Distinct Instability Research Articles

The Effect of the Movement of a Passive Reflector on the Atomization of a Levitating Drop

Abstract This study investigates the instability of distilled water drops under acoustic levitation induced by the movement of a reflector toward the transducer. The experimental setup consisted of a passive concave reflector and a Langevin transducer in a uniaxial-resonance configuration. The experiment consists of achieving a stable levitation of the droplet and then moving the reflector constantly toward the transducer, shortening the distance h between them (reflector-transducer). All experiments were recorded using a high-speed camera to analyze the drop’s behavior. The results revealed three distinct instabilities: radial atomization occurred when the drop volume (VD ) was ≤ 3.74 μl, beyond which central atomization was observed. A third instability is observed when a low reflector velocity (Vr < 0.67 mm/s) is used, where the droplet exhibited modes of oscillation with pulsed central atomization.

Electrically activated ferroelectric nematic microrobots

Ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals are fluids exhibiting spontaneous electric polarization, which is coupled to their long range orientational order. Due to their inherent property of making bound and surface charges, the free surface of ferroelectric nematics becomes unstable in electric fields. Here we show that ferroelectric liquid bridges between two electrode plates undergo distinct interfacial instabilities. In a specific range of frequency and voltage, the ferroelectric fluid bridges move as active interacting particles resembling living organisms like swarming insects, microbes or microrobots. The motion is accompanied by sound emission, as a consequence of piezoelectricity and electrostriction. Statistical analysis of the active particles reveals that the movement can be controlled by the applied voltage, which implies the possible application of the system in new types of microfluidic devices.

Detecting microsatellite instability by length comparison of microsatellites in the 3' untranslated region with RNA-seq.

Microsatellite instability (MSI), a phenomenon caused by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair system deficiencies, is an important biomarker in cancer research and clinical diagnostics. MSI detection often involves next-generation sequencing data, with many studies focusing on DNA. Here, we introduce a novel approach by measuring microsatellite lengths directly from ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) data and comparing its distribution to detect MSI. Our findings reveal distinct instability patterns between MSI-high (MSI-H) and microsatellite stable samples, indicating the efficacy of RNA-based MSI detection. Additionally, microsatellites in the 3'-untranslated regions showed the greatest predictive value for MSI detection. Notably, this efficacy extends to detecting MSI-H samples even in tumors not commonly associated with MSI. Our approach highlights the utility of RNA-seq data in MSI detection, facilitating more precise diagnostics through the integration of various biological data.

Comparative analysis on negative-bias-illumination-stress instabilities between planar- and vertical-channel thin-film transistors using InGaZnO active channels prepared by atomic-layer deposition

It is of the utmost importance to highlight the necessity of characterizing the operational stabilities of vertical-channel thin-film transistors (VTFTs) using In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) channel layers as potential back-plane devices for larger-area and higher-resolution display applications. To elucidate the structural variations in channel structures, the device characteristics of the mesa-shaped VTFT were compared with those of the conventional planar-channel TFT (PTFT). The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in positive-bias stability between the VTFT and the PTFT. Nevertheless, under negative-bias-illumination stress (NBIS), VTFTs and PTFTs exhibited quite distinct instability behavior. The results were suggested to be attributed to the photo-ionization of oxygen vacancy (VO) initiated under illumination stress below a given wavelength. To ascertain the discrepancies in operational behaviors between the two devices, the shift in turn-on voltage (ΔVON) and the change in subthreshold swing (ΔSS) were examined with a lapse of stress time. The ΔVON values were +0.11 V and +0.18 V for the PTFT and VTFT, respectively, under a stress of −2 MV/cm for 3600 s in a dark state. In contrast, under the same conditions with a blue wavelength, they were −0.45 V and −1.81 V, respectively. A larger negative ΔVON for the VTFT was suggested to result from a larger amount of intrinsic defects, such as VO, which originated from the rugged back-channel corresponding to the vertical sidewall of the spacer pattern. The defect-related carrier (DRC) generation may result in a higher degree of VO photo-ionization for the VTFT. As a result, the VTFT showed a positive ΔSS of +120 mV/dec, in contrast to the PTFT, which showed a ΔSS close to zero. This scenario was verified by evaluating the subgap density-of-states within the atomic-layer-deposited IGZO channels for both devices using the thermally-activated electron model. The findings provide valuable insights for the accurate evaluation of the NBIS instability of the IGZO VTFT.

The flame macrostructure and thermoacoustic instability in a centrally staged burner operating in different pilot stage equivalence ratios

The main focus of this paper is to discover the link between flame macrostructure and thermoacoustic instability in a centrally staged swirl burner. In practical combustors, the flow rate in the pilot stage is much smaller than that in the main stage. However, the modification in the pilot stage could alter the flame macrostructure while maintaining a similar total flow rate. Therefore, the thermoacoustic instability was examined at different flame macrostructures by varying the pilot stage equivalence ratio under identical main stage inlet conditions. High-frequency planar laser measurements and chemiluminescence measurement were conducted to enhance spatial and temporal accuracy, providing a more comprehensive understanding of thermoacoustic instability. Two different flame macrostructures, S-type and I-type flames, were identified based on the preheating zone distribution. They exhibit distinct thermoacoustic instabilities, with the I-type flames demonstrating more intense instability than S-type flames. The results indicate that the variation of flame macrostructure influences the coupling of flame heat release and flow field. Specifically, the preheating zone and heat release of I-type flames exhibit greater sensitivity to flow field fluctuations, resulting in a more intense and complex fluctuation of the flame. This discrepancy leads to variations in thermoacoustic instability intensity, as well as the changes in the phase coupling between heat release and acoustic pressure, which in turn impact the total Rayleigh index. Meanwhile, significant differences exist in the distribution pattern and range of flow field fluctuations between I-type and S-type flames.

Magnetic ground state of NdB4 : Interplay between anisotropic exchange interactions and hidden order on a Shastry-Sutherland lattice

The neodymium tetraboride NdB4, crystalizing into a tetragonal crystal structure, has the magnetic ions located on a Shastry-Sutherland lattice. The compound undergoes several magnetic phase transitions and exhibits a complex multi-k ground state that has so far been elusive. Here we report the solution and quantitative refinement of the magnetic ground state of NdB4 based on neutron diffraction data. The magnetic structure consists of two separate components; one of them is confined within the ab plane and makes an orthogonal all-in-all-out spin configuration maintaining translation symmetry of the crystal. Another is pointing along the c axis, and this component forms an anharmonic spin density wave consisting of three-up-two-down sequences with fivefold periodicity. The in-plane and out of plane spin structures represent distinct magnetic instabilities which normally would not coexist. Their simultaneous presence in the same phase is an interesting phenomenon associated with anisotropic exchange interactions and coupling to a symmetry breaking nonmagnetic order parameter undetectable by the available diffraction data. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Abstract 3366: FoRx-06-428 is a novel PARG inhibitor with potent anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical cancer models

Abstract The formation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains from NAD+ precursors by PARP enzymes is a characteristic posttranslational modification during DNA damage repair. PAR chains function as docking platforms for DNA repair proteins that are required to resolve DNA lesions. Equally important is the subsequent removal of PAR chains from protein substrates to conclude the repair process and restore genomic integrity. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is the key enzyme in this process and has recently garnered significant attention as a novel cancer target. FoRx-06-428 is a novel, orally bioavailable and highly potent, low molecular weight PARG inhibitor. It binds to the catalytic domain of human PARG with high affinity, as evidenced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and displays potent inhibition of enzymatic activity. FoRx-06-428 shows selective reduction of viability in a panel of cancer cell lines highlighting therapeutic potential in multiple cancer indications. Pharmacological inhibition of PARG leads to accumulation of PAR chains and is indicative of target engagement, accompanied by modulation of DNA damage response markers, such as phosphorylation of replication protein A (pRPA) and phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX). Compelling anti-tumor efficacy as single agent was observed in several xenograft models (breast and gastric cancer) with excellent tolerability. Dose-dependent accumulation of PAR chains was demonstrated in vivo and constitutes a tractable target engagement biomarker for clinical exploration. Sensitivity to PARG inhibition is partly driven by distinct genomic instabilities, such as defects in homologous recombination (HR) repair, however the activity of PARG inhibitors is also influenced by aberrations in other cancer-relevant pathways. This report represents the first disclosure of the pharmacological characterization of FoRx-06-428 and highlights the value of PARG inhibition as a novel targeted approach to treat DNA repair-deficient cancers. Citation Format: Olivier Querolle, Ulrich Lücking, Luca Iacovino, Alena Freudenmann, Giacomo Rossetti, Marina Gysin, Serena Bologna, Vasilis Dionellis, Marta Malattia, Alessandro Potenza, Nicolas Bocquet, Irena Konstantinova, Andreas Goutopoulos, Sotirios Sotiriou, Thanos Halazonetis, Tarig Bashir, Frank Zenke. FoRx-06-428 is a novel PARG inhibitor with potent anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3366.

Low microsatellite instability: A distinct instability type in gastric cancer?

PurposeWe recently showed that low microsatellite instability (MSI-L) is associated with a good response to platinum/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CTx) in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to characterize the instability pattern and to investigate an association of MSI-L tumors with mutations in genes of DNA repair pathways and with total tumor mutation burden (TMB).MethodsMSI patterns were compared between 67 MSI high (-H) and 35 MSI-L tumors. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in 34 microsatellite stable (MSS) and 20 MSI-L tumors after or without neoadjuvant CTx.ResultsOf the 35 MSI-L tumors, 33 tumors had instability at a dinucleotide repeat marker. In the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, 10 of the 34 (29%) MSS and 10 of the 20 (50%) MSI-L tumors showed variants (p = 0.154). In the DNA damage tolerance pathway, 6 of the 34 (18%) MSS and 7 of the 20 (35%) MSI-L tumors had variants (p = 0.194). The HR deficiency score was similar in both tumor groups. TMB was significantly higher in MSI-L compared to MSS tumors after CTx (p = 0.046). In the MSS and MSI-L tumors without CTx no difference was observed (p = 1.00).ConclusionMSI-L due to instability at dinucleotide repeat markers was associated with increased TMB after neoadjuvant CTx treatment, indicating sensitivity to platinum/5-FU CTx. If confirmed in further studies, this could contribute to refined chemotherapeutic options including immune-based strategies for GC patients with MSI-L tumors.

Somatic structural variation signatures in pediatric brain tumors

Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Somatic structural variations (SVs), large-scale alterations in DNA, remain poorly understood in pediatric brain tumors. Here, we detect a total of 13,199 high-confidence somatic SVs in 744 whole-genome sequences of pediatric brain tumors from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas. The somatic SV occurrences have tremendous diversity among the cohort and across different tumor types. We decompose mutational signatures of clustered complex SVs, non-clustered complex SVs, and simple SVs separately to infer their mutational mechanisms. Our finding of many tumor types carrying unique sets of SV signatures suggests that distinct molecular mechanisms shape genome instability in different tumor types. The patterns of somatic SV signatures in pediatric brain tumors are substantially different from those in adult cancers. The convergence of multiple SV signatures on several major cancer driver genes implies vital roles of somatic SVs in disease progression.

Proton Temperature Anisotropy within the Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Sheath at 1 au

The sheath plasma of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) is highly compressed, heated, turbulent, and magnetically intense relative to the ambient solar wind. In this Letter, we perform a detailed study of proton temperature anisotropy within the 333 ICME sheath regions observed on board the Wind spacecraft spanning the years 1995–2015. Our observations show that marginal stability thresholds of mirror mode and firehose instabilities predominantly constrain the proton temperature anisotropy within these sheath regions regardless of ICME sheath plasma speed. This is true even when the plasma beta values are less than 2, a parameter space that should have favored the prevalence of parallel firehose and proton cyclotron instabilities according to linear stability analysis. This investigation demonstrates the critical role played by distinct plasma instabilities in shaping the evolution of ICME sheath plasma compared to the broader solar wind environment.

Instability and transition onset downstream of a laminar separation bubble at Mach 6

Instability measurements of an axisymmetric, laminar separation bubble were made over a sharp cone-cylinder-flare with a$12^{\circ }$flare angle under hypersonic quiet flow. Two distinct instabilities were identified: Mack's second mode (which peaked between 190 and 290 kHz) and the shear-layer instability in the same frequency band as Mack's first mode (observed between 50 and 150 kHz). Both instabilities were measured with surface pressure sensors and were captured with high-speed schlieren. Linear stability analysis results agreed well with these measured instabilities in terms of both peak frequencies and amplification rates. Lower-frequency fluctuations were also noted in the schlieren data. Bicoherence analysis revealed nonlinear phase-locking between the shear-layer and second-mode instabilities. For the first time in axisymmetric, low-disturbance flow, naturally generated intermittent turbulent spots were observed in the reattached boundary layer. These spots appeared to evolve from shear-layer-instability wave packets convecting downstream. This work presents novel experimental evidence of the hypersonic shear-layer instability contributing directly to transition onset for an axisymmetric model.

Identification of the molecular subtypes and construction of risk models in neuroblastoma

The heterogeneity of neuroblastoma directly affects the prognosis of patients. Individualization of patient treatment to improve prognosis is a clinical challenge at this stage and the aim of this study is to characterize different patient populations. To achieve this, immune-related cell cycle genes, identified in the GSE45547 dataset using WGCNA, were used to classify cases from multiple datasets (GSE45547, GSE49710, GSE73517, GES120559, E-MTAB-8248, and TARGET) into subgroups by consensus clustering. ESTIMATES, CIBERSORT and ssGSEA were used to assess the immune status of the patients. And a 7-gene risk model was constructed based on differentially expressed genes between subtypes using randomForestSRC and LASSO. Enrichment analysis was used to demonstrate the biological characteristics between different groups. Key genes were screened using randomForest to construct neural network and validated. Finally, drug sensitivity was assessed in the GSCA and CellMiner databases. We classified the 1811 patients into two subtypes based on immune-related cell cycle genes. The two subtypes (Cluster1 and Cluster2) exhibited distinct clinical features, immune levels, chromosomal instability and prognosis. The same significant differences were demonstrated between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Through our analysis, we identified neuroblastoma subtypes with unique characteristics and established risk models which will improve our understanding of neuroblastoma heterogeneity.

Coupled instabilities drive quasiperiodic order-disorder transitions in Faraday waves.

We present an experimental study of quasiperiodic transitions between a highly ordered square-lattice pattern and a disordered, defect-riddled state, in a circular Faraday system. We show that the transition is driven initially by a long-wave amplitude modulation instability, which excites the oscillatory transition phase instability, leading to the formation of dislocations in the Faraday lattice. The appearance of dislocations dampens amplitude modulations, which prevents further defects from being created and allows the system to relax back to its ordered state. The process then repeats itself in a quasiperiodic manner. Our experiments reveal an unexpected mechanism for temporal quasiperiodicity that results from a coupling between two distinct instabilities on the route to chaos.

Parameterisation of small-scale random forcing in β-plane turbulence

Zonal jet formation in $\beta$ -plane turbulence is investigated with the focus on whether an accurate closure can be developed for the eddy momentum fluxes due to small-scale random forcing. The approach of Srinivasan and Young (J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 71, 2014, pp. 2169–2185) is developed to give a relatively simple expression for the local Reynolds stress, due to a white-in-time random forcing with characteristic length scale much less than the jet spacing. In typical jet flows, however, it is demonstrated that the Srinivasan–Young flux is not the full story because momentum fluxes due to jet-scale waves, present as a result of distinct barotropic instabilities of the eastward and westward jets, respectively, also play a key role in the momentum balance. Numerical simulations that explicitly include the random forcing are then compared with those in which the Srinivasan–Young closure is applied. For typical jet flows, good agreement of the equilibrium zonal flow is found provided that the closure simulation is not truncated to be purely zonal, i.e. jet-scale secondary barotropic instabilities are allowed to develop. Flows in which the geometry or external forcing acts to suppress the development of secondary instabilities are also simulated, and for these flows the Srinivasan–Young closure is shown to be successful as a purely zonal closure. It is argued that vortex condensates in isotropic forced-dissipative 2D turbulence are an example of this latter situation.

Impact of spray dynamics on combustion instabilities investigated by changing the atomizer recess in a swirl combustor

The present article is aimed at identifying the impact of spray-wall interaction on combustion instabilities. This is achieved by systematically modifying the liquid fuel atomizer location with respect to the injector outlet in experiments carried out on a single-injector swirling combustor. The injector is characterized by a high swirl number and a relatively high pressure drop, and features a pressure atomizer that delivers liquid heptane fuel in the form of a fine spray. In the first set of experiments, longitudinal self-sustained oscillations (SSOs) are examined by varying the atomizer recess distance and using three combustion chamber lengths. Three distinct instability regions characterized by jumps in amplitude and frequency are observed as a function of the atomizer recess. At lower SSO frequencies (obtained for longer chambers), the pressure fluctuation amplitude in the chamber decreases as the atomizer recess distance is reduced, tending towards a stable operation. An opposite behavior is observed at comparatively higher SSO frequencies (obtained with a shorter chamber), where the system becomes less unstable at higher atomizer recess distances. The oscillation frequency is also found to change and increases as the recess distance is reduced. Three recess distances corresponding to each zone of operation are selected to further analyze the flow and flame structures and dynamics. It is found that the mean velocity profiles only reveal moderate differences in the air flow field, but there are significant changes in the fuel spray distribution in the neighborhood of the injector axis. Laser sheet images of the spray reveal two patterns—one where the spray predominantly interacts with the injector end piece when the atomizer is recessed, and the other where this interaction is minimal. In the latter case, corresponding to a small recess, the fuel spray is directly conveyed into the chamber. It is next found that the spray distribution affects the flame pattern defining two distinct configurations. Finally, the flame response to external disturbances is characterized by flame describing functions (FDFs) that allow carrying out a stability analysis. FDF results obtained with two independent methods indicate that the gain and phase at the three recess positions vary substantially and that this can be used in combination with a low-order model to interpret the instability behavior of the system. This study might serve to guide the modeling of combustion dynamics and help design injectors that are less sensitive to instabilities.

Workability and dynamic restoration mechanisms of Al-6.2Zn-2.1Mg-0.15Zr alloy during medium temperature compression

Medium temperature compressions were implemented in the range of 433–593 K and 0.001–5 s−1 to reveal the workability and dynamic restoration mechanisms of quenched Al-6.2Zn-2.1Mg-0.15Zr alloy. The activation energy evolution with processing parameters was inspected through the modified kinetic equation that derived by integrally considering the strain and deformation parameters, and the results suggested activation energies decreased with the increasing strain rate and deformation temperature while less affected by the increase of strain at a specific strain rate condition. The 3D processing map was constructed to optimize the processing regions, in which two unstable domains yielded by distinct microscopic instabilities were marked whilst the safe working regions could be identified at 533–593 K, 0.001–0.1 s−1 with dissipation efficiency >20%. The microstructural evolution of the compressed specimens was examined, and the results confirmed different types of dynamic recovery (DRV) involving dislocation migration and rearrangement were dominate restoration process during the compression. Also, the microstructures of the specimens deformed at unstable domains were characterized, the results revealed fluctuating flow localization, micro cracking and particles debonding as well as dynamic strain aging were responsible for compression failure.

Swelling-induced patterning in soft microchannels.

We study the effect of inflation on the swelling-induced wrinkling of thin elastic membranes in a set-up that is commonly used to create microchannels in lab-on-chip applications. Using a combination of experiments and associated numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the out-of-plane deformation of the inflated membrane and the resulting anisotropic stress lead to two distinct instabilities as the swelling progresses. The membrane first develops small-amplitude wrinkles that retain the cross-channel symmetry. Their wavelength depends on the pressure and is set in a process similar to the axisymmetric buckling of pressurised, uni-axially compressed cylindrical shells. As swelling increases, the membrane undergoes a secondary instability during which the wrinkles coarsen into large-amplitude folds whose morphology can be controlled by the degree of pre-inflation. We elucidate the fundamental mechanisms responsible for this behaviour and explain how inflation can be used as a control mechanism in the manufacture of microchannels.

A double rigidity transition rules the fate of drying colloidal drops.

The evaporation of drops of colloidal suspensions plays an important role in numerous contexts, such as the production of powdered dairies, the synthesis of functional supraparticles, and virus and bacteria survival in aerosols or drops on surfaces. The presence of colloidal particles in the evaporating drop eventually leads to the formation of a dense shell that may undergo a shape instability. Previous works propose that, for drops evaporating very fast, the instability occurs when the particles form a rigid porous solid, constituted of permanently aggregated particles at random close packing. To date, however, no measurements could directly test this scenario and assess whether it also applies to drops drying at lower evaporation rates, severely limiting our understanding of this phenomenon and the possibility of harnessing it in applications. Here, we combine macroscopic imaging and space- and time-resolved measurements of the microscopic dynamics of colloidal nanoparticles in drying drops sitting on a hydrophobic surface, measuring the evolution of the thickness of the shell and the spatial distribution and mobility of the nanoparticles. We find that, above a threshold evaporation rate, the drop undergoes successively two distinct shape instabilities, invagination and cracking. While permanent aggregation of nanoparticles accompanies the second instability, as hypothesized in previous works on fast-evaporating drops, we show that the first one results from a reversible glass transition of the shell, unreported so far. We rationalize our findings and discuss their implications in the framework of a unified state diagram for the drying of colloidal drops sitting on a hydrophobic surface.

Optimizing the Cavity-Arm Ratio of V-Shaped Semiconductor Disk Lasers

Passively mode-locked semiconductor disk lasers have received tremendous attention from both science and industry. Their relatively inexpensive production combined with excellent pulse performance and great emission-wavelength flexibility make them suitable laser candidates for applications ranging from frequency-comb tomography to spectroscopy. However, due to the interaction of the active medium dynamics and the device geometry, emission instabilities occur at high pump powers and thereby limit their performance potential. Hence, understanding those instabilities becomes critical for an optimal laser design. Using a delay-differential equation model, we are able to detect, understand, and classify three distinct instabilities that limit the maximum achievable pump power for the fundamental mode-locking state and link them to characteristic positive-net-gain windows. We furthermore derive a simple analytic approximation in order to quantitatively describe the stability boundary. Our results enable us to predict the optimal laser-cavity configuration with respect to positive-net-gain instabilities and therefore may be of great relevance for the future development of passively mode-locking semiconductor disk lasers.

Nanoaggregates of Disulfide-Decorated TrxR Inhibitor Promote Cellular Uptake, Selective Targeting, and Antitumor Efficacy.

Three self-assembled nanoaggregates (CPUL1-LA NAs, CPUL1-DA NAs, and CPUL1-AA NAs) were constructed through lipoic acid (LA), dithiodipropionic acid (DA), and adipic acid (AA) decorated TrxR inhibitor (CPUL1), respectively. Measurements of DLS, TEM, UV-vis, fluorescence, 1H NMR, ITC, and MTT assays verified disulfide-containing CPUL1-LA NAs and CPUL1-DA NAs spontaneously assembled carrier-free nanoparticles in aqueous solution, which possessed high drug contents, excellent stability, improved cytotoxicity against HUH7 hepatoma cells, and potential biosafety because of low cytotoxicity against L02 normal cells. In contrast, disulfide-free CPUL1-AA NAs happened to aggregate and precipitate after 48 h, which showed distinct instability in aqueous solution. Thus, disulfide units seemed to be crucial for constructing controllable and stable nanoaggregates. While measuring the reduction of nanoaggregates by TrxR/NADPH and GSH/GR/NADPH, cyclic disulfide of LA and linear disulfide of DA were verified to endow the nanoaggregates with targeting ability to respond specifically to TrxR over GSH. Furthermore, by tests of flow cytometry, fluorescence images, and CLSM, both CPUL1-LA NAs and CPUL1-DA NAs displayed a faster cellular uptake characteristic to be internalized by cancer cells and could generate more abundant ROS to induce cell apoptosis than that of free CPUL1, resulting in significantly improved antitumor efficacy against HUH7 cells in vitro.