling for these types of training aids in canine applications.

Determination of specific and non-specific standardization parameters for ethanol extract of purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff )

Purple leaves are a traditional medicine that is widely used by people in West Java, Maluku and Papua. Empirically, purple leaves are usually used to treat wounds, liver swelling, and treat gallstones. The aim of this research is to establish standardization of specific parameters (organoleptic and chemical content) and non-specific parameters (ash content, water content, drying loss, heavy metal contamination, yeast mold number (AKK), microbial contamination/Total Plate Number (ALT)) as well as antioxidant on purple leaf plants (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff). The results showed that the specific parameters of the organoleptic properties of the 96% ethanol extract of purple leaves ( Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff ) namely black in color , shaped like paste, has a distinctive purple leaf odor and a bitter taste. The results of the phytochemical screening of 96% ethanol extract of cherry leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins . However, the saponin test was negative for containing saponin. The non-specific parameters of 96% ethanol extract of cherry leaves are water content of 5.96 % , total ash content of 16.8570 %, drying loss of 17.26 %, heavy metals As and Cd were not detected in Pb of 0, 1236 mg/kg, microbial contamination (Alt) and yeast mold numbers (Akk) were not found in colonies. Based on standardization testing of non-specific parameters, purple leaf simplicia meets the simplicia quality standards

Volatile organic compound detection of Buruli ulcer disease: Headspace analysis of Mycobacterium ulcerans and used gauzes of Buruli-compatible ulcers.

Diagnosing Buruli ulcer (BU) is complicated by limited access to the sensitive IS2404 qPCR. Experienced clinicians report a distinct odour of Buruli ulcers. We explored the potential of headspace analysis by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Mycobacterium ulcerans both in vitro and clinically. This study was conducted in two phases: a discovery and validation phase. During the discovery phase, VOCs that enable identification of M. ulcerans cultures were determined. During the validation phase, these VOCs were evaluated in clinical samples for which we used gauzes from patients with skin ulcerations in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Seven M. ulcerans headspace samples were compared with four from sterile growth medium and laboratory environmental air. The univariate analysis resulted in the selection of 24 retained VOC fragments and a perfect differentiation between cultures and controls. Sixteen of 24 fragments were identified, resulting in eleven unique compounds, mainly alkanes. Methylcyclohexane was the best performing compound. Based on these 24 fragments, headspace samples originating from gauzes of 50 open skin lesions (12 qPCR positive and 38 negative) were analysed and an AUC of 0.740 (95%-CI 0.583-0.897) was obtained. As this is an experimental study, future research has to confirm whether the identified compounds can serve as novel biomarkers.

ScentClue: Enhancing Story Engagement in Virtual Reality Through Hedonically Varied Olfactory Hints

To enhance the engagement and significance of olfaction as a novel medium in multimedia systems, we aim to integrate different hedonic odorous cues into narratives to augment immersion in virtual experiences. We introduce the ScentClue system, comprising (1) an original and murder-themed experimental film incorporating four distinct hedonic odor cues synchronized with audiovisual elements, (2) a neck-worn scent delivery device capable of dispensing four different odors, and (3) an Unreal Engine-based virtual cinema environment enabling rapid control of video playback and odor dissemination. Experimenting with 18 participants divided into control groups with and without odor stimuli, we validated the system’s usability and effectiveness of odor cue settings. Furthermore, we found that the use of odors with different hedonic qualities could enhance odor recognition, amplify thematic story ambiance, and aid in the rapid differentiation of complex relationships. Finally, we discussed expanded scenarios and interaction modalities for ScentClue, proposing future narrative-driven olfaction-enhanced multimedia designs with considerations for odor cue settings, odor material selection, and scent-releasing setup, particularly unpleasant odors.

Unveiling Drimenol: A Phytochemical with Multifaceted Bioactivities.

Drimenol, a phytochemical with a distinct odor is found in edible aromatic plants, such as Polygonum minus (known as kesum in Malaysia) and Drimys winteri. Recently, drimenol has received increasing attention owing to its diverse biological activities. This review offers the first extensive overview of drimenol, covering its sources, bioactivities, and derivatives. Notably, drimenol possesses a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial, anti-insect, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Moreover, some mechanisms of its activities, such as its antifungal effects against human mycoses and anticancer activities, have been investigated. However, there are still several crucial issues in the research on drimenol, such as the lack of experimental understanding of its pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and toxicity. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to present a holistic understanding of drimenol, paving the way for future studies and its potential utilization in diverse fields.

Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical profiles of Euclea divinorum (Ebenaceae)

Background: Euclea divinorum, belonging to the family Ebeneceae, has extensive traditional medicinal use in Africa. However, it lacks sufficient published data on its pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties. Aims and Objectives: Thus, this study aimed at comprehensively evaluating the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties of E. divinorum using established techniques. Materials and Methods: The evaluation included assessing organoleptic properties, macroscopy, and microscopy of leaves, stems, and roots. Various physicochemical parameters, such as loss on drying and extractive values via hot and cold maceration, were determined. Phytochemical screening was also conducted on root aqueous extracts. Results and Conclusion: Results revealed specific characteristics of E. divinorum leaves, including light green coloration, distinct odor, and bitterness. Macroscopic examination highlighted opposite phyllotaxy, simple leaf types with lamina length range of 71.09 - 93.89 mm and a width range of 6.05 - 17.59 mm, obtuse leaf apexes, cuneate leaf bases, entire leaf margins, and smooth leaf surfaces. Venation displayed a reticulate pattern, with the midrib prominently visible on the lower surface. Microscopic analysis of the lower leaf epidermis showed an average of stomatal density of 3.75±0.67, epidermal density of 35.75±2.16 and stomatal index of 10.47±1.11. Microscopic examination of the leaf lamina across the midrib revealed cortical parenchymal cells containing calcium oxalate crystals, lignified xylem, and non-lignified phloem. Stem cross-sections displayed single-layered cells comprising the epidermis, secondary phloem, secondary xylem, and pith. Similar structures were observed in root cross-sections. The plant's moisture content was found to be 44.8±1.962%, with water and alcohol-soluble extractive values of 7.27±0.17 and 1.13±0.05 g/100g, respectively, through cold maceration, and 14.77±0.28 and 11.43±0.39 g/100g, respectively through hot maceration. The total ash content was measured at 3.03± 0.103%. Phytochemical screening detected various compounds, with anthraquinone glycosides, coumarine glycosides, saponin glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, and tannins being abundant. Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and steroids were absent. This research contributes to standardizing E. divinorum, aiding in its identification, preventing adulteration, and ensuring therapeutic efficacy.

Beyond Distracted Eating: Cognitive Distraction Downregulates Odor Pleasantness and Interacts with Weight Status.

Considering the widespread issue of distracted eating, our study investigates how cognitive distraction influences the sensory perception of food-related odors among individuals with varying weight statuses. We conducted an exploratory, randomized, and cross-sectional experimental study, using the Tetris game to simulate real-life cognitive distraction, incorporating two distraction levels (low and high) and presenting five distinct odors. A total of 59 participants, categorized into a lean (n = 30) and overweight/obese group (n = 29) based on their body mass index (BMI), received odor stimuli while playing Tetris at low and high difficulty, corresponding to low and high distraction levels, respectively. Participants subsequently rated odor intensity and pleasantness under the two cognitive distraction conditions. Respiratory movements were monitored to ensure accurate olfactory stimulation. Our findings revealed no significant difference in odor intensity ratings across distraction levels (p = 0.903). However, there was a significant reduction in odor pleasantness under high cognitive distraction (p = 0.007), more pronounced in lean participants compared to those with an overweight status (p = 0.035). Additionally, an interaction between gender and cognitive distraction effects was observed in odor pleasantness perception. The differential effects of distraction across weight-status groups and genders are discussed in the context of hedonic motivation and compensatory mechanisms. This study sheds light onto the sensory mechanisms underlying distracted eating and could inform more personalized strategies for promoting healthier eating habits in a world dominated by distractions.

Chemotaxonomic variation of volatile components in Zanthoxylum Bungeanum peel and effects of climate on volatile components

BackgroundZanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. is widely distributed across China, and the aroma of its peel is primarily determined by its volatile components. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of volatile components in Z. bungeanum peels from different regions and investigated their correlation with climatic factors.ResultsThe results identified 126 compounds in Z. bungeanum, with 27 compounds exhibiting distinct odor characteristics. Linalool was the most abundant, with an average relative content of 21.664%. The volatile oil of Z. bungeanum predominantly features spicy, floral, citrus, and mint aromas. The classification results indicated a significant difference in elevation at the ZB10 collection points in Shaanxi Province compared to other groups. Temperature, average annual precipitation, and wind speed were crucial factors influencing the accumulation of volatile components.ConclusionsThis study is beneficial for enhancing the quality of Z. bungeanum, expanding the understanding of how climatic factors influence the accumulation of volatile substances, and promoting agricultural practices in regions with similar climatic conditions.

Human perception of Parkinson's disease body odor in comparison to the volatile organic compounds of Parkinson's disease

IntroductionPatients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) have a distinctive body odor, which was first described by a patient's wife as musky and strong. Later analysis of sebum of patients with PD revealed four volatile organic compounds (VOC) (perillic aldehyde, hippuric acid, eicosane, octadecanal), that differed from healthy subjects, and the patient's wife confirmed that three of them smelled like patients with PD. However, it is unclear whether other people can also perceive this PD body odor and whether it can be artificially recreated. Hence, we aimed to systematically assess whether young women can perceive the PD body odor and whether they can discriminate between the PD body odor and the “artificial PD odor” composed of the four VOCs mentioned above. MethodsT-shirts were collected from 19 people with idiopathic PD and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy participants to represent the PD body odor and the healthy body odor, respectively. The four VOCs were diluted in 1,2-propanediol to prepare the artificial PD body odor. Body odors were rated by 26 young women. ResultsPD body odor was perceived as more musty, strong, smelly, and unpleasant compared to healthy and artificial PD body odor. Furthermore, around 80 % of women were able to discriminate PD body odor from artificial PD body odor. ConclusionOverall, this study confirmed a distinctive body odor quality of patients with PD, which can be perceived by young women. However, the four VOCs, composing the artificial PD body odor, were insufficient to reproduce the body odor from PD patients.

Monoterpenoid synergy: a new frontier in biological applications.

Monoterpenoids, compounds found in various organisms, have diverse applications in various industries. Their effectiveness is influenced by the oil's chemical composition, which in turn is influenced by plant genotype, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and plant development stage. They are used in various industries due to their distinctive odor and taste, serving as ingredients, additives, insecticides, and repellents. These compounds have synergistic properties, resulting in superior combined effects over discrete ones, potentially beneficial for various health purposes. Many experimental studies have investigated their interactions with other ingredients and their antibacterial, insecticidal, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review discusses potential synergistic interactions between monoterpenoids and other compounds, their sources, and biological functions. It also emphasizes the urgent need for more research on their bioavailability and toxicity, underlining the importance and relevance of this comprehensive study in the current scientific landscape.

Accuracy of odor-based microorganism identification by microbiological technologists with different years of experience: A cross-sectional study

IntroductionElucidating the characteristic odors of microbes can facilitate microorganism identification. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of microbial identification based on odor and its association with years of experience among microbiological technologists. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on February 19, 2023, in Osaka, Japan, in a laboratory capable of handling microorganisms that were rated at or below biosafety level 2. This study included 70 microbiological technologists (including 45 women) with a mean experience of 7.1 years (standard deviation, 5.7). Ten bacterial strains with distinct odors were selected. Participants were blindfolded and asked to identify the bacterial strains based on odor of cultured microbes alone. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis. The primary outcome was the number of accurately identified bacterial strains per year of experience. ResultsThe number of years of experience was not significantly associated with the accuracy of odor identification (regression coefficient = 0.037 [95 % confidence interval: 0.038 to 0.113]). Additionally, generally low accuracy was noted in the identification of individual microbial species. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that microorganism identification based solely on odor is challenging. Incorporating additional information, such as visual cues, may enhance the identification accuracy.

Hubungan Dukungan Psikososial dengan Proses Penyembuhan Luka Gangren Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Klinik Ibnu Sina Sejahtera Jenggawah

Gangrenous wounds are a chronic complication in diabetes mellitus patients. Gangrene is dead tissue that is slightly black in color and has a distinctive odor due to the presence of bacteria. Gangrene not only has a physical impact on the patient, but also has an impact on his psychosocial life. This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the psychosocial support of patients with gangrene wounds in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The design of this research is correlational which aims to reveal the relationship between psychosocial support and the healing process of gangrene wounds in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Ibnu Sina Clinic Sejahtera Jenggawah and uses a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who had gangrenous wounds at the Ibnu Sina Sejahtera Jenggawah Clinic with a sample of 33 respondents. The sampling technique uses total sampling. The results of research using the Spearman Rho Test showed that the p value was 0.001 with a calculated r value of 0.563 in the strong correlation category and the direction of the correlation was positive, which means that the better the psychosocial support, the better the wound healing process for the patient. Every patient with gangrenous wounds is expected to receive various kinds of support, including psychosocial support. Based on this, the patient's family should provide psychosocial support in order to speed up the wound healing process.

Physicochemical characterization, chemical composition and antioxidant activities of pyroligneous acids from cocktails of wood and agricultural residues from Ivory Coast

Physical, chemical characterization and antioxidant activities were assessed on six pyroligneous acids from four wood cocktails (WCV1, WCV2, WCV3, WCV4) and two types of agricultural residues (PA1, PA2) from Ivory Coast. Physical and chemical parameters of pyroligneous extracts were determined using a density meter, refractometer, pH meter, colorimetric titration, drying and sensory test. WCV2 alone simultaneously met all the standards set by the Japanese Pyroligneous Liquor Association, with a distinct smoky odour, a clear light-brown color, a pH of around 3, a density in the 1.010–1.020 g/mL range, and an ignition residue content of less than 0.2 %. In addition, WCV3, blackish in colour, had the highest Brix value (9) with a lower moisture content than the others (89.92 %), thus reflecting a high soluble tar content. Furthermore, all pyroligneous liquids had a high moisture content (89.92–99.08 %) and a low total acid content (0.90–2.10 %) compared with the literature. However, the results of GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of major compounds such as acetic acid, propionic acid, phenol, guaiacol and 3-methylphenol in the organic phase of pyroligneous extracts. FTIR analysis identified alkaloids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the aqueous phase of pyroligneous extracts. The presence of these compounds was confirmed by a phytochemical screening test. Finally, antioxidant activities with DPPH and ABTS methods showed that WCV2 had the best antioxidant properties due to its high guaiacol and syringol content. On the other hand, WCV3 showed a good antioxidant efficacy only by the DPPH method, probably due to its high flavonoid content.

The Impact of Beeswax and Glycerol Monolaurate on Camellia Oil Oleogel's Formulation and Application in Food Products.

This study assessed the nutritional profile of camellia oil through its fatty acid composition, highlighting its high oleic acid content (81.4%), followed by linoleic (7.99%) and palmitic acids (7.74%), demonstrating its excellence as an edible oil source. The impact of beeswax (BW) and glycerol monolaurate (GML) on camellia oil oleogels was investigated, revealing that increasing BW or GML concentrations enhanced hardness and springiness, with 10% BW oleogel exhibiting the highest hardness and springiness. FTIR results suggested that the structure of the oleogels was formed by interactions between molecules without altering the chemical composition. In biscuits, 10% BW oleogel provided superior crispness, expansion ratio, texture, and taste, whereas GML imparted a distinct odor. In sausages, no significant differences were observed in color, water retention, and pH between the control and replacement groups; however, the BW group scored higher than the GML group in the sensory evaluation. The findings suggest that the BW oleogel is an effective fat substitute in biscuits and sausages, promoting the application of camellia oil in food products.