Dissolved Organic Matter Uptake Research Articles

The effects of dissolved organic matter supplements on the metabolism of corals under heat stress

AbstractOctocorals represent a major alternative group in the benthic community of reefs that have diverged from hexacoral dominance. Despite their phototrophic symbionts, supplementing their diet with heterotrophic sources may promote their growth, particularly when compared to hexacorals in bleaching conditions. However, limited comprehensive data exists on octocorals' trophic ecology, especially regarding their ability to feed on dissolved organic matter (DOM), which comprises the largest pool of organic matter in reefs. This study aims to investigate the ability of two octocorals (Sarcophyton glaucum and Lobophytum sp.) to feed on DOM and compare this ability to that of hexacorals, such as Stylophora pistillata and Turbinaria reniformis. The study measured the net fluxes of DOM under varying DOM concentrations and under heat stress. The results demonstrate that all coral species were net producers of DOM at ambient concentrations, but became net consumers once seawater was supplemented with DOM. Furthermore, our study highlights a relationship between coral physiological responses to heat stress and DOM uptake. Corals that increased (S. pistillata) or maintained (S. glaucum and Lobophytum sp.) their DOM uptake rates at high temperature were the most resilient to heat stress. In contrast, T. reniformis exhibited lower DOM uptake rates at high temperatures, which was associated with significant bleaching. Understanding the ability of corals to feed on DOM may, therefore, provide insight into the resilience of species under ocean warming conditions.

DNA-stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) identifies marine sponge-associated bacteria actively utilizing dissolved organic matter (DOM).

SummarySponges possess exceptionally diverse associated microbial communities and play a major role in (re)cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in marine ecosystems. Linking sponge‐associated community structure with DOM utilization is essential to understand host–microbe interactions in the uptake, processing, and exchange of resources. We coupled, for the first time, DNA‐stable isotope probing (DNA‐SIP) with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in a sponge holobiont to identify which symbiotic bacterial taxa are metabolically active in DOM uptake. Parallel incubation experiments with the sponge Plakortis angulospiculatus were amended with equimolar quantities of unlabelled (12C) and labelled (13C) DOM. Seven bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), belonging to the phyla PAUC34f, Proteobacteria, Poribacteria, Nitrospirae, and Chloroflexi, were identified as the first active consumers of DOM. Our results support the predictions that PAUC34f, Poribacteria, and Chloroflexi are capable of organic matter degradation through heterotrophic carbon metabolism, while Nitrospirae may have a potential mixotrophic metabolism. We present a new analytical application of DNA‐SIP to detect substrate incorporation into a marine holobiont with a complex associated bacterial community and provide new experimental evidence that links the identity of diverse sponge‐associated bacteria to the consumption of DOM.

Reef communities associated with ‘dead’ cold-water coral framework drive resource retention and recycling in the deep sea

Cold-water coral (CWC) reefs create hotspots of metabolic activity in the deep sea, in spite of the limited supply of fresh organic matter from the ocean surface (i.e. phytodetritus). We propose that ‘dead’ coral framework, which harbours diverse faunal and microbial communities, boosts the metabolic activity of the reefs, through enhanced resource retention and recycling. Analysis of a video transect across a 700-540 m-deep CWC mound (Rockall Bank, North-East Atlantic) revealed a high benthic cover of dead framework (64%). Box-cored fragments of dead framework were incubated on-board and showed oxygen consumption rates of 0.078–0.182 μmol O2 (mmol organic carbon, i.e. OC)−1 h−1, indicating a substantial contribution to the total metabolic activity of the CWC reef. During the incubations, it was shown that the framework degradation stage influences nitrogen (re)cycling, corresponding to differences in community composition. New (less-degraded) framework released ammonium (0.005 ± 0.001 μmol NH4+ (mmol OC)−1 h−1), probably due to the activity of ammonotelic macrofauna. In contrast, old (more-degraded) framework released nitrate (0.015 ± 0.008 μmol NO3− (mmol OC)−1 h−1), indicating that nitrifying microorganisms recycled fauna-excreted ammonium to nitrate. Furthermore, the framework community removed natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the incubation water (0.005–0.122 μmol C (mmol OC)−1 h−1). Additional feeding experiments showed that all functional groups and macrofauna taxa of the framework community incorporated 13C-enriched (‘labelled’) DOM, indicating widespread DOM uptake and recycling. Finally, the framework effectively retained 13C-enriched phytodetritus, (a) by physical retention on the biofilm-covered surface and (b) by biological filtration through suspension-feeding fauna. We therefore suggest that the dead framework acts as a ‘filtration-recycling factory’ that enhances the metabolic activity of CWC reefs. The exposed framework, however, is particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, jeopardizing this important aspect of CWC reef functioning.

Quantifying sponge host and microbial symbiont contribution to dissolved organic matter uptake through cell separation

Sponge-microbe symbioses underpin the ecological success of sponges in many aquatic benthic ecosystems worldwide. These symbioses are often described as mutually beneficial, but identifying positive symbiotic interactions and quantifying the contribution of partners to physiological processes is challenging. For example, our understanding of the relative contribution of sponge cells and their microbial symbionts to the uptake and exchange of dissolved organic matter (DOM)—a major component of sponge diet—is limited. Here, we combined host-symbiont cell separation with pulse-chase isotopic labelling in order to trace the uptake of13C- and15Nenriched DOM into sponge cells and microbial symbionts of the encrusting Caribbean spongesHaliclona vansoestiandScopalina ruetzleri, which are low microbial abundance (LMA) species. Sponge cells were responsible for >99% of DOM assimilation during the pulse-chase experiment for both sponge species, while the contribution of symbiotic microbes to total DOM uptake was negligible (<1%). Nitrogen derived from DOM was translocated from sponge cells to microbial cells over time, indicating processing of host nitrogenous wastes by microbial endosymbionts. Thus, host cells drive DOM uptake in these species, while microbial symbionts may aid in the recycling of host-waste products. Our findings highlight the ability of sponges to derive nutrition by internalizing dissolved compounds from their environment and retaining nutrients via host-microbe interactions.

Heterotrophy in the earliest gut: a single-cell view of heterotrophic carbon and nitrogen assimilation in sponge-microbe symbioses

Sponges are the oldest known extant animal-microbe symbiosis. These ubiquitous benthic animals play an important role in marine ecosystems in the cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the largest source of organic matter on Earth. The conventional view on DOM cycling through microbial processing has been challenged by the interaction between this efficient filter-feeding host and its diverse and abundant microbiome. Here we quantify, for the first time, the role of host cells and microbial symbionts in sponge heterotrophy. We combined stable isotope probing and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to compare the processing of different sources of DOM (glucose, amino acids, algal-produced) and particulate organic matter (POM) by a high-microbial abundance (HMA) and low-microbial abundance (LMA) sponge with single-cell resolution. Contrary to common notion, we found that both microbial symbionts and host choanocyte (i.e. filter) cells and were active in DOM uptake. Although all DOM sources were assimilated by both sponges, higher microbial biomass in the HMA sponge corresponded to an increased capacity to process a greater variety of dissolved compounds. Nevertheless, in situ feeding data demonstrated that DOM was the primary carbon source for both the LMA and HMA sponge, accounting for ~90% of their heterotrophic diets. Microbes accounted for the majority (65–87%) of DOM assimilated by the HMA sponge (and ~60% of its total heterotrophic diet) but <5% in the LMA sponge. We propose that the evolutionary success of sponges is due to their different strategies to exploit the vast reservoir of DOM in the ocean.

Trophic Ecology of the Tropical Pacific Sponge Mycale grandis Inferred from Amino Acid Compound-Specific Isotopic Analyses.

Many sponges host abundant and active microbial communities that may play a role in the uptake of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by the sponge holobiont, although the mechanism of DOM uptake and metabolism is uncertain. Bulk and compound-specific isotopic analysis of whole sponge, isolated sponge cells, and isolated symbiotic microbial cells of the shallow water tropical Pacific sponge Mycale grandis were used to elucidate the trophic relationships between the host sponge and its associated microbial community. δ15N and δ13C values of amino acids in M. grandis isolated sponge cells are not different from those of its bacterial symbionts. Consequently, there is no difference in trophic position of the sponge and its symbiotic microbes indicating that M. grandis sponge cell isolates do not display amino acid isotopic characteristics typical of metazoan feeding. Furthermore, both the isolated microbial and sponge cell fractions were characterized by a similarly high ΣV value-a measure of bacterial-re-synthesis of organic matter calculated from the sum of variance among individual δ15N values of trophic amino acids. These high ΣV values observed in the sponge suggest that M. grandis is not reliant on translocated photosynthate from photosymbionts or feeding on water column picoplankton, but obtains nutrition through the uptake of amino acids of bacterial origin. Our results suggest that direct assimilation of bacterially synthesized amino acids from its symbionts, either in a manner similar to translocation observed in the coral holobiont or through phagotrophic feeding, is an important if not primary pathway of amino acid acquisition for M. grandis.

The effect of dissolved organic matter on copper bioavailability in aquatic ecosystems: A review

Copper is a very common substance occurred in the natural environment and was the first metal used by human since very early days, the Bronze and Iron Ages. In the first several thousand years, copper production only contributed little to global and even local pollution because its usage was too little to affect human health or ecosystems. However, things have rapidly changed during the industrial revolution. Copper has begun playing a critical role in the technologies developed and being applied in many aspects, such as electrical industries and agricultures. Hence, copper quantities in the environment have hugely increased and are still rising. Many studies have shown that naturally occurred organic matter in different aquatic environments controls the speciation, bioavailability, and, thus, its toxicology and distribution of soluble copper in aquatic ecosystems. And the binding potential of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is largely depending on its components, functional groups, and origins. In this article, we summarized sources, characteristics, and reactivity of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its complexation abilities of soluble copper. Aquatic DOM can be classified into exogenous DOM and endogenous DOM. Exogenous DOM is mainly from overland runoff and terrestrial origins leaching from soils and plants, whereas endogenous DOM is from extracellular release, cell decomposition of phytoplankton and bacteria. DOM composition varies a lot among different sources and thus changes the binding potential of copper. The effects of DOM on the bioavailability of copper are mainly manifested in two aspects: (1) DOM can reduce or increase the biological toxicity of Cu2+; (2) DOM deprives the entry of metals into the food chain by reducing the absorption of copper at the bottom level of the food chain. Aquatic DOM can reduce the biotoxicity of Cu by forming complexation so as to serve as buffer solution in natural environments in most instances. When the environmental conditions change, such as pH or salt, it would favor the formation of free Cu2+, the most toxic form of copper. In an active ecosystem, copper complexes to some lipophilic DOM, such as diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and 8-hydroxyquinoline (O x ), may induce cellular toxicity through membrane-facilitated transport. In the marine ecosystem, the class 1 ligands (L1) and the class 2 ligands (L2) balance the copper biotoxicity and bioavailability between surface and deep seawater. Although DOM-Cu complexation may increase the bioavailability of copper through DOM uptake process, Cu-DOM complexes are less bioavailable to organisms at lower trophic level. Thus, DOM can deprive Cu entering the food chain and being bioaccumulated in the higher trophic levels. The effects of aquatic DOM on the bioavailability of copper are mediated by the complexation or chelation potentials, as well as the characteristics of DOM itself and the size of DOM molecules. In the aquatic ecosystem, the extent of Cu binding to DOM as affected by the binding sites depends on its strength. Cu speciation is mostly controlled by DOM with weaker binding sites; whereas the DOM which has stronger binding sites bind Cu at lower Cu concentration environment, such as nitrogen DOM. The chelation of DOM to copper is strongly affected by pH which can both influence the number of the binding sites of DOM and the valence state of copper. In generally, small DOM can increase the uptake of Cu while large DOM can reduce or limit the uptake and adsorption of Cu. With the development of research techniques, research now can more accurately evaluate the effect of DOM on metals from the perspective of molecular structure and its functional groups.

Chloroflexi CL500-11 Populations That Predominate Deep-Lake Hypolimnion Bacterioplankton Rely on Nitrogen-Rich Dissolved Organic Matter Metabolism and C1 Compound Oxidation.

The Chloroflexi CL500-11 clade contributes a large proportion of the bacterial biomass in the oxygenated hypolimnia of deep lakes worldwide, including the world's largest freshwater system, the Laurentian Great Lakes. Traits that allow CL500-11 to thrive and its biogeochemical role in these environments are currently unknown. Here, we found that a CL500-11 population was present mostly in offshore waters along a transect in ultraoligotrophic Lake Michigan (a Laurentian Great Lake). It occurred throughout the water column in spring and only in the hypolimnion during summer stratification, contributing up to 18.1% of all cells. Genome reconstruction from metagenomic data suggested an aerobic, motile, heterotrophic lifestyle, with additional energy being gained through carboxidovory and methylovory. Comparisons to other available streamlined freshwater genomes revealed that the CL500-11 genome contained a disproportionate number of cell wall/capsule biosynthesis genes and the most diverse spectrum of genes involved in the uptake of dissolved organic matter (DOM) substrates, particularly peptides. In situ expression patterns indicated the importance of DOM uptake and protein/peptide turnover, as well as type I and type II carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and flagellar motility. Its location in the water column influenced its gene expression patterns the most. We observed increased bacteriorhodopsin gene expression and a response to oxidative stress in surface waters compared to its response in deep waters. While CL500-11 carries multiple adaptations to an oligotrophic lifestyle, its investment in motility, its large cell size, and its distribution in both oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes indicate its ability to thrive under conditions where resources are more plentiful. Our data indicate that CL500-11 plays an important role in nitrogen-rich DOM mineralization in the extensive deep-lake hypolimnion habitat.

Nematode feeding strategies and the fate of dissolved organic matter carbon in different deep-sea sedimentary environments

Sediments sampled from the Galicia Bank seamount and the adjacent slope (northeast Atlantic), and from a western Mediterranean slope site, were injected onboard with 13C-enriched dissolved organic matter (DOM) to evaluate nematode feeding strategies and the fate of DOM carbon in different benthic environments. We hypothesized that nematode 13C label assimilation resulted from either direct DOM uptake or feeding on 13C labeled bacteria. Slope sediments were injected with glucose (“simple” DOM) or “complex” diatom-derived DOM to investigate the influence of DOM composition on carbon assimilation.The time-series (1, 7 and 14 days) experiment at the seamount site was the first study to reveal a higher 13C enrichment of nematodes than bacteria and sediments after 7 days. Although isotope dynamics indicated that both DOM and bacteria were plausible candidate food sources, the contribution to nematode secondary production and metabolic requirements (estimated from biomass-dependent respiration rates) was higher for bacteria than for DOM at all sites. The seamount nematode community showed higher carbon assimilation rates than the slope assemblages, which may reflect an adaptation to the food-poor environment. Our results suggested that the trophic importance of bacteria did not depend on the amount of labile sedimentary organic matter. Furthermore, there was a discrepancy between carbon assimilation rates observed in the experiments and the feeding type classification, based on buccal morphology. Sites with a similar feeding type composition (i.e. the northeast Atlantic sites) showed large differences in uptake, whilst the nematode assemblages at the two slope sites, which had a differing trophic structure, took up similar amounts of the DOM associated carbon.Our results did not indicate substantial differences in carbon processing related to the complexity of the DOM substrate. The quantity of processed carbon (5–42% of added DOM) was determined by the bacteria, and was primarily respired. The bulk of the added 13C-DOM was not ingested by the benthic biota under study, and a considerable fraction was possibly adsorbed onto the sediment grains.

Effects of CO2-Induced Seawater Acidification on Microbial Processes Involving Dissolved Organic Matter

We used laboratory experiments covering a wide range of carbon dioxide (CO2) induced seawater acidification to simulate ocean CO2 storage and assess the potential effects on heterotrophic microbial processes associated with labile dissolved organic matter (DOM). There was no noticeable effect of increased CO2 concentration on short-term decomposition of labile DOM or nutrient uptake. However, microbial activities producing “new” DOM were apparently enhanced under treatments with 2000 or 5000ppm CO2. Under these conditions, production of aggregates was inhibited in early stage. Both of acute and chronic effects should be included for assessment of biogeochemical cycle related to microbe process.

Effects of salinity and light on organic carbon and nitrogen uptake in a hypersaline microbial mat

Utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is thought to be the purview of heterotrophic microorganisms, but photoautotrophs can take up dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This study investigated DOC and DON uptake in a laminated cyanobacterial mat community from hypersaline Salt Pond (San Salvador, Bahamas). The total community uptake of (3)H-labeled substrates was measured in the light and in the dark and under conditions of high and low salinity. Salinity was the primary control of DOM uptake, with increased uptake occurring under low-salinity, 'freshened' conditions. DOC uptake was also enhanced in the light as compared with the dark and in samples incubated with the photosystem II inhibitor 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, suggesting a positive association between photosynthetic activity and DOC uptake. Microautoradiography revealed that some DOM uptake was attributed to cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria DOM uptake was negatively correlated with that of smaller filamentous microorganisms, and DOM uptake by individual coccoid cells was negatively correlated with uptake by colonial coccoids. These patterns of activity suggest that Salt Pond microorganisms are engaged in resource partitioning, and DOM utilization may provide a metabolic boost to both heterotrophs and photoautrophs during periods of lowered salinity.

Availability of dissolved organic matter offsets metabolic costs of a protracted larval period for Bugula neritina (Bryozoa)

For nearly a century researchers have investigated the uptake and utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by marine invertebrates, but its contribution to their growth, reproduction, and survival remains unclear. Here, the benefit of DOM uptake was assessed for the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina (Linnaeus 1758) through performance comparisons of individuals in the presence and absence of DOM. The experiments were performed using B. neritina collected from floating docks in Beaufort, NC, USA from July to September 2004. Seawater was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation to reduce naturally occurring DOM, and then enriched with either 1 μM of palmitic acid or a mixture containing 1 μM each of glucose, alanine, aspartic acid and glycine. Larvae in DOM-enriched and DOM-reduced treatments were sampled and induced to metamorphose following 1, 6, 12, and 24 h of continuous swimming at 25°C. Sampled larvae were assessed for initiation of metamorphosis, completion of metamorphosis, and ancestrular lophophore size to determine the extent to which energy acquired from DOM uptake could offset the metabolic costs of prolonged larval swimming. DOM treatment had no significant effect on initiation of metamorphosis, but did have a significant effect on completion of metamorphosis and lophophore size. Larvae swimming in DOM-enriched treatments for 24 h experienced a 20% increase in metamorphic completion rate, compared to larvae swimming for 24 h in the DOM-reduced treatment. In addition, larvae in the amino acid and sugar mixture for 24 h had a significantly larger lophophore surface area and volume (23 and 31%, respectively), compared to larvae in DOM-depleted seawater. To ensure that the increases in performance found in larvae with access to DOM were not due to a decrease in metabolic activity, the respiration rates for these larvae were compared to those of larvae in DOM-depleted seawater. There were no significant differences between these treatments, indicating that the increases in performance were due to the energy acquired from DOM. These results clearly show that for B. neritina, DOM uptake results in increased metamorphic success and in the size of the feeding apparatus following an extended larval swimming duration.

Using latent effects to determine the ecological importance of dissolved organic matter to marine invertebrates

The uptake and utilization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by marine invertebrates is a field that has received significant attention over the past 100 years. Although it is well established that DOM is taken up by marine invertebrates, the extent to which it contributes to an animal's survival, growth, and reproduction (that is, the ecological benefits) remains largely unknown. Previous work seeking to demonstrate the putative ecological benefits of DOM uptake have examined them within a single life stage of an animal. Moreover, most of the benefits are demonstrated through indirect approaches by examining (1) mass balance, or (2) making comparisons of oxyenthalpic conversions of transport rates to metabolic rate as judged by oxygen consumption. We suggest that directly examining delayed metamorphosis or the latent effects associated with nutritional stress of larvae is a better model for investigating the ecological importance of DOM to marine invertebrates. We also provide direct evidence that availability of DOM enhances survival and growth of the bryozoan Bugula neritina. That DOM offsets latent effects in B. neritina suggests that the underlying mechanisms are at least in part energetic.

Adsorption of Cu(II) to schwertmannite and goethite in presence of dissolved organic matter

Sorption processes involving secondary iron minerals may significantly contribute to immobilisation of metals in soils and surface waters. In the present work the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from a concentrated bog-water on the adsorption of Cu(II) onto schwertmannite (Fe 8O 8(OH) 6SO 4) and goethite ( α-FeOOH) has been studied. The acid/base behaviour of DOM up to pH 6 was explained by assuming a diprotic acid with a density of carboxylate groups of 6.90 μeq (mg C) −1. The resulting acidity constants, recalculated to zero ionic strength were p K a 1 0 = 3.6 1 and p K a 2 0 = 5.3 4 . The uptake of DOM to schwertmannite and goethite was highest at low pH although adsorption was significant also under mildly alkaline conditions. Adsorption to the two minerals was similar although at high pH more DOM was adsorbed to schwertmannite than to goethite. DOM enhanced the adsorption of Cu(II) at moderately low pH in the goethite system but there was no effect of DOM in the case of schwertmannite. The presence of Cu(II) resulted in a decreased adsorption of DOM to goethite at weakly acidic pH and increased adsorption at high pH. In the case of schwertmannite, Cu(II) did not affect DOM uptake.

COUPLED CYCLING OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN AND CARBON IN A FOREST STREAM

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is an abundant but poorly understood pool of N in many ecosystems. We assessed DON cycling in a N-limited headwater forest stream via whole-ecosystem additions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and labile dissolved organic matter (DOM), hydrologic transport and biogeochemical modeling, and laboratory experiments with native sediments. We sampled surface and subsurface waters to understand how interaction among hydrologic exchange, DIN, DON, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) influence stream N losses at summer baseflow. Added DON was taken up rapidly from the water column at rates exceeding DOC and DIN. A significant fraction of this DON was mineralized and nitrified. Combined DON and NO 3-N uptake lengths resulted in spiraling lengths of ;210 m, suggesting the potential for multiple transformations of labile N loads within catchment boundaries. Simultaneous addition of DIN increased DOM uptake, but more so for C, resulting in an upward shift in the C:N ratio of uptake. Sediment incubations also showed a strong biotic influence on DOC and DON dynamics. Despite efficient uptake of added DOM, background DON and high mo- lecular mass DOC concentrations increased downstream, resulting in higher DOM loads than could be accounted for by groundwater discharge and suggesting net release of less bioavailable forms from the channel/hyporheic zone. At the same time, subsurface DOM was characterized by very low C:N ratios and a disproportionately large DON pool despite rapid hydrologic mixing with dilute and high C:N ratio surface waters. Analysis of expected DON loads from conservative hyporheic fluxes indicated that watershed losses of DON would have been seven times greater in the absence of apparent benthic demand, suggesting tight internal cycling of subsurface DON. Our study further demonstrates the potential for significant transformation of N in headwater streams before export to downstream ecosys-

Composition, Dynamics, and Fate of Leached Dissolved Organic Matter in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Results from a Decomposition Experiment

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are an important vector for the movement of carbon (C) and nutrients both within and between ecosystems. However, although DOM fluxes from throughfall and through litterfall can be large, little is known about the fate of DOM leached from plant canopies, or from the litter layer into the soil horizon. In this study, our objectives were to determine the importance of plant-litter leachate as a vehicle for DOM movement, and to track DOM decomposition [including dissolve organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) fractions], as well as DOM chemical and isotopic dynamics, during a long-term laboratory incubation experiment using fresh leaves and litter from several ecosystem types. The water-extractable fraction of organic C was high for all five plant species, as was the biodegradable fraction; in most cases, more than 70% of the initial DOM was decomposed in the first 10 days of the experiment. The chemical composition of the DOM changed as decomposition proceeded, with humic (hydrophobic) fractions becoming relatively more abundant than nonhumic (hydrophilic) fractions over time. However, in spite of proportional changes in humic and nonhumic fractions over time, our data suggest that both fractions are readily decomposed in the absence of physicochemical reactions with soil surfaces. Our data also showed no changes in the 13 C signature of DOM during decomposition, suggesting that isotopic fractionation during DOM uptake is not a significant process. These results suggest that soil microorganisms preferentially decompose more labile organic molecules in the DOM pool, which also tend to be isotopically heavier than more recalcitrant DOM fractions. We believe that the interaction between DOM decomposition dynamics and soil sorption processes contribute to the 13 C enrichment of soil organic matter commonly observed with depth in soil profiles.

Selecting Filter Membranes for measuring DOC and UV254

Seventeen filter membranes produced from eight membrane materials by four major manufacturers were evaluated for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet (UV254) absorbance measurements and thus for specific UV absorbance determinations. Hydrophilic polyethersulfone filters from two manufacturers and a hydrophilic polypropylene filter were the best options among the filters tested for complying with the US Environmental Protection Agency's Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule. These filters should be rinsed with a minimum of 30 mL distilled and deionized water/cm2 filter surface area (e.g., 500 mL on a 47mm disc filter) prior to use. During sample filtration, an initial 25 mL of the filtrate on a 47‐mm filter must be wasted before samples for DOC and UV254 measurements are collected to minimize the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) losses to filter membranes. Other filters were not recommended because of one or a combination of the following factors: (1) they did not have an absolute pore size of 0.45‐μm, (2) they exhibited higher degrees of organic carbon leaching and were more difficult to render clean, and/or (3) they showed significant DOM uptake. Before a filter for DOC and UV254 measurements is selected, it is essential to conduct filtered blank experiments and to demonstrate that there is no gain or loss of DOC and UV254 during filtration. It is also important to recognize that there may be significant lot‐to‐lot variations in the levels of contamination on filters.

Dissolved organic matter and microbial food web interactions in the marine environment: the case of the Adriatic Sea

The sources, characteristics and fate of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in marine ecosystems are reviewed, with particular emphasis on processes relevant to the northern Adriatic Sea. This semi-enclosed basin receives large riverine discharges that strongly affect its trophic dynamics. The high organic load, which results from both autochtonous and allochtonous sources, is responsible for anoxia and massive aggregate formation. The general characteristics of the microbial food web and its role in the cycling of carbon are critically evaluated. Factors affecting DOM uptake by bacteria, including DOM diagenesis and molecular size, nutrient availability, the effect of temperature and the abiotic alterations of DOM, are discussed. Possible causes for DOM seasonality are suggested. A restricted bacterial uptake due to scarce inorganic phosphorus availability, along with strong allochtonous inputs of refractory compounds and strong water stratification in summer, appear to be the most important factors. Finally, the distribution of organic carbon between dissolved and colloidal components and the role of colloids in the aggregation phenomena in marine systems are briefly outlined, and hypotheses for the formation of macroaggregates in the northern Adriatic are reviewed.

Microscale characterization of dissolved organic matter production and uptake in marine microbial mat communities.

Intertidal marine microbial mats exhibited biologically mediated uptake of low molecular weight dissolved organic matter (DOM), including D-glucose, acetate, and an L-amino acid mixture at trace concentrations. Uptake of all compounds occurred in darkness, but was frequently enhanced under natural illumination. The photosystem 2 inhibitor, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) generally failed to inhibit light-stimulated DOM uptake. Occasionally, light plus DCMU-amended treatments led to uptake rates higher than light-incubated samples, possibly due to phototrophic bacteria present in subsurface anoxic layers. Uptake was similar with either 3H- or 14C-labeled substrates, indicating that recycling of labeled CO2 via photosynthetic fixation was not interfering with measurements of light-stimulated DOM uptake. Microautoradiographs showed a variety of pigmented and nonpigmented bacteria and, to a lesser extent, cyanobacteria and eucaryotic microalgae involved in light-mediated DOM uptake. Light-stimulated DOM uptake was often observed in bacteria associated with sheaths and mucilage surrounding filamentous cyanobacteria, revealing a close association of organisms taking up DOM with photoautotrophic members of the mat community. The capacity for dark- and light-mediated heterotrophy, coupled to efficient retention of fixed carbon in the mat community, may help optimize net production and accretion of mats, even in oligotrophic waters.