Distillation Unit Research Articles

Overcoming Challenges in Scented Geranium Cultivation, Processing, and Marketing: Study from Northern Karnataka, India

Medicinal and aromatic crops play a pivotal role in the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual and health dimensions of India's rural population and have become an integral part of our culture and rituals. Karnataka is a major repository of aromatic and medicinal treasures of the country. The demand for aromatic plants in India surpasses the available supply, prompting the widespread commercial cultivation of major aromatic crops in various regions. Among these, scented geranium emerges as a vital perennial aromatic, cultivated for its leaves imbued with a captivating rose fragrance. The aromatic oil of scented geranium is increasingly replacing traditional rose oil and identified as one of the top 20 essential oils traded globally. The present study aims to identify challenges in cultivation, processing and marketing aspects of scented geranium in Northern Karnataka. Considering the area and concentration of scented geranium in the state, Belagavi district is purposively selected for the study. Primary data was collected through personnel interview of randomly selected geranium growers. The major challenges faced by the farmers in the production, processing and marketing aspects of scented geranium were analysed and prioritized through Garett ranking technique. Analysis of the data revealed that in production, high cost of planting material, lack of high yielding varieties and high wage rates, high cost of inputs and sensitivity of crop to heavy rains were identified as top five constraints. Whereas, in processing, significant hurdles were high working capital requirement, high capital investment in installation distillation unit and insufficient knowledge on operation of distillation units, low oil recovery and lack of efficient processing equipment. In marketing aspects, high price fluctuation, lack of marketing information and lack of competition in the market, non-existence of local market and lack of adequate demand in nearby area were identified as major challenges in the study area. Educating farmers in nursery management and implementing mechanization techniques, particularly for harvesting, are crucial for enhancing productivity and profitability. Additionally, training on proper storage and transportation practices is essential to maintain the quality of volatile essential oils. This comprehensive strategy promotes sustainable and economically viable cultivation of scented geraniums in the region.

A novel integrated solar-driven system with Ag@SiO2 nanofluid filters for generating hydrogen using seawater: Parametric assessment and optimization

Both renewable energy and fresh water inputs are required to develop sustainable green hydrogen. However, there is still a lack of an integrated system generating hydrogen cleanly. Therefore, this study aims to develop a full spectrum solar energy-driven system to co-generate fresh water and hydrogen. The seawater desalination and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis are introduced into a Ag@SiO2 nanofluid-filtered photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system. The desalinated seawater can be directly used for the electrolysis, realizing the self-supply of water for the hydrogen production process. A comprehensive examination is performed via modelling the integrated system to assess the influences of mass flow rates and nanofluid parameters on system function. Results reveal that the system performance is more sensitive to the mass flow rate of nanofluid than that of coolant, and concentrated nanofluids can easily affect system performance by adjusting their depth. Furthermore, mass flow rates and nanofluid parameters are optimized using a genetic algorithm with multiple-objectives. It was determined that the direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) unit is capable of producing sufficient water for the electrolysis process. The optimal system attains a hydrogen production rate of 1.95 × 10−5 kg/s, a specific thermal energy consumption of 310.18 kWh/m3, and a system efficiency of 22.39%.

Employing binary/ternary organic blends in integrated HP-assisted HDH desalination systems

The global demand for potable water is rising, prompting the development of various energy systems for distilled water production. However, the significance of utilizing multicomponent working fluids in these systems has been largely overlooked. This study presents three HDH-based distillation units powered by two conventional heat pump cycles, namely, the simple and vapor injection heat pumps (first and second models) and an innovative heat pump cycle with an ejector expander (third model). The significance of the research lies in its pioneering investigation of utilizing two- and three-component mixtures in heat pump-based desalination units, which has not been previously explored. The study's primary aim is to determine whether using multicomponent working fluids instead of pure fluids or introducing structural modifications can more effectively enhance the performance of heat pump-based distillation units. The proposed models are simulated using EES and MATLAB software, with the study focusing on energetic, exergetic, exergoeconomic, and heat exchanger modeling to evaluate the feasibility of the configurations. The findings revealed that the structural modifications in the third scenario using R134a resulted in the highest GOR, with improvements of 44 % and 26.03 %, respectively, compared to the other scenarios. However, utilizing binary blend R22/R142b with different compositions improved the GOR of the first to three scenarios by 41.26 %, 29.06 %, and 11.87 %, respectively. Furthermore, in this case, the unit cost of distilled water for the first, second, and third scenarios increased by 12.87 %, 14.32 %, and 12.70 %, respectively. Finally, the first scenario has the highest NPV of 4.40 M$ and the shortest PP of 8.13 years. Therefore, utilizing the blend in a simple heat pump proves to be more efficient and cost-effective than implementing structural modifications.

Performance Enhancement in Air Gap Membrane Distillation Using Heat Recovery Configurations

Experimental investigations were conducted on an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) unit to evaluate the impact of heat recovery on system performance. The study utilized a steady-state heat source in conjunction with a spiral air gap membrane module for water desalination. The process was implemented using two configurations aimed to minimize heat loss enhancing productivity, gain output ratio (GOR), and thermal efficiency. The experiments involved feedwater with salt concentrations ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 ppm. The measurements were recorded for inlet and outlet temperatures of the heat source, water productivity, and thermal efficiency at various coolant and water feed flow rates. These configurations effectively addressed critical technical challenges in thermal AGMD systems by optimizing heat recovery. The incorporation of heat recovery resulted in a significant increase in water productivity by 37.07% compared to systems without heat recovery while maintaining the same initial heat input. The heat recovery in series (HRSS) and parallel (HRPS) configurations resulted in power consumption reductions of approximately 29.7% and 23.1%, respectively compared to the conventional configuration (CC) at a flow rate of 12 L/min. The levelized cost of water (LCOW) for the AGMD system was comprehensively evaluated and found to be $ 7.71 per cubic meter. This figure reflected the total cost of water production over the system's operational lifespan including capital expenditures, operating and maintenance costs, and energy consumption. The calculated LCOW provides a clear indicator of the system's economic viability, demonstrating the cost required to produce each cubic meter of water through the AGMD.

Development of membrane distillation powered by engine exhaust for water desalination

To address water shortage in arid areas and make use of waste heat, an experimental investigation is presented for a novel system of air gap membrane distillation unit driven by an engine exhaust heat source for the development of an on-board car water desalination. The design of the gas-to-water heat exchanger is presented and optimized. The system’s performance, governed by the achieved feed water temperature and measured by the output vapor mass flux, is evaluated with time under varying operational parameters, including engine load, engine speed, and feed water flow rate, with the analysis of production cost for economic viability. Experimental results revealed that higher engine loads and speeds lead to rapid temperature increase of the feed water, enhancing the efficiency of the membrane distillation process and increasing the permeate flux. Notably, a maximum permeate flux of 45 kg/m2h was achieved after 40 min of operation. A minimum production cost of 3.2 $/m3 is estimated at an engine load of 35 N.m. With production costs ranging from 3.2 to 5.8 $/m3, the proposed system emerges as a highly competitive option when compared with other membrane distillation systems driven by waste heat in literature. This study underscores the potential of utilizing waste heat from car engines for cost-effective and sustainable water desalination, paving the way for further development and implementation of the system as a mobile desalination unit for different applications.

Research on multi-objective energy-saving optimization of propylene distillation column

The energy-saving optimization problem of the propylene distillation column was investigated. A PRO/II process simulation model was established based on the actual operating data of the unit and a sensitivity analysis of the operating parameters was conducted. On this basis, a multi-objective optimization model for the unit was established using regression analysis. The penalty function mechanism and dynamic search factor were incorporated into the MOGWO algorithm to solve the optimization model. The optimization results demonstrate that by optimizing multiple sets of operating parameters, the propylene distillation column can increase its production while reducing its energy consumption, achieving energy-saving optimization for the unit. This method provides a new theoretical basis for the energy-saving optimization design of propylene distillation units and other distillation processes.

Grey‐box modelling for estimation of optimum cut point temperature of crude distillation column

AbstractA grey‐box modelling framework was developed for the estimation of cut point temperature of a crude distillation unit (CDU) under uncertainty in crude composition and process conditions. First principle (FP) model of CDU was developed for Pakistani crudes from Zamzama and Kunnar fields. A hybrid methodology based on the integration of Taguchi method and genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to estimate the optimal cut point temperature for various sets of process variables. Optimised datasets were utilised to develop an artificial neural networks (ANN) model for the prediction of optimum values of cut points. The ANN model was then used to replace the hybrid framework of the Taguchi method and the GA. The integration of the ANN and FP model makes it a grey‐box (GB) model. For the case of Zamama crude, the GB model helped in the decrease of up to 38.93% in energy required per kilo barrel of diesel and an 8.2% increase in diesel production compared to the stand‐alone FP model under uncertainty. Similarly, for Kunnar crude, up to 18.87% decrease in energy required per kilo barrel of diesel and a 33.96% increase in diesel production was observed in comparison to the stand‐alone FP model.

Inverse system based decoupling design and control strategy for crude oil heat exchanger networks

This work focuses on a decoupling control approach for the crude oil heat exchanger network to improve the energy efficiency and achieve continuous energy saving. The desired control variables are identified by the signed directed graph (SDG) model based on the complex network theory. Then the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the evaluation index are employed to construct the initial controller as well as the control variables pairing. The presented system is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) control system where the coupling problems are considered, and a decoupling control strategy based on the inverse system theory of neural network is proposed. The existence of the inverse system is proved by the reversibility derivation, and the original system is decoupled into two second-order subsystems. Consequently, the proposed decoupling control system is tested on the example of heat exchanger network (HEN) belonging to Crude Distillation Unit. The fluctuating value of temperature is reduced averagely by 57.1% compared with the non-decoupling control strategy and the mean absolute percentage error is within 0.02 under different operating conditions. The results show that the proposed decoupling control method has excellent decoupling performance and can improve the control performance of the system.

Thermal management of water electrolysis using membrane distillation to produce pure water for hydrogen production

When electrolysis units are used for water splitting to provide green hydrogen, waste heat must be dissipated to avoid performance degradation. Therefore, the hypothesis was that if a membrane distillation unit could use the waste heat to desalinate the feed water, then the operating costs may be reduced. This study demonstrated the first integration of a 0.03 m2 active area membrane distillation heat exchanger (MDHX) system with a 2.2 kW commercial electrolyser. The MDHX system satisfied the thermal requirements of the electrolysis unit. It was estimated that for a 2GW electrolysis plant, it could result in annual savings of up to $2 million. During operation with the 2.2 kW electrolyser, the MDHX unit was able to produce 50 % of the permeate rate required to match the water consumption of the electrolyser. Experimentally the MDHX system operated with a specific electrical energy consumption of 230 kWh/m3. Design changes such as improving pump efficiency and optimising flow field geometry to allow for lower flow rates, suggest there is scope for reduction in energy consumption. Indeed, further development of the MDHX technology is necessary before it can compete with large-scale seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) methods.

Multi-objective optimization of a solar-biomass multi-generation system with dual-stage desalination for brine minimization

A hybrid solar-biomass multi-generation system feeding an off-grid community is proposed in this study. An organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) generates electricity by harnessing the thermal energy supplied by the hybrid heat generation system. Part of the produced electricity is utilized to meet the community's electricity needs, while another fraction powers a brackish water reverse osmosis unit (RO). The waste heat from the ORC is recovered to produce domestic hot water and to drive a membrane distillation (MD) unit for RO brine minimization. A multi-objective optimization of the proposed system is conducted using the NSGA-II algorithm and TOPSIS decision-making tool considering plant's overall energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and the total exergoeconomic cost of the useful products as objective functions. The study's results indicate that the overall optimal solution is achieved using R1336mzz(Z), with corresponding energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and hourly exergoeconomic cost of 45.31%, 5.39%, and 87.68 €/h, respectively. Moreover, the unitary costs associated with the useful products are 0.207 €/kWh, 0.029 €/kWh, 0.683 €/m3, and 3.36 €/m3 for the produced electricity, domestic hot water, RO permeate and MD distillate, respectively. In terms of sustainability, the system is not only renewable-driven but also achieves a 21% reduction in brine discharge through heat recovery at the ORC condenser compared to single-stage RO desalination. Additionally, using R1336mzz(Z) with its low global warming potential of 2 significantly lowers CO2 equivalent emissions compared to R245-fa. Lastly, sensitivity analysis indicates that hybridization ratios of up to 80% can result in a 10.6% reduction in CO2 emissions originating from biomass combustion compared to biomass-only solutions.

Investigating the impact of nanofluids and exergy metrics for integrated solar-biomass SCO2 power and desalination cycles

Several strategies have emerged for utilizing waste heat across diverse sectors. Yet, integrated systems that merge power generation with freshwater production, especially those leveraging renewable energy, remain relatively unexplored. Addressing this gap, a novel solar biomass-driven system is under development for power generation and desalination facilities. In the suggested system, rather than wasting the energy of a supercritical CO2 power cycle, a bottoming cycle is proposed to augment energy utilization factor (EUF). By integrating humidification-dehumidification, thermal vapor compression, and reverse osmosis (HDH-TVC-RO) with a multi-effect distillation (MED) unit, freshwater production rate is significantly enhanced. The outcomes reveal a freshwater output of 29.36 kg/s, a gained output ratio (GOR) of 17.36, and the EUF of 3.372. Various nanofluids have been assessed for the solar collector and due to superior total exergy efficiency and less corrosion effects, Cu- and carbon-based nanoparticles are recommended. Sensitivity analysis indicates that increasing the pressure ratio of compressors boosts the total GOR. Furthermore, adjustments to both the parameters of pressure of steam fed to HDH-TVC, and the compressor pressure ratio demonstrate a linear effect on EUF behaviour.

Effects of pre‐deacidification on 3‐MCPDE and GE contents of high‐acid oils during refining

SummaryCrude fats and oils may have high free fatty acid (FFA) content depending on raw material quality and processing conditions. Their refining is always a challenge due to refining loss and the formation of some process contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol esters (3‐MCPDE), and glycidyl esters (GE). In this study, crude hazelnut oil having 12.10% FFA was degummed, bleached, and pre‐deacidified by a molecular distillation (MD) unit before neutralisation and deodorisation. Changes in FFA, diglyceride(DG), 3‐MCPDE, GE, and tocopherol contents were monitored. Almost no changes were detected in FFA and DG contents during degumming and bleaching while the latter resulted in the 3‐MCPDE formation and GE reduction. Some tocopherol losses were also observed after these steps. On the other hand, a huge amount of FFA was distilled (from 12.10% to 1.71%) by the MD process performed at 200 °C, 0.25 mbar, as well as with a 53.6% loss of tocopherol. The samples were then subjected to deodorisation before (MD‐PHY) and after neutralisation (MD‐CHE) at 230 °C under 2 mbar absolute pressure for 2, 4, and 8 h. While some 3‐MCPDE and GE formations were detected during MD‐CHE, there were almost no formations in these contaminants after MD‐PHY. When the bleached oil having 12.10% FFA was also directly deodorised at given conditions, no formations but some reductions in 3‐MCPDE and GE contents of the oils were determined, possibly because of esterification of FFA with DGs that are an important precursor of these contaminants.

Effect of a black paint coated double layer cellulose sponge as an absorber in a solar interfacial distillation: an experimental investigation

ABSTRACT In the recent past, direct solar energy-based distillation for the production of freshwater has been the subject of extensive research. Nevertheless, the outdoor experimental study did not thoroughly investigate the incorporation of the interfacial absorber concept in conventional solar distillation. Therefore, the impact of a simple black paint spray coated double-layer cellulose sponge on the freshwater yield of a solar distillation system is examined in this work. The modified top layer of the cellulose sponge exhibited an increase in the average absorbance of solar radiation from 27.59% to 86.88% in the wavelength range of 200–2400 nm. The maximum freshwater yield of the black paint-coated cellulose sponge-based floatable interfacial absorber (Unit II) was found to be 3.85 L/m2/day, which was 29.27% higher than that of the conventional solar distillation unit (Unit I) upon 4 days of experimental investigation. Comparably, Unit-II outperformed Unit I with an overall evaporation efficiency of 46.08%, which was 10.22% higher than Unit I. Furthermore, Unit II attained an exergy efficiency of 64.24%, surpassing Unit I by 28.5%. Therefore, in order to address the water shortage in rural areas of society, this work would assist researchers in designing and developing an effective interfacial absorber.

A CHEMCAD Software Design Approach for Non-Conventional Biodiesel Production Using Methyl Acetate as Feedstock

Biodiesel is a sustainable and renewable fuel generated from renewable resources, including vegetable oil or animal fats. It is thought to be a non-toxic fuel that degrades gradually and causes no harm to the environment. In the present study, a non-conventional supercritical method for industrial biodiesel production is investigated. The non-conventional method refers to a single-step interesterification reaction between triglycerides and methyl acetate resulting in methyl esters of fatty acids and triacetin as a secondary product. Process flowsheet modeling, using CHEMCAD chemical engineering software, was used as an investigation tool. The production capacity was set to 25,000 kg/h biodiesel. Methyl acetate requested in the biodiesel production is produced from methanol esterification with acetic acid using an intensified reactive distillation unit. Methanol, in turn, is obtained using synthetic gas derived from biomass as a raw material, the process representing a new method at the industrial level to solve problems related to the energy that is required, storage and disposal of residual materials, and pollution through the release of pollutants into the air. The methanol synthesis process is similar to the one based on natural gas, consisting of three main steps, namely: (i) synthesis gas production, followed by (ii) methanol production, and (iii) methanol purification. Acetic acid is an essential chemical product, generated in the proposed approach by a sustainable method with low energy consumption and low air emissions, more exactly methanol carbonylation. All the processes previously mentioned: (i) biodiesel production, (ii) methyl acetate production, (iii) acetic acid production, and (iv) methanol production were modeled and simulated, leading to the desired biodiesel productivity (e.g., 25,000 kg/h) with the obtained purity being higher than 99%. Relevant discussions regarding the design assumptions used, the simulation and validation results, as well as other technical issues (i.e., electricity and thermal energy consumption) for the system being simulated, are provided, leading to the conclusion that the proposed route is well suited for the desired application and can deliver significant results. The simulation outcomes have provided confidence in the feasibility and effectiveness of the chosen process design, making it a viable option for further development and implementation.

Air gap membrane distillation unit operated by thermoelectric module

Membrane Distillation (MD) is a promising and evolving technology with substantial potential for efficient freshwater production. However, most of the traditional MD systems typically incorporate several components, including a coolant chamber, coolant stream, coolant pump, chiller, and coolant lines. Eliminating these key components offers numerous benefits to MD systems. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of a novel hybrid air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) unit coupled with thermoelectric modules (TEMs). The thermoelectric module acts as a heat pump by simultaneously providing both the heating and the cooling demands of the air gap membrane distillation unit. In the TEM-AGMD prototype, the hot surface of the TEM is deployed to heat the feed stream to be treated, while the cold side of the TEM is in close contact with the AGMD condensation plate, thereby eliminating the need for the cooling stream, coolant line, coolant pump, chiller, and coolant chamber. Thus, the investigated system exhibited fewer components and needed no pumping power for the cooling stream, resulting in a compact and an energy efficient membrane distillation (MD) system. Results from the experiment indicate that optimal system performance can be achieved by increasing the number of thermoelectric modules, implementing multi-stage membrane distillation, and intensifying the circulating feed flowrate. Furthermore, operating the thermoelectric modules at high power input boosts unit productivity but worsens the unit's specific energy consumption. Moreover, the proposed TEM-AGMD unit can achieve a minimal specific energy consumption of 962 kWh/m3. The proposed prototype boasts an easy design that enables outstanding water desalination with exceptional salt rejection and minimal power consumption. The combination of thermoelectric module with membrane distillation, capitalizing on recent advancements in MD technology, holds great promise for developing a hybrid system for decentralized water treatment and desalination.

The pyrolytic distillation of waste lubricants with waste oilfield scale into value-added fuel

The ever-increasing generation of waste materials has become a major environmental concern, highlighting the need for sustainable waste management strategies. This study explores the catalytic pyrolysis of waste lubricant oils using a waste oilfield scale as a low-cost solid catalyst to produce value-added fuel products. The pyrolytic distillation of waste engine oil was carried out in a manual distillation unit, employing a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale as a catalyst under various reaction conditions. Distillation experiments were conducted at 300 °C, 320 °C, and 350 °C, with and without adding NaOH and CaCO3 catalysts. The distillate fractions were characterized, and their properties were compared to standard fuel specifications. The results demonstrated that increasing the pyrolysis temperature and employing CaCO3 as a catalyst significantly enhanced the distillate yield and improved key fuel properties. At 350 °C, the distillate yield reached 56 % with 4 g of CaCO3, exhibiting desirable density (0.8049 g/cm3), viscosity (2.31 cSt at 40 °C), sulfur content (0.43 wt%), and a calorific value of 43,152 kJ/kg. Further, the distillate fractions were separated into gasoline (80–150 °C), kerosene (180–270 °C), and gas oil/diesel (270–350 °C) ranges, with the diesel fraction showing a promising cetane number of 51. The catalytic pyrolysis fuel (CPF) obtained from distillation with 4 g CaCO3 at 350 °C, followed by bleaching with CaO, exhibited excellent properties, including a density of 0.8297 g/cm3, viscosity of 2.71 cSt at 40 °C, pour point of −12 °C, sulfur content of 0.201 wt%, and a calorific value of 43,961 kJ/kg. The GC analysis revealed a paraffin-rich composition in the desired fuel ranges, contributing to the desirable fuel properties.

A novel cryogenic-thermochemical approach for clean hydrogen production from industrial flue gas streams with carbon capture and storage

The present work aims to develop a novel integrated energy system for clean hydrogen production from the industrial flue gas stream. The particular system incorporates a cryogenic distillation unit for H2S and CO2 separation and a thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production. The industrial flue gaseous mixture is considered a major feedstock for the present system. H2S is retrieved from the waste gaseous stream and fed to the two-step sulfur looping thermochemical cycle to perform clean hydrogen production. In this way, clean hydrogen production, elemental sulfur production, carbon capture, and storage are achieved. The entire integrated energy system is simulated in the Aspen Plus process simulator and is investigated thermodynamically in terms of energy and exergy performances. Various parametric studies are conducted to assess the significance of operating parameters on the system performance. The H2S and CO2 removal rates from the waste feed stream are found to be 85.55 % and 84.62 %. The H2S conversion into hydrogen is determined to be 66.67 %. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the two-step thermochemical cycle are found to be 53.93 % and 23.69 %, respectively. The parametric studies show that the hydrogen production rates of 3.63 kmol/h, 2.46 kmol/h, and 1.78 kmol/h are achieved at sulfurization temperatures of 200 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C, respectively. The study further concludes that 44.60 % of the total input exergy is lost due to the presence of irreversibilities within the system. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated energy system are found to be 82.99 % and 55.39 %, respectively.

Identification of Crude Distillation Unit: A Comparison between Neural Network and Koopman Operator

Identification of Crude Distillation Unit: A Comparison between Neural Network and Koopman Operator

Investigation of the Effect of Membrane Type on Ammonia Formation and HCl Formation from Ammonium Chloride and Sodium Chloride in Two-Compartment Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis

One of the most important environmental problems of the Solvay process, which is one of the synthetic soda production processes, is the liquid and solid wastes generated by the distillation unit. This study investigates the effect of membrane type on the formation of ammonia (NH3) and Hydrochloric acid (HCI) in a two-compartment bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) system. The BMED process was evaluated as a potential replacement for the distillation unit in synthetic soda production, specifically focusing on the impact of different membranes on NH3 and HCI formation. Disposal of distillation waste directly into the environment without any treatment can cause serious ecological problems in the long term. Bipolar membranes (BM) and anion exchange membranes (AEM) were utilized in this study in which the BMED cell was designed as a two-compartment, three-repeat design. The experiments were carried out by keeping the current/voltage values (14V/4.8 A) constant in the system using direct current (DC). Two different commercial membrane types, FumaTech and PCCell, were used as parameters in the study. The initial feed concentrations were kept constant and the conversion of salt solution to ammonia and HCl acid was monitored. The findings indicated that HCl and NH4OH concentrations were higher in PCCell membranes. The results showed that acid and base production from ammonium chloride can be realized simultaneously with both membranes and distillation waste can be disposed of.

Simulation of Vacuum Distillation Unit in Oil Refinery: Operational Strategies for Optimal Yield Efficiency

Simulation of Vacuum Distillation Unit in Oil Refinery: Operational Strategies for Optimal Yield Efficiency