Distilled Water Extract Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Herbal Mouthwash with Mangosteen Peel Extract in Inhibiting Dental Plaque Formation

Abstract Objective Dental plaque control is important for preventing periodontal tissue diseases. Dental plaque control therapy is enhanced when supported by adjunctive therapy, including the use of mangosteen peel extract mouthwash. Mangosteen peel extract contains α-mangostin, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, and triterpenoids, which have antibacterial properties against bacteria that cause dental plaque. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of mangosteen peel extract mouthwash at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% in inhibiting plaque formation. Materials and Methods The study used a quasi-experimental design with pre- and posttreatment examinations. Samples were taken using purposive sampling on 32 patients of Periodontology Clinic of Padjadjaran University Dental Hospital. The patients underwent prophylactic treatment (scaling), then the dental plaque index was measured using the Q-ray Cam Pro and the Loe and Silness Index before (day 1) and after (day 3) gargling with distilled water or mangosteen peel extract mouthwash at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% for 2 days without oral hygiene in the maxillary area. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results A phytochemical analysis revealed that the mangosteen peel extract contains antibacterial compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, quinones, and triterpenoids. The mangosteen peel extract mouthwash group exhibited lower mean differences in plaque index compared with the aquades group. The 2% mangosteen peel extract mouthwash shows the smallest mean difference of 0.25 in the Q-ray Cam Pro examination and 0.062 in the Loe and Silness Index examination. Conclusion Mouthwash with 2, 4, and 6% mangosteen peel extract has an effect in inhibiting dental plaque formation, with 2% concentration exhibiting the best inhibitory effect on dental plaque formation.

Evaluating the multifaceted impact of Cephalaria extract on dough quality: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties

SummaryCephalaria syriaca, known as cephalaria, is an annual, pilose plant with pink‐purple flowers growing wild in wheat fields. Viscoelastic properties of gluten‐free doughs can be improved by adding cephalaria. However, this addition results in some undesirable properties in bread such as bitter taste and dark internal colour. This study aimed to reduce these effects by obtaining cephalaria obtained from distilled water and ethanol extracts and to increase the potential use of extracts in bread production. Different proportions of water and ethanol extracts obtained from oil‐free cephalaria were added to bread by creating a model with Mixture Design, and the optimum concentration was determined by farinograph trials. The antioxidative, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects of extract and the effect of cephalaria on yeast activity were examined. Cephalaria extracts had no measurable antimicrobial effect and no antifungal effect on Rhizopus stolonifer, while an antifungal effect was found against A. niger and P. expansum. The IC50 value was found to be 4.15 mg mL−1 for ethanol extract while the water extract had no effect on cells. The addition of extract had no negative effect on the number of yeasts in sourdough fermentation. The study has improved the usage of cephalaria by using water and ethanol extracts in dough.

Green and efficient extraction of an anticaner agent N-methylsansalvamide using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents from mycelia of strain Frusarium sp. R1

N-methylsansalvamide (SA), one of cyclic pentadepsipeptides produced by several Fusarium strains, is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer disease. In order to make sufficient amount of SA for drug development, a green and efficient extraction process of SA from the mycelia of strain Fusarium sp. R1 using deep eutectic solvent-assisted ultrasound extraction (DES-UAE) was firstly achieved in this work. Solvent screening results indicated that choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-Aa) was shown to be the best DES for SA extraction. Through single-factor trials, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and BoxBehnken design (BBD) experiments, the optimal conditions for DES-UAE with the highest SA yield of 58.2 ± 1.1 mg/g were obtained as follows: ChCl-Aa ratio of 1:2.0 (M/M), water content of 16.4 %, liquid-solid ratio of 37:1 (mL/g), ultrasonic power of 175 W for 47.4 min at 46.3 °C. Compared to conventional extraction approaches, DES-UAE exhibited better SA yield since it caused more serious damage to the surface of mycelia powder on basis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Furthermore, molecular interaction studies suggested that SA has a variety of interactions with ChCl-Aa, including hydrogen and electrovalent bonds as well as van der Waals forces. Finally, the recovery rate of SA reached up to 99.5 % when the ratio of distilled water and DES extracts was 15:1 (V/V). These findings provide the way for large-scale production of SA.

Anticancer activity of Lannea coromandelica on B16F10 melanoma cell line: an in vitro and molecular docking approach

BackgroundPhytochemical screening was conducted on various bark extracts of Lannea coromandelica to assess their anticancer property against the B16F10 melanoma cell line. The phytoconstituents that were previously identified were utilized in molecular docking studies against the human tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1) as a target receptor in order to provide more evidence for anticancer property. MethodsBark powder was extracted by maceration method using distilled water and soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation and determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content of both extracts were conducted using biochemical assays. The present study investigated the possible anticancer effects of ethanol and aqueous extracts on the B16F10 melanoma cell line using the MTT assay and DAPI labelling techniques. The present study employed molecular docking techniques to assess the binding interactions between phytoconstituents and the TYRP1 protein, utilizing AutoDock Vina module of PyRx 0.8 software. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis found flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, and proteins. Ethanolic extract shown preferential cytotoxicity to B16F0 melanoma cell line in-vitro (IC50= 9.69 ± 0.68 μg/ml), while aqueous extract exhibited IC50 = 75.49 ± 5.95 μg/ml. DAPI staining showed that treated cells had altered nucleus morphology, including apoptotic bodies. According to molecular docking investigations, Quercetin has the highest binding affinity (-9.6 Kcal/mol), followed by Catechin and Myricadiol. ConclusionThe current investigation has determined that Lannea coromandelica exhibits cytotoxic characteristic, as evidenced by the utilization of computer aided drug design models and in-vitro experimentation.

Characterization of mango seed kernel starch: Extraction and Analysis

During mango (Mangifera indica) processing, significant by-products like peel and kernel are generated. Mango seed kernels are cost-effective and readily available materials for starch extraction. This study explores low-cost methods to extract mango kernel starch (MKS) from Surjapuri (X) and Amrapali (Y) varieties using distilled water and alkaline solution. Proximate analysis revealed starch yield variations from 44.49 % to 62.11 %, with moisture content between 4.32 % and 5.89 %, protein content from 0.067 % to 0.069 %, fat content from 0.22 % to 0.24 %, and ash content from 0.12 % to 0.14 %. X-variety starch extracted using distilled water had a higher yield (62.11 %), foaming capacity (5.94 %), and emulsion capacity (6.36 %), while alkaline extraction showed higher water absorption (0.16 %) and oil absorption (0.15 %). Y-variety starch showed higher amylose content (23.50 %) with distilled water extraction and higher pH (7.94) with alkaline extraction. X-variety starch had higher swelling power (11.35 g g-1) with distilled water extraction and higher solubility (0.27 %) with alkaline extraction at 90 °C. Principal component analysis (PCA), Heat map, and Pearson correlation analyses highlighted significant relationships between proximate and physicochemical properties. These results suggest that distilled water extraction is an effective, low-cost method for isolating high-quality MKS, with potential applications in various industries.

Evaluating the Efficacy of <i>Dieffenbachia picta</i> (Araceae) Leaves Insecticidal Activity Against <i>Cimex lectularius </i>in Arba Minch Town

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is an age-old human parasite. Recognizing bed bugs as a significant public health concern, the Environmental Protection Agency highlights the need for effective strategies to address infestations and protect people's well-being. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of <i>Dieffenbachia picta</i> leaf extracts against bedbugs under laboratory conditions. Insecticidal bio-assay and phytochemical analysis were performed using topical methods and a qualitative analytical protocol. This study demonstrated that extracts obtained from the dumb cane plant using various solvents (methanol, ethanol, distilled water, and acetone) exhibited significant insecticidal activity against bedbugs. Among the solvent extracts, the methanol extract showed a 100% mortality rate, the ethanol extract showed 80%, the acetone extract showed 80%, and the distilled water extract showed 70% mortality at a concentration of 1g/l. A mixture experimental design was used to investigate how the formulation components of the solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and distilled water) affected the synergistic effect and mortality rate. It was found that a combination of 25% methanol, 30% ethanol, 25% acetone, and 20% distilled water effectively demonstrated the optimal synergistic effect of the extracts against bedbug spp. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that extracts from <i>Dieffenbachia picta</i> have the potential to serve as a natural solution for controlling bedbugs.

Grewia flava twig extracts: phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial evaluations

BackgroundGrewia flava infusions are consumed to assist with kidney problems and stomach ailments. However, there are no scientific data on the phytochemical profile or biological properties to validate its folklore use. Thus, the study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Grewia flava twig extracts.MethodologyThe antioxidant activities of the extracts were assayed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelation, and total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. The agar well diffusion and microdilution methods were used for crude extracts and fractions (from 80% methanol extract) for antimicrobial screening against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger, and R. oryzae.ResultsThe 80% methanol twig extract (250.00 ± 2 GAE/g) exhibited a high concentration of phenolic content, followed by the distilled water extract (192.00 ± 2 mg GAE/g) and the hexane extract (43.10 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g). Fraction 14 of the methanol twig extract exhibited MIC values of 0.21–0.31 mg/mL against all test microorganisms. The root and twig extracts exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which were attributed to the extracts of bioactive phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, glycosides, anthraquinones, and tannins that were detected in the extracts. Also, the root and twig non-polar extracts were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, which identified several bioactive compounds like betulin, β-amyrin, palmitic acid, lupenone, and phytol, highlighting the potential of the plant species as a botanical drug.ConclusionsThe study supports the traditional use of plant roots and twigs for treating various ailments, indicating their medicinal value. The twigs can be used in place of the roots to guarantee Grewia flava harvesting that is sustainable. However, a comparison of the quantities of the active compound in the twigs and roots using LC–MS is crucial.

Proximate Composition, Comparative Phytochemical Analysis, and HPLC Profiling of Various Solvent Extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis Leaves

Choosing the right solvent in herbal preparation is very important for extracting bioactive compounds from medicinal plant, as it greatly affects the yield and quality of phytochemicals obtained. This study aimed to investigate the proximate composition, phytochemical analysis and HPLC profiling of various solvents extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis leaves, a medicinal plant used in herbal remedies. The dried leaves of Anthocleista djalonensis were analyzed for their nutritional profile using standard methods. The leaves were then extracted by maceration using three different solvents: 95% analytical ethanol, hot distilled water, and local gin (78% alcohol). Various phytochemicals in the extracts were identified and quantified using standard analytical methods. Additionally, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to compare the chemical compositions of the extracts, using a reverse-phase C18 column and UV detection at 254nm. The results of the proximate analysis revealed good nutritional value, with protein (15.90%), moisture content (9.08%), total ash (10.37%), crude fibre (4.00%), crude fat (2.40%), carbohydrate (61.53%), and an energy value of 331.33 KJ. All tested phytochemicals were found in the ethanol and local gin extracts, while the distilled water extract showed the absence of terpenoids and steroids. In the quantitative analysis, the local gin extract had the highest concentrations of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. On the other hand, the HPLC fingerprint analysis identified seventeen (17), twelve (12), and nine (9) compounds in ethanol, local gin and water extracts respectively. Four (4) shared peaks with similar retention time were observed across all extracts, indicating the presence of common phytocompounds. In conclusion, this study shows that Anthocleista djalonensis leaves have good nutritional values, suggesting their potential as dietary phytonutrient. Local gin stands out as the best solvent among those tested for extracting beneficial compounds from Anthocleista djalonensis leaves supporting its traditional use as solvent in herbal preparation.

Antibacterial Activity of Mirabilis jalapa Leaves (Karifuma) Extract Against Bacterial Wound Infection from Patients Attending Rango Health Center

Background: Mirabilis jalapa is a perennial herbaceous bushy plant with several pharmacological activities, such as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, diuretic and anthelmintic. Wound infections are a major public health concern in Rwanda, with 8% of the general population having difficulties controlling them and 25% of those above 60 years old. Traditional medicine is used to treat many conditions such as chest infections, coughs, snake-bites and burns. Mirabilis jalapa seeds have been reported to be effective against bacteria causing wound infections. Aim: This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Mirabilis jalapa leaves extract against infected wound bacteria from patients attending Rango Health Center. Methods: Cross sectional study design and maceration method was used in Mirabilis jalapa leaves extraction with Methanol, Ethanol, Diethyl ether and Distilled water as solvents. Results: Different extracts were obtained according to the solvents with different volumes and concentrations. The highest extract volume obtained was Distilled water with 6 ml and the least was Diethyl ether with 2.7 ml. In 71 participants who had wound infection, 42% had a bacterial infection. Among them, 25% had Staphylococcus aureus, 7% had Klebsiella pneumoniae, 6% had Escherichia coli, and 4% had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Through the agar well diffusion method, Methanol extracts showed the highest inhibition zones while distilled water extracts exhibited the lowest inhibition zones to the isolated bacteria. Conclusion: The study confirms the antibacterial activity of the Mirabilis jalapa leaves extract against infected wound bacteria, with methanol and ethanol being the best solvents. Keywords: Mirabilis jalapa leaves, wound infections, antibacterial activity

Development of emulgel formulation from Markhamia tomentosa leaf extract: Characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activity against skin isolates

Objectives: Skin infections are mild to severe infections often treated with antimicrobial agents. There is an increase in resistance to antimicrobial agents necessitating the search for new medicines. This study developed an emulgel formulation of Markhamia tomentosa leaf extract and evaluated its antimicrobial activity against skin isolates. Materials and Methods: A successive extraction of M. tomentosa leaves in five solvents – n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and distilled water was carried out. The activity of the extracts against skin isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis was carried out. The distilled water extract was formulated into emulgel, characterized, and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Results: The n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts of M. tomentosa were inactive against all organisms at concentrations used. The ethanol extract was active against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at 200 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate and distilled water extracts were active against S. epidermidis and B. subtilis at 100 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. All emulgel formulations of distilled water extract of M. tomentosa leaves were brown, smooth, and easy to spread on the skin and had a pH of 4.73–5.55. The formulation containing the distilled water extract was more viscous (7784cP) than the blank formulation (6328cP). The formulation was active against S. epidermidis. Conclusion: The distilled water extract of M. tomentosa leaves was the most active against S. epidermidis and B. subtilis. Its emulgel formulation had desirable physicochemical properties for application to the skin. Further studies can be carried out toward its development for the treatment of skin infection caused by organisms investigated.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Abies nordmanniana subsp equi-trojani Extracts

In this study, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Abies nordmanniana subsp equi-trojani cone spangles, which are endemic and endangered and grow in Çanakkale Ida Mountains, was investigated by agar well diffusion and microplate methods. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of distilled water, ethanol, methanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) extracts of cone spangles was evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. As a result, it was determined that the DMSO extract had antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested microorganisms, while the extract prepared with distilled water had no activity. It was found that the activity of the methanol and ethanol extracts varied depending on the microorganism type. When the results of this study were compared with the positive control (penicillin G and fluconazole), it was determined that the extracts were not as effective as the antibiotic and antifungal disc. As a result, it is important to use alternative products that are abundant in nature instead of products derived from endangered species.

Study of Antibacterial Activity of Cistus salviifolius L. extracts (Cistaceae) against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwiniacarotovora, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity in vitro of crude extracts from leaves of Cistus salviifolius on pathogenic bacteria. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol, distilled water and acetone extracts with three concentrations of each one (5, 10 and 15)g/100ml of Cistus salviifoliusleaves were estimated against four types of pathogenic bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) were investigatedafter incubation at 37°C for 24hrs by using Well Diffuion Method employing 100µL of each sample. The antibacterial activity is determined from the evaluation of the zone of inhibition. Antibaterial activity of all extracts was compared with that for a six of antibiotics by using antibiograme test. All extracts of Cistus salviifolius showed clear antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, which this activity wasenhanced with the increasing of concentrations belongs to them. The latest concentration 15g/100ml of all extracts gave highest activity againsttested strains. In this research three replications were done. In this study, it was found that ethanol extract of Cistus salviifolius showed the highest inhibition zone against Agrobacterium tumefaciens with 27.35 mm diameter at concentration 15g/100ml. The effect of Ciprofloxacin CIP 5µg against Agrobacterium tumefacienswas better than the effect of Nitrofurantion F 300µg and Gentamicin CN 10µg. A resist of pathogenic bacteria to Oxacillin OX 1µg and Cefoxitin FOX 30µg was noticed. Fusidic Acid FD 10µg only effected on Erwinia carotovora with inhibition zone (15.16 mm).

Screening impacts of Tilmicosin-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in rats: protection by Rhodiola rosea extract through the involvement of oxidative stress, antioxidants, and inflammatory cytokines biomarkers.

Tilmicosin (TIL) is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity derived from tylosin. TIL is effective in the treatment of bovine and ovine respiratory diseases caused by different microbes. In parallel, Rhodiola rosea (RHO) is a popular herbal remedy because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities. The experiment lasted for 12days. Depending on the experimental group, the animals received either distilled water or RHO root extract dissolved in distilled water for 12days through a stomach tube, and the single subcutaneous injection on day 6 of the experiment of either 500 μL of 0.9% NaCl or TIL dissolved in 500 μL 0.9% NaCl. Samples and blood were collected for serum analysis, gene expression, and immunohistochemistry screening at liver and kidney levels. TIL injection increased serum levels of hepatic and renal markers (ALP, ALT, AST, TC, TG, creatinine, and urea) with decreased total proteins. In parallel, TIL induced hepatic and renal oxidative stress as there was an increase in malondialdehyde levels, with a decrease in catalase and reduced glutathione activities. Of interest, pre-administration of RHO inhibited TIL-induced increase in hepato-renal markers, decreased oxidative stress, and increased liver and kidney antioxidant activities. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that TIL increased the liver's HSP70 (heat shock protein), NFkB, and TNF-α mRNA expression. Moreover, TIL upregulated the expression of desmin, nestin, and vimentin expression in the kidney. The upregulated genes were decreased significantly in the protective group that received RHO. Serum inflammatory cytokines and genes of inflammatory markers were affected in liver tissues (HSP70, NFkB, and TNF-α) and kidney tissues (desmin, nestin, and vimentin)-TIL-induced hepatic vacuolation and congestion together with glomerular atrophy. The immunoreactivity of PCNA and HMGB1 was examined immunohistochemically. At cellular levels, PCNA was decreased while HMGB1 immunoreactivity was increased in TIL-injected rats, which was improved by pre-administration of RHO. RHO administration protected the altered changes in liver and renal histology. Current findings support the possible use of RHO to shield the liver and kidney from the negative effects of tilmicosin.

In-vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of Zingiberaceae species commonly available in Mwanza, Tanzania

Introduction: Resistance to commonly used anthelmintic drugs has been reported in many areas of the world. Natural products are good candidates for discovering more effective anthelmintic compounds. This study assessed the In-vitro activity of extracts from Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale and Elettaria cardamomum. Methods: This study was an In-vitro experimental study involving Apporrectodea longa earthworms. The worms were treated with 20mls of both distilled water and ethanolic extracts of all plant species (at 20, 40 and 60mg/ml). Albendazole was used as a standard drug. Paralysis and death time were recorded. Results: The paralysis time for water extracts were 0.83 hrs, 1.22 hrs and 3.33 hrs at 20mg/ml for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively while death time was 2.00 hrs, 1.50 hrs and 7.61 hrs for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively. The paralysis time for ethanol extracts were 0.50 hrs, 0.58 hrs and 0.70 hrs at 20mg/ml for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively while death time was 1.00 hrs, 1.00 hrs and 1.64 hrs for Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa respectively. Elettaria cardamomum and Zingiber officinale recorded shorter paralysis time than albendazole at 20mg/ml. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale and Elettaria cardamomum have recorded promising In-vitro activity warranting for pharmacological and toxicological investigations.

Natural pigments and antioxidants properties of annatto extract at various pH of distilled water solvent and extraction times

Annatto is a natural colouring agent obtained from the outer coats of the seeds of the Bixa orellana. Carotenoid pigment in annatto consists of bixin and norbixin. Pigment extraction from annatto seeds is commonly done by indirect extraction using organic solvents and direct extraction using oil or aqueous alkali. This research aims to characterize the natural pigment and antioxidants of annatto extract. The annatto was extracted by maceration using distilled water at various pH and extraction times. The distilled water pH variations used in this study were 4, 7, and 9 while the extraction times were 5, 7.5 and 10 mins. Analyzing bixin and norbixin revealed the potential of annatto extract as a natural pigment, while phenol and flavonoids disclose the potential as a natural antioxidant. The results showed that varying pH of distilled water and time of extraction influences the bixin, norbixin, total phenol, and flavonoid contents of annatto extract. Annatto extraction using distilled water produces higher levels of bixin than norbixin. The highest levels of bixin (61.06%) were built in distilled water pH 7 for 7.5 mins of extraction, while the highest levels of norbixin (30%) were produced in distilled water pH 7 for 10 mins. Extraction using pH 4 creates a higher level of total phenol while increasing the extraction time up to 10 mins decreased the total phenol content. However, high levels of flavonoids were made in extraction using alkaline pH distilled water (pH 9) for 10 mins. The results showed that all extracts have the potential as natural pigments and antioxidants.

The inhalation effect of Osmanthus fragrans var. Aurantiacus on physiological parameters in chronically stressed rats

This study evaluated the effects of inhaling Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus (OFA) extracts in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats experiencing chronic stress. Rats were exposed to restraint stress or circadian disruption and were inhaled either distilled water or OFA extracts. Electronic nose (E-nose) analysis identified 35 volatile aromatic compounds (VACs) in OFA extracts. Chronic stress led to a decrease in body weight initially, serotonin concentration, and the weights of the liver, kidneys, and fat pads. Additionally, circadian disruption increased melatonin levels and decreased cholesterol concentrations. Inhalation of OFA increased dietary intake during the early phase and restored the tissue weights that have changed by chronic stress. Furthermore, it led to an increase in melatonin levels and changes in cholesterol levels. Taken together, our results indicate that OFA inhalation improves physiological changes caused by chronic stress through regulating dietary intake, restoring tissue weights, and modulating hormone and cholesterol levels.

The effect of phenolics from bergamot juice powder extracted with different solvents on the physicochemical and antibacterial properties of chitosan films

Due to its bitterness, bergamot juice has no practical use, but it is a rich source of phenolic compounds, which provide significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. In this study, extracts were prepared from spray-dried bergamot juice powder using acetone, dimethylsulfoxide, ethanol, and distilled water. These extracts were then incorporated into chitosan film matrices at 1%, 2%, and 3% (v/v) ratios. The analysis revealed that adding extracts generally created a barrier against light in the chitosan films, improved color, increased moisture content and water solubility, and caused significant enhancements in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, thickness, mechanical strength, and provided substantial antibacterial activity against both Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria. The most effective modification of film properties was achieved by adding 3% acetone extract, while the 1% distilled water extract resulted in the least improvement. Specifically, the transparency, opacity, chroma, moisture, solubility, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, thickness, puncture strength, and elasticity of pure chitosan film were 4.3–73.8%, 1.13 abs/mm, 15.61, 25.35%, 41.28%, 20.66%, 919.53 ppm, 1.09 N/mm2, 132.44%, and 0.07 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, those of the film with 3% acetone extract were 0.2–70.10%, 2.07 abs/mm, 36.34, 42.33%, 54.64%, 46.13%, 2915.72 ppm, 3.34 N/mm2, 142.68%, and 0.15 mm, respectively. The pure chitosan film exhibited no antibacterial effect against Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria, but adding extract enhanced antibacterial activity. Moreover, SEM analysis revealed distinct structural differences in the films, including varying porosity and phenolic distribution. At the same time, FTIR spectra demonstrated shifts in chemical composition and bonding within the films.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles with Bioreductor Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) Seed Extract

Secondary metabolite compounds in plants act as bioreductors in the metal reduction process and complement inorganic reductants. This study studied the characteristics of copper nanoparticles using Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) seed extract. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was carried out using the green synthesis method by reducing CuSO4 10 mM with distilled water extract from Carica Dieng (Carica pubescens) seeds. The Synthesis was carried out with the ratio of the composition of the extract and CuSO4 solution 1:3 at pH 10. Nanoparticles were then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) instruments. The characterization results using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer showed a maximum absorption peak at a wavelength of 535 nm; the wavelength is included in the wavelength range of copper nanoparticles, which ranges from 500-700 nm. The particle size distribution analyzed using PSA shows an average size of 14.49 nm; this size is included in the range of nanoparticle sizes, which is between 1-100 nm, thus proving that nanoparticles have been successfully formed, the Poly Dispersity Index (PDI) value obtained is 0.1943 which indicates that the nanoparticle sample is categorized as homogeneous so that it has uniform size uniformity.

Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of green fabricated silver nanoparticles made from Viburnum grandiflorum leaf extract

BackgroundRecently, researchers are focusing on creating new tools to combat the antibiotic resistant bacteria and malignancy issues, which pose significant threats to humanity. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are thought to be a potential solution to these issues. The biosynthesis method, known for its environmentally friendly and cost-effective characteristics, can produce small-sized AgNPs with antimicrobial and anticancer properties. In this study, AgNPs were bio-fabricated from the distilled water and methanolic extracts of Viburnum grandiflorum leaves. Physio-chemical characterization of the bio-fabricated AgNPs was conducted using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction analysis.ResultsAgNPs produced from the methanol extract were smaller in size (12.28 nm) compared to those from the aqueous extract (17.77 nm). The bioengineered AgNPs exhibited a circular shape with a crystalline nature. These biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity against both gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Highest antibacterial activity was observed with the methanol extract against P. aeruginosa (14.66 ± 0.74 mm). AgNPs from the methanol extract also displayed the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 188.00 ± 2.67 μg/mL against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Furthermore, AgNPs exhibited notable cytotoxic activity against Rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD cell) of human muscle cancer cell. The IC50 values calculated from the MTT assay were 26.28 ± 1.58 and 21.49 ± 1.44 μg/mL for AgNPs synthesized from aqueous and methanol extracts, respectively.ConclusionThe methanol extract of V. grandiflorum leaves demonstrates significant potential for synthesizing AgNPs with effective antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer actions, making them applicable in various biomedical applications.

Antifungal Activity of Morinda citrifolia Methanolic Extract against Candida albicans: An In Vitro Study.

Natural medicine used as an alternative and/or complementary treatment to counteract diseases is of great importance in public health. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess the in vitro antifungal activity of Morinda citrifolia methanolic extract of peel, pulp, and seed against Candida albicans. The present study was experimental in vitro and cross-sectional. Eight replicates were prepared in Sabouraud dextrose agar with five wells each, where 0.12% chlorhexidine, distilled water, and methanolic extract of seed, peel, and pulp of Morinda citrifolia fruit were placed at concentrations of 10,690, 8,270, and 6,430 mg/mL, respectively, to evaluate sensitivity according to Duraffourd's scale. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by dilution and agar seeding method. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test, considering a significance level of P < 0.05. The inhibition halos of Morinda citrifolia methanolic extract of seed, peel, and pulp against Candida albicans measured on average 15.94, 11.94, and 11.56 mm, respectively. The MIC of seed, peel, and pulp extract were 1366.25, 2067.5, and 1607.5 mg/mL respectively, whereas the MFC for seed, peel, and pulp extract were 2672.50, 2067.5, and 3215 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, seed extract presented significantly higher antifungal activity than peel and pulp (P < 0.001). Morinda citrifolia methanolic extract of peel, pulp, and seed showed fungistatic and fungicidal effect against Candida albicans, being this very sensitive to seed extract with a MIC of 1366.25 mg/mL and a MFC of 2672.5 mg/mL, which allows recommending the development of effective pharmacological formulations for the control of candidiasis.