Distance Of Millimeters Research Articles

Immediate Implants in Fibulas: Does the Implant to Fibula Osteotomy Distance Impact Early Implant Failure?

BackgroundWhen placing dental implants in the free fibula flap, the osteotomy cut edge poses a unique challenge in that an optimal distance has not yet been established. PurposeThe study aimed to measure the association between implant-to-fibula osteotomy edge distance and early implant failure in patients who received free fibula flap reconstruction with immediate implants. Study DesignA retrospective cohort study was designed and implemented. The study population was composed of patients who underwent free fibula flap transfer with immediate dental implant placement for the treatment of benign or malignant conditions of the head and neck from 2015 to 2022 at John Peter Smith Hospital. Subjects were excluded if the implant was in the middle of the free flap bordered by adjacent implants, was >10mm from the osteotomy edge, or had insertional torque values of ≤30 Ncm. Predictor VariablePrimary predictor variable was the implant distance in millimeters from the fibula osteotomy edge. Outcome VariablePrimary outcome variable was early implant failure, defined as implant exfoliation noted by the patient or failure due to implant movement or pain necessitating explantation within 6 months of placement. CovariatesThe covariates were age, sex, diabetes diagnosis, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, smoking status, history of head and neck radiation, pathology treated, and if postoperative radiation treatment was received. AnalysesA generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was used to assess the relation between the primary predictor and outcome. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsThe sample was composed of 48 subjects who had 130 implants placed, with early failures occurring in 5 implants (3.9%) in 3 subjects. The mean age of the sample was 49 years (SD 20) and 29 (60%) were male. The mean implant distances for early failures and non-failures were 3.5 mm (SD 1.04) and 4.3 mm (SD 1.5), respectively. There was a statistically significant relation between implant distance and early implant failure (P = .005, OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.85). ConclusionsThis study found that shorter distances between the implant and the edge of the fibula osteotomy are associated with early implant failure.

Meniscal extrusion consensus statement: Acollaborative survey within the Meniscus International Network (MenIN) Study Group.

The purpose of the present study was to perform a survey administered to members of the Meniscus International Network (MenIN) Study Group, seeking to delineate the most contentious aspects of meniscal extrusion classification and provide a foundation for new, more comprehensive definitions and treatments for these pathologies. MenIN Study Group is a group of international experts treating and performing research on meniscus pathology and treatment. All MenIN Study Group members were asked to complete a survey aimed at establishing criteria for the optimal classification system for meniscal extrusion. Data obtained from the completed questionnaires were transferred into a spreadsheet and then analysed. All responses are presented as counts, percentagesor means. Forty-seven (85.5%) MenIN Study Group members completed the survey and were included in this analysis. Key aspects recommended for inclusion in a comprehensive classification system for meniscal extrusion included laterality (93.6%), anatomical location (76.6%), patient age (76.6%), body mass index (BMI) (68.1%)and aetiology (68.1%). For classifying meniscal extrusion, 53.2% considered the distance in millimetres from the tibial plateau's outer margin as the most reliable measurement technique on imaging. Preferences for imaging modalities varied, with 44.7% favouring weight-bearing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 36.2% opting for weight-bearing ultrasound due to its greater availability. Respondents advocated for a classification system addressing stability or progression of meniscal extrusion (66%), reducibility (53.2%), potential progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) (83%), influencing treatment approaches (83%), a gradation system (83%), consideration of dynamic factors (66%), association with clinical outcomes and prognosis (76.6%)and investigation around centralization procedures (57.4%). In conclusion, the findings of this survey shed light on the global perspectives regarding meniscal extrusion classification. It was generally felt that a new classification of extrusion measured on MRI scans at the mid-tibial plateau should be developed, which considers factors such as laterality, anatomical location, age, BMIand aetiology. Additionally, the results support the integration of dynamic factors and clinical outcomes in MRI-based classifications to inform treatment approaches. Level IV.

Landmarks for a Minimally Invasive Approach for Haglund's Deformity: A Cadaveric Study.

Haglund's deformity is a posterosuperior calcaneal prominence often associated with a painful bursa and insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Endoscopic debridement has been previously described; however, the aim of this cadaveric study is to describe landmarks of a minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approach to Haglund's deformity. Twelve specimens were dissected to identify medial and lateral portals for minimally invasive burr placement and anchor placement. A standard ruler was used to measure the distance in millimeters from the medial and lateral neurovascular structures in relation to medial and lateral portals. A separate 7-cm longitudinal incision posterior to the lateral malleolus and a separate 7-cm longitudinal incision posterior to the medial malleolus were made to identify at-risk neurovascular structures. The average distance from the sural nerve to the lateral portal was 25.7 mm (23-26). The mean distance from the lateral calcaneal branch of the sural nerve to lateral portal was 11.4 mm (10-12). The mean distance from the tibial nerve to the medial portal was 35.3 mm (35-36). Both the medial and lateral incisions were 9.3 mm from the calcaneal tuberosity. The results indicate that the MIS approach to Haglund's deformity resection can be performed reliably without neurovascular compromise. Level IV.

Generation and periodic evolution of third harmonics carrying transverse orbital angular momentum in air-plasma filaments.

Spatiotemporal optical vortex (STOV) pulses, possessing inherent transverse orbital angular momentum (OAM) and exhibiting phase singularity and intensity null in the spatiotemporal (ST) domain, have received increasing attention in recent years. Here, we investigate theoretically the third harmonic generation and evolution properties of STOV pulses via the interaction of 800-nm-STOV pulses with air-plasma filaments. We show that beautiful third harmonic STOV pulses are generated at a propagation distance of several millimeters. During further propagation, the ST intensity profiles of the third harmonics undergo variations in a periodic way, leading to the distortion and subsequent restoration to the initial ring pattern. The periodic evolution is a result of the interference effects between the third harmonics generated with different phases. Consequently, the evolution period is roughly twice the dephasing length of the third harmonics. Meanwhile, additional singularities emerge in the intensity patterns due to destructive interference occurring at specific dephasing lengths for the specific frequency components. The high-frequency components experience destructive interference earlier than the low-frequency components during each evolution period because the dephasing length decreases with frequency. This results in the sequentially appearance of the additional singularities from top to bottom in the ST intensity patterns. The proposed scheme demonstrates a way for higher-order STOV generation and manipulation in air-plasma filaments, which can be of interest for experiments related to vortex light science.

The Use of the Lateral Tibial Line to Assess Ankle Alignment: A Preliminary Investigation

Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Although the medial clear space (MCS) is commonly used to assess talar alignment and ankle stability, its measurement is variable with multiple reported “normal” values. We have observed that the lateral tibial shaft is a reliable landmark to assess talar alignment. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the normal relationship of the lateral tibia to the superolateral talus using a tangent drawn inferiorly from the lateral tibial shaft, which we refer to as the “lateral tibial line” (LTL). Methods: The relationship of the LTL to the superolateral talus was assessed and characterized on ninety-nine standing ankle mortise radiographs in uninjured patients. This relationship was quantified by measuring the distance (in millimeters) between the LTL and the superolateral talus. Additionally, the inter-observer reliability of the LTL measurement, determined by three reviewers, was recorded and compared to medial clear space measurements. Results: The median value for the lateral tibial line was -0.50 mm with an interquartile range of -1.4mm - 0.0mm. The LTL was within 1mm of the lateral talus in 176 of 297 reviewer measurements (59.3%). Moreover, it was either lateral to or was at most 1mm medial to the lateral talus in 90.9% of cases. The LTL measurement also demonstrated good inter-observer reliability (0.764, 95% CI: 0.670-0.834), similar to the measurement of MCS (0.742, 95% CI: 0.539-0.846). Conclusion: The LTL is easily measured with good reliability for assessing the anatomic relationship of the tibia and talus. It uncommonly fell more than 1 mm medial to the superolateral talus. In other words, it was uncommon for the talus to shift lateral to this line, as might be seen with displaced ankle fractures. These findings will hopefully serve as a standard for future studies evaluating the role of the LTL in assessing lateral displacement and stability of isolated fibula fractures.

Understanding the Columnar Lined Esophagus and Its Variations in Length With Age: A Cadaveric Study.

Introduction Columnar lined epithelium (CLE) of the esophagus holds particular importance in diagnosing Barrett's esophagus (BE). In Asia, the prevalence of BE ranges from 0.06% to 6.2%. In India, prevalence estimates vary from 2.6% to 23%. The frequency of esophageal adenocarcinoma has also been observed to be increasing alarmingly over the past few decades. The length of CLE as a criterion for diagnosing BE is the subject of considerable debate. Changes in CLE length among different age groups may exist. Our study aims to measure the length of CLE, or the distance between the angle of His and the Z Line (AZ distance), in normal individuals from Northeast India, and to analyze its variation across different age groups. Materials and methods The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India, during the period 2017-2019. Once opened, each specimen was laid flat on a board. The distance between the A and Z lines was measured using a pair of vernier calipers. This distance was recorded as the AZ distance in millimeters (mm). Results The mean AZ Distance was found to be 12.4 ± 5.3 mm. A significant correlation between age and AZ distance was observed. Conclusion Our present study suggests that the length of the CLE increases with age. This observation offers an opportunity to revisit or revise the diagnostic criteria based on CLE length, taking into account the age of the individual.

A-137 Performance Evaluation of an Automatic, Rapid and Non-Westergren Based Method for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Measurement

Abstract The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is widely used for the assessment of acute or chronic inflammation, especially for rheumatoid diseases. The gold standard for determining ESR is the Westergren method, which measures the distance in millimeters that red blood cells fall in one hour. However, this method needs to be performed manually, which increases the biohazard risk to laboratory personnel, and the results are often influenced by many preanalytical and analytical factors. Several automated ESR analyzers with different methodologies are now available to provide faster results directly from whole blood anticoagulated with K3EDTA. In this study, we evaluated the performance of an automatic ESR analyzer, Alifax TEST1, and compared it with that of another automatic analyzer, Diesse Cube 30 touch, and also the Westergren method. TEST1 extrapolates the ESR values by measuring the kinetics of red cells aggregation in 20 s, while Cube 30 is a modified Westergren method that could obtain the results in 20 min. A total of 75 clinical samples were analyzed for ESR using the three methods. The hematocrit (Hct) and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were also analyzed. The Spearman correlation coefficient between TEST1 and Westergren methods was 0.90 (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) with a mean difference of -5.45; the correlation between Cube 30 and Westergren methods was 0.80 (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) with a mean difference of 10.74; the correlation between TEST1 and Cube 30 was 0.69 (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) with a mean difference of -15.9. The precision values (CV %) of TEST1 in low-, medium- and high-level controls were 2.71%, 1.21% and 1.05% for inter-assay, and 3.70%, 1.66% and 0.86% for intra-assay. The normal range of TEST1 was also established by analyzing ESR values of 125 healthy individuals where it is 0–15 mm/hr for men ≤50years old, 0–20 mm/hr for men &amp;gt; 50 years old and for women ≤50 years old, and 0–30 mm/hr for women &amp;gt; 50years old. The ESR values obtained from the three methods all significantly correlated with plasma CRP levels. However, the ESR values from Cube 30 and Westergren methods negatively correlated with Hct values, while that from TEST1 did not. The present study demonstrates that 1) TEST1 has a better correlation and a lower difference to the Westergren method compared to Cube 30, suggesting that TEST1, the automatic, rapid and non-Westergren based method is an effective assay for clinical practice; 2) the Westergren based methods are more easily influenced by Hct; 3) the large mean difference between TEST1 and Cube 30 highlights a need for harmonization of the ESR values obtained from different automatic analyzers, especially when it is applied to monitor the disease activity score (DAS28) in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The Use of the Lateral Tibial Line to Assess Ankle Alignment: A Preliminary Investigation.

Although the medial clear space (MCS) is commonly used to assess talar alignment and ankle stability, its measurement is variable with multiple reported normal values. We have observed that the lateral tibial shaft is a reliable landmark to assess talar alignment. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the normal relationship of the lateral tibia to the superolateral talus using a tangent drawn inferiorly from the lateral tibial shaft, which we refer to as the "lateral tibial line" (LTL). The relationship of the LTL to the superolateral talus was assessed by three reviewers on 99 standing ankle mortise radiographs in uninjured patients. This relationship was quantified by measuring the distance (in millimeters) between the LTL and the superolateral talus. In addition, the interobserver reliability of the LTL measurement was recorded and compared with that of the MCS. The median value for the distance between the superolateral talus and LTL was -0.50 mm with an interquartile range of -1.4 to 0.0 mm. The LTL was within 1 mm of the lateral talus in 176 of 297 reviewer measurements (59.3%). Moreover, it was either lateral to or at most 1 mm medial to the lateral talus in 90.9% of cases. The LTL measurement also demonstrated good interobserver reliability (0.764, 95% confidence interval, 0.670 to 0.834), similar to the measurement of MCS (0.742, 95% confidence interval, 0.539 to 0.846). The relationship between the LTL and superolateral talus is easily measured with good reliability for assessing the anatomic relationship of the tibia and talus. The LTL uncommonly fell more than 1 mm medial to the superolateral talus, as might be seen with displaced ankle fractures. These findings will hopefully serve as a basis for future studies evaluating its role in assessing lateral displacement and stability of isolated fibula fractures. Level III, retrospective review.

Comparison of different intraoperative reduction monitoring methods in a cadaveric intraarticular calcaneal fracture model: 3D scan vs arthroscopy vs nanoscopy.

Visualization of the subtalar joint surface in surgical management of calcaneal factures remains a big challenge and anatomic reduction of the articular surface is essential for a good clinical outcome. We hypothesize that video-assistance can provide superior fracture reduction compared to fluoroscopy and that nanoscopy (NSC) achieves more extensive visualization compared to fracturoscopy (FSC). Ten human cadaveric feet with artificially pre-fractured intraarticular calcaneal fractures with involvement of the posterior facet were treated via a minimal invasive subtalar approach. After initial control of reduction by 2D fluoroscopy, the reduction was further analyzed intraoperatively by FSC and NSC. 3D Scan served as gold standard control of reduction. Need of revision of reduction after the different visualization techniques was recorded and the extent of visualization of the subtalar joint surface in the medio-lateral dimension was compared for FSC and NSC. To quantify access and visualization of the medial and posterior facet, a depth gauge was used to measure from laterally at the clinically widest portion of the calcaneus targeted to the sustentaculum tali. The distance in millimetres was referred to the complete medio-lateral distance seen on paracoronal CT at the widest portion of the calcaneus. Fracture analysis in preoperative CT-scans according to Sanders classification revealed four type IC, two IIA, three IIC and one IIIAC fractures. Mean visualization of the medial and posterior facet was significantly improved with NSC (30.4 ± 3.78mm) compared to FSC (23.6 ± 6.17mm) (p = 0.008). An imperfect reduction requiring revision was more often required with NSC compared to FSC. Insufficient reduction using video-assistance was found in two cases. In order to optimize subtalar joint reduction and congruency, video-assisted techniques, especially NSC, provide superior visualization and thus can improve reduction in the surgical treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures.

Measurement of Clavicular Symmetry in Healthy Subjects Using Tomographic Database of Public Hospitals.

Objective This study aimed to perform an imaging evaluation to prove the existence or not of symmetry between the clavicles of healthy subjects from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, and identify potential factors influencing the clavicular length. Method The study analyzed chest computed tomography (CT) scans of 211 patients with no clavicular fracture or malformations (100 women and 111 men). We measured the greatest clavicular diagonal on both sides, and the software automatically generated the maximum distance in millimeters. Relative and absolute frequencies described qualitative variables and mean values; quantitative variables used a 95% confidence interval. Value comparisons employed the student's t-test, and correlations determinations used Pearson's correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results There was a significant difference between the clavicular length (right clavicle, 143.58 mm; left clavicle, 145.72 mm; p = 0.037), indicating asymmetry. On average, the left clavicle was 3.71 mm larger. Asymmetry was significant for both men and women (p < 0.001). The average difference was 4.13 mm for men and 3.23 mm for women. Seventy-three percent of the sample had < 5 mm of asymmetry, 23.7% had 5 to 10 mm, and 3.3% had > 10 mm of asymmetry. Conclusion The studied population did not present clavicular symmetry. On average, the left clavicle was longer than the right clavicle, with differences of 3.71 mm in the general sample, 3.23 mm in women, and 4.13 mm in men. The only significant factor was gender since men presented longer clavicles and higher differences than women.

CBCT Evaluation of Lingual Foramen and its Anatomic Variations in Northeast Indian Population.

The identification of nearby neurovascular structures is a vital part of dental implant treatment planning. Commonly two implants are placed in the mandibular inter foraminal region to support the overdenture. Placing dental implants in this region is considered relatively safe. The purpose of this study was to employ cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) on a representative sample of Northeast Indians to find out the location and distribution of lingual foramen in the anterior mandible. A total of 104 CBCT scans were performed using the Cranex 3D CBCT system. Three Oral and Maxillofacial Radiologists agreed on a visibility grade for assessing the lingual foramen using a 3-point scale. The number and presence of foramina were noted. On cross-sectional pictures, the distance in millimeters between the crest of the alveolar ridge and the superior cortical margin of the foramen was determined. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution of lingual foramina in terms of frequency and percentages was performed. Scan results showed that the lingual foramen was clearly visible in 65.4% of cases, somewhat visible in 12.5% of scans, and not visible at all in 22.1% of cases. Half of the people in the study had two foramina, whereas 27.9 percent had one and 22.1 percent had none. The mean distance from the crest of the alveolar ridge was 10.84 mm in males whereas 9.91 mm in females. The Northeast Indian population exhibits an unusually high prevalence of lingual foramen in the anterior portion of the mandible. This research will aid in the precise pre-operative identification of the position and number of lingual foramina prior to surgical treatments involving the midline of the mandible.

Cylindrical Multimode Waveguides as Focusing Interferometric Systems.

Delivery and focusing of radiation requires a variety of optical elements such as waveguides and mirrors or lenses. Heretofore, they were used separately, the former for radiation delivery, the latter for focusing. Here, we show that cylindrical multimode waveguides can both deliver and simultaneously focus radiation, without any external lenses or parabolic mirrors. We develop an analytical, ray-optical model to describe radiation propagation within and after the end of cylindrical multimode waveguides and demonstrate the focusing effect theoretically and experimentally at terahertz frequencies. In the focused spot, located at a distance of several millimeters to a few centimeters away from the waveguide end, typical for focal lengths in optical setups, we achieve a more than 8.4× higher intensity than the cross-sectional average intensity and compress the half-maximum spot area of the incident beam by a factor of >15. Our results represent the first practical realization of a focusing system consisting of only a single cylindrical multimode waveguide, that delivers radiation from one focused spot into another focused spot in free space, with focal distances that are much larger than both the radiation wavelength and the waveguide radius. The results enable design and optimization of cylindrical waveguide-containing systems and demonstrate a precise optical characterization method for cylindrical structures and objects.

Probing interfacial effects with thermocapillary flows

A local rise of the surface temperature of a liquid layer of only a few tenths of degrees results in a thermocapillary flow, which can decrease the thickness of a supported liquid film down to tens of nanometers over millimetric distances. We show that accurate measurements of the thinning dynamics of this ultra-thin film can be used to finely probe the molecular interactions at stake.

Comparison of Pain and Mouth Opening in Primary versus Secondary Closure after Surgical Removal of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar

Aim: To compare pain score and trismus in primary and secondary closure of surgical wound after removal of impacted mandibular third molar. Study design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and duration of study: Bacha Khan Medical Complex, Gajju Khan Medical College, Shah Mansoor Swabi Pakistan from 1stMay 2020 to 30thJune 2021. Methodology: Fifty patients were divided into two groups i-e group A (Primary closure) and group B (secondary closure). Demographic data (name, age, gender and contact number) was recorded. Pre-operative mouth opening was measured as maximum interincisal distance in millimetres. Pre-operative variables were again re-evaluated on 3rd post-operative day for pain on Visual analogue scale (VAS 0-10) and for mouth opening. Results: Thirty one (62%) patients were males and 19(38%) were females. Overall mean pain score was 2.48±1.90 on visual analogue scale (VAS). Mean age was 30.24±7.64 years while mean post-operative interincisal distance was 43.5±4.717 mm. The difference between Group A and B for both mouth opening ((P=0.03; 95% CI = 0.135, 0.434) and pain (P=0.006; 95% CI = 0.426, 2.453) were statistically significant. Conclusion: When intra operative parameters of impaction difficulty are the same, secondary closure ensures minimal morbidity of pain and trismus as compared to primary wound closure. Keywords: Flap closure; Primary closure; Secondary closure; Impacted third molar

Agents that can be used in medical treatment of meconium ileus and comparison of their efficacy

BackgroundAim: This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of medical agents currently used or potentially used in the medical treatment of meconium ileus and to contribute to the medical treatment of meconium ileus.Materials and methodIn our study, meconium causing meconium ileus or normal meconium obtained voluntarily from healthy newborns at birth was used. A total of 2 g meconium sample was placed in each test tube. Six experimental groups were formed by adding saline solution, N-acetylcysteine, amidotrizoate, pancreatic enzymes, fibrinolytic enzyme, and probiotic bacteria on the meconium samples. All experimental groups were kept at 36 °C and over 90% humidity for 6 h. The resulting mixtures were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 min.The solid gel-like part and the liquid part were separated. The volumes of the liquid portions and the weights of the gel portions were measured. Gels were placed on a glass substrate to compare the flowability of the gel portions. After 30 min, how much the gel-like meconiums moved from the starting point was recorded. Liquid volumes were measured in milliliters (ml), weights in grams (g), and distance in millimeters (mm).ResultsIt was determined that the solid part weights of N-acetylcysteine and amidotrizoate groups increased, while the solid part weights of the other groups decreased. It was determined that the decrease in solid part weights was mostly in the probiotic bacteria group. Test correlation between liquid fraction volume and solid weight was statistically determined. The group that moved the most on the glass substrate was the N-acetylcysteine group.ConclusionsOur study also showed that the gastrographin and NAC groups do indeed attract liquid to solid meconium. They cause an increase in solid part weight. Probiotic bacteria and pancreatic enzymes were found effective in terms of movement on the glass surface in the meconium samples they were applied to. The fibrinolytic enzyme produced for in vivo environment was found to be ineffective in the in vitro environment in our study.We think that pancreatic enzymes and probiotic bacteria can also be used in the medical treatment of meconium ileus.

Assessment of Correlation between Dual-Energy Ct (De-Ct)-Derived Iodine Concentration and Local Flourodeoxyglucose (Fdg) Uptake in Patients with Primary Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

(1) The current literature contains several studies investigating the correlation between dual-energy-derived iodine concentration (IC) and positron emission tomography (PET)-derived Flourodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In previously published studies, either the entire tumor volume or a region of interest containing the maximum IC or 18F-FDG was assessed. However, the results have been inconsistent. The objective of this study was to correlate IC with FDG both within the entire volume and regional sub-volumes of primary tumors in patients with NSCLC. (2) In this retrospective study, a total of 22 patients with NSCLC who underwent both dual-energy CT (DE-CT) and 18F-FDG PET/CT were included. A region of interest (ROI) encircling the entire primary tumor was delineated, and a rigid registration of the DE-CT, iodine maps and FDG images was performed for the ROI. The correlation between tumor measurements and area-specific measurements of ICpeak and the peak standardized uptake value (SUVpeak) was found. Finally, a correlation between tumor volume and the distance between SUVpeak and ICpeak centroids was found. (3) For the entire tumor, moderate-to-strong correlations were found between SUVmax and ICmax (R = 0.62, p = 0.002), and metabolic tumor volume vs. total iodine content (R = 0.91, p < 0.001), respectively. For local tumor sub-volumes, a negative correlation was found between ICpeak and SUVpeak (R = −0.58, p = 0.0046). Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between the tumor volume and the distance in millimeters between SUVpeak and ICpeak centroids (R = 0.81, p < 0.0001). (4) In patients with NSCLC, high FDG uptakes and high DE-CT-derived iodine concentrations correlated on a whole-tumor level, but the peak areas were positioned at different locations within the tumor. 18F-FDG PET/CT and DE-CT provide complementary information and might represent different underlying patho-physiologies.

Development of an Optical Sensor Capable of Measuring Distance, Tilt, and Contact Force

Depth, proximity, and tactile sensors are often used in robotic object manipulation. The three types of sensors are combined to address each sensor limitation: Depth use is limited by blind spots and measurable range, proximity sensor is limited to millimetric distances, and the tactile sensor requires direct contact with the object. Here we present a novel sensor that can simultaneously measure millimetric distance and surface tilt, as well as contact force. We demonstrated the advantage of this novel sensor during a contact task. There, we implemented an admittance control and succeeded in achieving smooth transition from zero- to infinite-impedance contact condition and vice-versa. This novel sensor affords the realization of advanced interactions between robot and objects and contrary to previous approaches—limited by distance, blind spots, and impact force during initial contact—demonstrated good performance at all times with smooth and continuous measurements during contact.

Spatial heterogeneity analyses of pore structure and mineral composition of Barnett Shale using X-ray scattering techniques

The spatial heterogeneity of pore structure and mineral composition at μm to mm scales in mm to cm-sized shale samples complicates the laboratory measurements of porosity & pore size distribution and consequently reservoir quality evaluation. Traditional fluid invasion characterization methods typically take hours to days to get data and can only test relatively small samples (usually 2.54 cm diameter core plugs and mm-sized rock chips). The X-ray scattering techniques at the Advanced Photon Source of the Argonne National Laboratory have the capability to non-destructively determine the pore structure and mineral composition of mm × mm area in a short time of seconds and to hold several to hundreds of mm2 sized sample to conduct large area heterogeneity analysis in the short duration of hours. With the use of ultra-small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), the porosity, surface area and pore size distribution of two Barnett Shale samples have been mapped out and the mineral compositions are determined qualitatively. Overall, the porosity and pore surface area of the Barnett Shale Sample A over a 36 cm2 area ranges from 1.70 % to 8.13 % and 8.87 m2/g to 40.2 m2/g respectively. The porosity and surface area of Sample B over a 24 cm2 area varies from 3.15 % to 11.7 % and 18.3 m2/g to 60.2 m2/g. In Sample A, the mineral composition shows a shift from carbonate-rich to siliciclastic-rich over a distance of several millimeters. For Sample B, the mineral compositions are mainly siliciclastic and do not show an obvious lithological change. The direct observations of high spatial heterogeneity of pore structure and mineral composition in shale illustrate the utility of integrated X-ray scattering techniques to provide valuable insights into shale studies and reservoir evaluation.

원거리 가스 모니터링용 분광 센서를 위한 이동반사경의 개발

Spectroscopic sensors have been used in the field of optics and chemical analysis, and the need for remote gas monitoring in a portable form has increased. Hence, it is essential to design, manufacture, and develop a moving mirror, which that can generate the optical path difference for spectroscopic sensor. It is important to verify whether it can satisfy design requirements for the actual spectroscopic interferometer application by evaluating its performance. In this paper, a moving mirror assembly with high-speed transfer capability for a portable spectroscopic sensor is fabricated and tested. For application to a portable spectrometer, design requirements, such as moving distance, speed, and stiffness, are set and the mechanical structure, including the voice coil motor and elastic guide, satisfying these requirements is proposed. Through finite element analysis, performance of the proposed moving mirror assembly is predicted. By testing the performance after fabrication, it is verified that the proposed mirror is capable of linear movement with travel distance of several millimeters and moving speed of tens of Hz. Optical testing result shows that the proposed moving mirror can generate linear motion with a tilting error below 10 arcsecond and can be applied to the actual spectroscopic interferometer in future.

Prevalência de perda de inserção periodontal em adolescentes de 12 a 16 anos em uma escola pública de Porto Alegre

The aim of this study was to verify prevalence of loss of attachment in 12-16 years old adolescents of a public school in Porto Alegre. The prevalence of loss of attachment was determined by means of periodontal probing a mesial, distal, buccal and lingual surfaces of incisors and first permanent molars. A trainer examiner performed the examination with Williams periodontal probe, odontoscope are standard illumination. The level of attachmet was defined as thc distance in millimeters from the cementum-enamel junction to the most apically probable portion, close to thc bottom of the sulcus/pocket. For cach site, two measurements were performed, the distance from the gingival margin to the cementure enamel junction, and the distance from the gingival margin to the bottom of the sulcus pocket. The level of attachment for a site was calculated subtracting the first and the second or, in case of gingival recession, adding both. Loss of attachment was considered when this measure exceeded 2 mm in buccal-lingual surfaces and 3 mm in proximal surfaces. 3048 sites were examined, showing a prevalence of 4.82% of loss of attachment. From these, 36.77% bled on probing and 61.22% did not. The buccal surface was the one with the highest prevalence of loss of attachment.