Distal Surface Of Second Molar Research Articles

Relationship between the Status of Third Molars and the Occurrence of Dental and Periodontal Lesions in Adjacent Second Molars in the Polish Population: A Radiological Retrospective Observational Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of third molars on caries, external root resorption, and alveolar bone loss on the distal surface of adjacent second molars. A total of 2488 panoramic radiographs of adult Poles were evaluated. Third molars were classified, according to eruption status, into non-impacted, partially, or completely impacted, and according to angulation into horizontal, mesioangular, vertical, and distoangular. Completely impacted third molars were assigned as reference group. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for the occurrence of the above-mentioned pathologies were 1.39 (1.09-2.21), 6.51 (3.72-10.11), and 2.42 (1.22-4.09), respectively, for second molars with adjacent erupted third molars and 1.54 (1.11-2.82), 10.65 (7.81-20.19), and 5.21 (3.38-10.81), respectively, when partially impacted third molars were next to second molars. The ORs of lesions were significantly higher for horizontally and mesioangularly impacted third molars. Within the limitation of a radiological study, it might be concluded that the presence of erupted third molars is a risk factor for caries, while the presence of impacted third molars increases the risk of root resorption and bone loss on the distal surface of second molars.

Modified alveolar ridge preservation to promote the osteogenesis of the distal surface of second molar after mandibular impacted third molar extraction: a preliminary study.

The objective of the retrospective study was to explore whether the use of a modified alveolar ridge preservation technique impacts osteogenesis on the distal surface of the second molar after mandibular third molar (M3) extraction. A total of 54 patients were enrolled in this study and divided into three different groups, including modified alveolar ridge preservation (MARP) group, traditional tooth extraction (TRA) group, and classical guided bone regeneration (GBR) group. In this study, MARP was designed with the highlights of the preservation of the alveolar bone superior and lingual to M3. These patients chose different surgical methods according to their own wishes for past infection or in order to prevent pericoronitis, and the operation time and surgical cost of each group were recorded. The periodontal conditions of the ipsilateral mandibular second molar (M2) and the height of its distal alveolar bone were measured during the postoperative follow-up. The probing depth, clinical attachment level, and osseous defect depth on the distal surface of the ipsilateral M2 in the MARP group were better than those of the TRA group at any time of the follow-up (P < 0.05 for all), but there was no statistical difference in the measurements when compared to the GBR group at 6months after operation (P > 0.05 for all). Thus, MARP therapy not only improves the regeneration of periodontal osseous defects distal to the M2 after M3 extraction but also reduces the operation time and surgical cost. This paper introduces a modified surgical method that can not only economically and effectively remove the impacted mandibular third molar but also obtain stable osteogenesis.

Perbedaan Jarak Molar Kedua Ke Ramus Mandibula Akibat Konsistensi Makanan (Kajian radiograf panoramik di Instalasi Radiologi Dental Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Trisakti)

Background: One of the affected factor to the distance of second molar to ramus of the mandible is environment. Environment factor that has the closest correlation with the distance of second molar to ramus of the mandible is the consistency of food. The aim of this study was to find the differences of the distance between distal surface of second molar to ramus of the mandible based on food consistency. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 41 female and 33 male, between 19 to 30 years old, who consume hard consistency food or soft consistency food divided using questionnaire. The samples had complete teeth up to the second molar, which were reviewed from panoramic radiograph. Results: Data analysis shows that there is differences in the distance of second molar distal to ramus of the mandible based on food consistency, which average value is 10.38 mm for the male who consume hard food consistency and 7.35 mm for the male who consume soft food consistency. Conclusions: The average value for the female who consume hard food consistency is 9.21 mm while the value is 5.72 mm for female who consume soft food consistency.

Association of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar with Caries on Distal Surface of Second Molar

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of impacted mandibular third molars (M3M) status with caries on distal surface (CODS) of mandibular second molars (M2M). Material and Methods: A retrospective study on digital panoramic radiographs. Information on age, gender, eruption status of impacted mandibular third molars and mandibular second molarscaries on distal surface were recorded. Winters’ classification and Pell and Gregory classification were used to classify impacted mandibular third molars. The Chi-square test and Poisson regression were used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 1497 radiographs were evaluated out of which 2704 sites were recorded. A total of 33.2% M3M were impacted and 1053 (38.9%) M2M had caries on distal surface . Among the total M3M teeth, 39.1% of erupted and 38.6% of impacted teeth had CODS of M2M. However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of CODS of M2M in erupted and impacted mandibular third molars teeth (p=0.796). As per Winters classification, mesio-angular and horizontal impaction types were significantly associated with CODS (p<0.001). Conclusion: All impacted mandibular third molars may not be associated with caries on distal surface of mandibular second molars. But, the angulation like mesioangular and horizontal, class I and II may predispose to caries on distal surfaceof mandibular second molars.

Evaluation Distal Caries of the Second Molars in the Presence of Third Molars among Saudi Patients.

Objectives:To evaluate the prevalence of distal caries in second permanent molars in the presence of third molar among patients attending university dental clinics in Riyadh City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Materials and Methods:Clinical and radiographic data (orthopantomographs and right and left bite wings) from 313 patients attending Riyadh Elm University dental clinics, department of oral diagnosis were collected and analyzed for the presence of third molars and caries on the distal surface of the second molar. Descriptive statistics of frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation, and binary logistic regression analysis were applied to assess the association between distal surface caries on second molars and impaction status of the teeth.Results:The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth score of the study participants was found to be very high, that is, 23. The prevalence of caries affecting the distal aspect of the second molar was 48.6% (n = 609) in the population. The prevalence of distal caries was significantly high in patients with fully erupted wisdom teeth followed by vertical, horizontal, and mesial impacted third molars (P < 0.05). Wisdom teeth with mesioangular, vertical, and horizontal impactions showed significant association with distal caries of second molars below the contact point, whereas, fully erupted and vertically impacted wisdom teeth showed significant association with distal surface caries of second molars above contact point. Similarly, vertically impacted wisdom teeth were found to have significant association with caries of distal surface of second molars on noncontact areas (P < 0.05).Conclusion:This study showed that the distal surface of the second molars is at risk of caries in the presence of third molars. However, this risk depends on eruption status, type of angulation, and contact between third and second molars. All the preventive measures should be taken to avoid caries on distal surface of second molar.

Third Molar and Their Relationship with Caries on the Distal Surface of Second Molar: A Meta-analysis.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine which characteristics of mandibular third molars (MTMs) are more often associated with an increase in the prevalence/incidence of caries on the distal surface of mandibular second molars (MSMs). Three electronic databases were analyzed: PubMed; OVID and the Virtual Health Library. Observational studies were included, and the risk of bias was assessed using The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software program was used for meta-analysis. Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review, and five were included in the meta-analysis. The distal surface of MSMs were more likely to exhibit caries in the following scenarios: when MTMs were found in the A position, rather than the C position (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.28-5.22, p<0.001); when the horizontal position was compared with the vertical (OR: 8.12, 95% CI: 3.75-17.58, p<0.001) and distoangular (OR: 9.75, 95% CI: 3.49 - 27.25, p<0.001) positions; and when the mesioangular position was compared with the vertical (OR: 7.25, 95% CI: 3.48-15.10, p<0.001) and distoangular (OR: 9.54, 95% CI: 3.47 - 26.21, p<0.001) positions. The results of this study suggest that the presence of MTMs increases the incidence of caries on the distal surface of MSMs. Furthermore, caries on the distal surface of MSMs is more commonly associated with position A and horizontal and mesioangular mandibular molars.

Comparison of probing depth in the distal surface of second molar following impacted mandibular third molar surgery with enveloped and triangular flaps

Comparison of probing depth in the distal surface of second molar following impacted mandibular third molar surgery with enveloped and triangular flaps

Identifying the Most Accurate Available Space Analysis Method for Predicting Mandibular Third Molar Eruption or Impaction by Means of Panoramic Radiographs

Background: Third molar impaction is a major problem facing the dental profession and its impacts on the dentition has long been a major concern. Third molar is the most frequently impacted tooth. The prevalence of mandibular third molar impaction has been reported from 18 to 32 percent which varies between populations and races. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the best retromolar space analysis from available methods with the highest correlation with mesio-distal width of mandibular third molar (MTM) in order to predict its eruption or impaction. Patients and Methods: Measurements were carried out on digital panoramic radiographs of 98 Iranian patients. One hundred and seventy mandibular third molars were divided into 4 groups: impacted females, impacted males, erupted females and erupted males. Twenty eight points and 24 planes were marked on the radiographs: 11 points in relation to retromolar space analysis and the mesio-distal width of MTM; and 17 points in relation to some anatomic variables assumed to be related to MTM eruption or impaction. Using these landmarks, different methods were tested for analyzing the retromolar space and its relation to the width of the MTM. Student’s t-test was applied for comparison between erupted and impacted groups and ROC curve was drawn to determine the method with the highest specificity and sensitivity. Results: Among the performed retromolar space analysis, the method that measured the distance between distal surface of second molar and the anterior border of ramus parallel to functional occlusal plane had the highest correlation with the MTM width. Also, the impact of some anatomic factors including posterior ramus height, upper body length, etc. on MTM eruption or impaction was observed. Conclusions: Retromolar space analysis on panoramic radiographs can be a relatively precise predictor for mandibular third molar eruption or impaction. This study also supports the multifactorial concept about third molar impaction.

Radiographic Assessment for Predicting the Mandibular Third Molar Eruption after Orthodontic Treatment in First Premolar Extraction Group and Non-Extraction Group: A-retrospective Study

Introduction: The third molars are the most congenitally missing teeth. If present, they might follow ectopic eruption path and become impacted. Because it is the last tooth erupt in the arch, and usually there is no space in the arch. Effects of orthodontic treatment may also affect the position of third molar after treatment and may changes the eruption pattern of third molar. Materials and Methods: 30 patient’s pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalogram and orthopantomogram (OPG) were taken out of which 15 patients were treated with first pre-molar extraction, and 15 patients were treated with non-extraction approach. Cephalomatric and OPG tracing were done at T1 (pre-treatment) and T2 (post-treatment). Distance from Xi-point to distal surface of second molar, distance from anterior border of ramus to the distal surface of second molar, angulation of third molar in relation with second molar and mesio-distal width of third molar were checked. Descriptive analysis was perform for both the groups and paired t-test and un-paired t-test were performed for first pre-molar extraction and nonextraction group with two different methods such as panoramic radio graph (OPG) and lateral cephalograms at significant level P < 0.05. Results: In extraction group, there were more possibility of the eruption, more mesial movement and more angulation changes noted compare to non-extraction group. Conclusion: Panoramic radiographs were more accurate when compared to lateral cephalogram while checking minor changes.

Evaluation of inorganic bovine bone graft in periodontal defects after third molar surgery.

Aim:This study evaluated the e cacy of inorganic bovine bone graft (IBB) in periodontal defect after mandibular third molar (3M) surgery.Methods:The authors conducted a split-mouth, prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 20 participants with a mean age of 21.60 ± 6.5 years who had symmetrical bilateral lower 3M randomly assigned to receive IBB or left empty (blooding clot). The clinical variables studied were probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL) at preoperative and postoperative periods of 10, 30, and 60 days. Radiographic measures included the distance from the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction and the bone density at 30 and 60 days postsurgical procedure. For statistical analysis, we used the paired t-test at a level of signi cance of 5%.Results:It was observed a reduction in pocket depth and CAL in both groups, but IBB did not provide better results than blooding clot (P > 0.05). On the other hand, IBB group showed an increased in the bone density, and a decrease in the periodontal defect on the distal surface of second molar (2M) after 30 and 60 days of surgery compared to the control group (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The use of inorganic bone graft (GenOx) did not enhance the probing depth after 3M removal. Although the radiographic ndings have showed an increase in bone density and a decrease in the periodontal defect on the distal surface of the 2M, we cannot recommend the use of IBB as a treatment for periodontal defect prevention after 3M removal.

A Prospective Study of Clinical Outcomes Related to Third Molar Removal or Retention

We investigated outcomes of third molar removal or retention in adolescents and young adults. We recruited patients aged 16 to 22 years from a dental practice-based research network in the Pacific Northwest from May 2009 through September 2010 who had at least 1 third molar present and had never undergone third molar removal. Data were acquired via questionnaire and clinical examination at baseline, periodic online questionnaires, and clinical examination at 24 months. A total of 801 patients participated. Among patients undergoing third molar removal, rates of paresthesia and jaw joint symptoms lasting more than 1 month were 6.3 and 34.3 per 100 person-years, respectively. Among patients not undergoing removal, corresponding rates were 0.7 and 8.8. Periodontal attachment loss at distal sites of second molars did not significantly differ by third molar removal status. Incident caries at the distal surfaces of second molars occurred in fewer than 1% of all sites. Rates of paresthesia and temporomandibular joint disorder were higher after third molar removal. Periodontal attachment loss and incident caries at the distal sites of second molars were not affected by extraction status.

Changes in Pocket Depth, Clinical Attachment Level , and Alveolar Bone Height Distal to Lower Second Molar After Impacted Lower Third Molar Removal

The purpose of this retrospective clinical and radiographic study was to evaluate the periodontal condition of mandibular second molar after surgical removal of adjacent impacted mandibular third molars in patients who had undergone a unilateral, partially or fully impacted third molar extraction, at the Outpatient Clinic, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of dentistry, Hawler Medical University, between the years 2010 and 2011.The sample size was 40 healthy patient with inclusion criteria aged between 18-32 years old. The same operator removed the impacted third molars in all patients. Periodontal measurements including periodontal probing depth PPD, clinical attachment level CAL,& alveolar bone height ABH were examined at distal surface of second molars before & 6 months after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars .OPG was taken for each patients pre& post operatively. The data were analyzed using SPSS soft ware, version 12(SPSS,Chicago,IL).A paired t- test was used to fined a significant changes in the three recorded variables about 6 months post operatively. The results from this study showed that a significant improvements in all the periodontal parameters after removal of impacted mandibular third molars.

Association between the presence of a partially erupted mandibular third molar and the existence of caries in the distal of the second molars

The objective of this study was to verify, using periapical radiographs, whether a partially erupted mandibular third molar is a factor in the presence of dental caries on the distal surface of the adjacent second molar. Two-forty six high quality periapical radiographs were selected, each showing a partially erupted mandibular third molar. The variables analyzed were: tooth number; gender; age; radiographic presence of caries on the distal surface of the adjacent molar; Pell and Gregory classification; Winter classification; angulation and distance between the second and mandibular third molar. The examiners were previously calibrated to collect data (kappa statistics from 0.87 to 1.0). The prevalence rate of caries on the distal surface of the second molar was 13.4%. In the logistical multivariate regression analysis, the angulation (OR=8.5; IC95%: 1.7–43.8; p=0.011) and the gender (OR=3.3; IC95%: 1.4–7.7; p=0.005) remained statistically significant after an age adjustment was made. The results indicate that the presence of a partially erupted mandibular third molar with an angulation of 31 degrees or more, is a risk factor for caries on the distal surface of the mandibular second molars.