Dissolved Organic Carbon Ratio Research Articles

Residual Carbon Derived from Different Maize Parts Differed in Soil Organic Carbon Fractions as Affected by Soil Fertility

Maize straw returning is one of the important measures to improve dryland soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the effects of different maize parts on SOC fractions with different soil fertility levels in situ are not exactly clear. Therefore, an in situ field incubation experiment over 540 days, by adding different 13C-labeled maize parts (root, stem and leaf) into low- (no fertilizer treatment) and high- (manure treatment) fertility soils, was conducted at a long-term brown earth experimental site in Shenyang of China to figure out the effects of different maize parts on SOC fractions (dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC)). The results showed that the distribution–DOC ratio of low-fertility treatment was higher than that of high-fertility treatment in the period of rapid decomposition of straw. In both low- and high-fertility soils, the ratio of carbon to DOC in leaf residue was higher than that in root and stem residues. The proportion of root, stem and leaf residue converted to DOC in low-fertility soil was 4.51%, 3.89% and 5.00%, respectively. The proportion of root, stem and leaf residue converted to DOC in high-fertility soil was 4.10%, 3.65% and 4.11%, respectively. As for the distribution–POC ratio, during the period of rapid decomposition of straw, the ratio of carbon conversion from root and stem residue to POC was generally higher than that from leaf residue. The ratio of carbon conversion to POC of root, stem and leaf residues in high-fertility treatment was higher than that in low-fertility treatment. In low-fertility treatment, the proportion of root, stem and leaf residues converted to POC was 41.34%, 46.33% and 36.11%, respectively. The proportion of root, stem and leaf residue converted to POC in high-fertility soil was 46.48%, 44.45% and 41.14%, respectively. The results showed that, for DOC, a low fertility level and more leaf residue types were beneficial. While, for POC, root and stem residues with a high fertility level were beneficial. These results provide evidence that the addition of different parts of maize residues would have differing effects on DOC and POC. Leaf residues in low-fertility soils were more suitable for increasing DOC. Root and stem residues in high-fertility soils were more suitable for increasing POC. Nevertheless, we could not ignore the unmeasured SOC fractions that some of the residues could be converted to.

Hydrology and Seasonality Shape the Coupling of Dissolved Hg and Methyl‐Hg With DOC in Boreal Rivers in Northern Québec

AbstractCo‐loading of mercury (Hg) with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key driver of the observed spatial and temporal Hg patterns among aquatic ecosystems. Their strong biogeochemical coupling has spurred the use of DOC as a predictor of Hg concentrations and exports in boreal regions where sampling logistics for Hg are costly and complex. Yet relationships between Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) with DOC have recently been shown to be highly variable in terms of slope and strength, suggesting that mechanisms other than co‐transport along the land‐water continuum may drive the relationship between Hg and DOC across landscapes. In this study, we explore the relationship between Hg and MeHg with DOC across 18 boreal rivers collectively draining over 350,000 km2 of the eastern James Bay territory (Québec), comprising watersheds with a wide range of vegetation, water residence time and riverine DOC concentrations and optical properties. Our results show that although a large portion of the variation in Hg and MeHg is explained by concentrations of DOC, Hg‐DOC and MeHg‐DOC relationships and ratios vary greatly both spatially and temporally. We show that ratios and strength of the coupling can be predicted from system hydrology, with declines in Hg:DOC and increase in MeHg:DOC ratios and stronger coupling during the seasonal progression to warmer temperatures, higher water evaporation, and longer residence time. Our study highlights the role of seasonal hydrology and biogeochemical processing in governing Hg, MeHg and DOC patterns in boreal rivers.

Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Acacia dealbata Coagulation/Flocculation and Photo-Fenton-Based Processes

The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total polyphenols (TPh) from agro-industrial wastewater was evaluated via the application of coagulation–flocculation–decantation (CFD) and Fenton-based processes. For the CFD process, an organic coagulant based on Acacia dealbata Link. leaf powder (LP) was applied. The results showed that the application of the LP at pH 3.0, with an LP:DOC ratio of 0.5:1 (w/w), achieved a high removal of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) of 84.7, 79.1, and 76.6%, respectively. The CFD sludge was recycled as fertilizer in plant culture (germination index ≥ 80%). Afterwards, the direct application of Fenton-based processes to raw WW was assessed. The Fenton-based processes (UV/Fenton, UV/Fenton-like, and heterogeneous UV/Fenton) showed high energy efficiency and a cost of 1.29, 1.31 and 1.82 €/g/L DOC removal, respectively. The combination of both processes showed the near complete removal of TPh and DOC after 240 min of reaction time, with high energy efficiency. In accordance with the results obtained, the combination of CFD with Fenton-based processes achieves the legal limits for the disposal of water into the environment, thus allowing the water to be recycled for irrigation.

Dynamics of Dissolved Carbon in Subalpine Forest Streams

Dissolved carbon (DC) in forest streams plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and productivity of adjoining aquatic ecosystems as well as informing biogeochemical links between mountain forests and adjoining rivers. Nevertheless, the functions of forest stream DC dynamics are rarely incorporated into river management. To better understand the biogeochemical links between subalpine forests and adjoining streams, the seasonal dynamics of DC in 15 representative forest streams were investigated in a geographically fragile subalpine-gorge catchment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Depending on stream characteristics and critical periods, the DC stocks in the streams ranged from 0.22 to 2.35 mg m−2 for total DC, from 0.10 to 1.66 mg m−2 for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and from 0.12 to 1.27 mg m−2 for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Moreover, the annual stocks of DC, DIC, and DOC were 1.01, 0.56, and 0.45 mg m−2, respectively. Correspondingly, the averaged export rates for DC, DIC, and DOC from the forest streams ranged from 0.27 to 1.98 mg s−1, from 0.24 to 1.48 mg s−1, and from 0.18 to 0.90 mg s−1, respectively, in the subalpine forest catchment. The annual export rates of total DC, DIC, and DOC were 1.06, 0.75, and 0.31 mg C s−1, respectively. In particular, the highest rates of export were 4.67, 3.53, and 1.34 mg s−1 for DC, DIC, and DOC, respectively, in the snowmelt period. The average ratios of DOC to DIC stock in the export water ranged from 0.23–2.41 for the 15 streams, and the average value was 0.85 during this one-year investigation. In addition, the maximum and minimum values of the DC stocks, their exports, and the DIC:DOC ratio were consistently observed during the snowmelt season and the late growing period. In summary, precipitation, temperature, water discharge rate, and sediment depth regulated the stocks and export rates of DC and its components. In general, forest streams are important links between the carbon biogeochemical cycle of subalpine forests and adjoining streams.

Using CDOM spectral shape information to improve the estimation of DOC concentration in inland waters: A case study of Andean Patagonian Lakes

For the last two decades different scientific disciplines have focused on lacustrine dissolved organic matter (DOM) given its importance in the biogeochemistry of carbon and in ecosystem functioning. New satellites supply the appropriate resolutions to evaluate chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in inland waters, opening the possibility to estimate DOM at appropriate spatiotemporal scales. This requires, however, a robust relationship between CDOM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this work, we evaluated the use of CDOM as a proxy of DOC in 7 Andean Patagonian lakes. Considering the entire data set, CDOM absorption coefficients (a355 and a440) were linearly related with DOC. Shallow lakes, however, drove this relationship showing a moderate relationship, whereas, deep lakes with lower colour presented a weaker relationship. Therefore, we assessed the use of CDOM spectral shape information to improve DOC estimates regardless of observed DOM differences due to climatic seasonality and lakes' morphometry. The use of well-known CDOM spectral shape metrics (i.e., S275–295 and a250:a365 ratio) significantly improved DOC estimation. Particularly, using a Gaussian decomposition approach we found that much of the variation in the spectral shape, associated with the variability of CDOM:DOC ratio, was explained by differences in two dynamic regions centred at 270 and 320 nm. A strong nonlinear relationship was found between the a270:a320 ratio and the DOC-specific absorption coefficients a*355 and a*440. This was translated into a further improvement in DOC estimation yielding the higher R2 and lower mean absolute differences (MAPD < 16%), either considering the entire data set or shallow and deep lakes separately. Our results highlight that incorporating the CDOM spectral shape information improves the characterization of the DOC pool of inland waters, which is particularly relevant for remote and/or inaccessible sites and has significant implications for the environmental management, biogeochemical studies and future remote sensing applications.

Artificial ditching of catchments and brownification-connected water quality parameters of lakes

We studied the connections between lake water quality and the density of artificial ditching in lake catchments. Water color and the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron (Fe) in lake water increased with increasing ditch density. Additionally, the water color:DOC ratio increased along a ditch density gradient because ditching had a stronger effect on color than on DOC. This was mainly due to the positive effect of ditching on the Fe concentration in lakes. Color:DOC ratio was strongly dependent on Fe up to Fe concentrations of 1–1.5 mg L−1. Thus, the water color of lakes with Fe concentrations < 1 mg L−1 will respond especially strongly to the effects of catchment ditching. The effects of ditching were strongest in catchments with high peatland coverage due to their high ditch density and high storage of organic carbon and Fe. The long-lasting effects of ditching should be taken into account when studying the factors governing lake brownification.

Mercury concentrations and associations with dissolved organic matter are modified by water residence time in eastern Canadian lakes along a 30° latitudinal gradient

AbstractSurface water mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and their ratios, which play a critical role in food chain bioaccumulation of Hg, were examined in lakes from southern boreal, sub‐Arctic taiga, Arctic tundra and polar desert landscapes of eastern and northern Canada. The study sites investigated span a 30° latitudinal gradient representing differences in climate, ecosystem productivity, and atmospheric mercury deposition. Lakes were selected to obtain a range of simple morphometrics such as area, depth, volume and catchment area, with corresponding differences in water residence times (WRT), ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 years. Total mercury (THg) and mono‐methylmercury (MMHg) concentrations correlated positively but weakly with DOC in lake surface waters along the climate gradient, consistent with lower ecosystem and organic matter productivity at higher latitudes. Specific UV absorbance, an indicator of terrestrial organic matter sources, was found to explain some residual variability in THg not explained by DOC. Concentrations of THg and MMHg and their ratios with DOC, particularly the MMHg : DOC ratio as well as %MMHg, were best explained by inverse associations with WRT. These relationships were apparent both within and between regions along the latitudinal gradient, suggesting a net‐negative effect of in‐lake processing on THg and MMHg concentrations associated with longer WRTs. Since the water MMHg : DOC ratio was previously shown to explain foodweb MMHg in the same study lakes, our results suggest that smaller lakes with shorter residence times are more susceptible to MMHg exposure even at low levels of inorganic Hg loading or MMHg production.

Direct versus indirect effects of human activities on dissolved organic matter in highly impacted lakes

Human activities can alter dissolved organic matter (DOM) in lakes through both direct (i.e., exporting DOM of anthropogenic sources) and indirect effects (i.e., enhancing the autochthonous production of DOM via nutrient loading). Distinguishing between the direct and indirect effects is important to better understand human impacts on aquatic systems, but it remains highly challenging due to the interdependence of associated environmental variables. Here, we demonstrated that disentangling the direct and indirect effects can be achieved through combining large-scale environmental monitoring with the Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM). We presented DOM data from 61 lakes within the floodplain of the Yangtze River (Lakes-YR), China, a region that has been subjected to intense anthropogenic disturbances. We analyzed the amount and composition of DOM through dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chromophoric DOM (CDOM), and fluorescent DOM (FDOM). Four fluorescence components were identified, including one tyrosine-like component, one tryptophan-like component, and two humic-like components. Most of the lakes were dominated by freshly produced DOM with small molecular weights and low humification. Results from the PLS-PM models showed that the autochthonous production was more important than anthropogenic inputs in mediating DOC and CDOM. In contrast, FDOM parameters in lakes were more sensitive to the direct, anthropogenic sources, including treated domestic, industrial wastewater, and the effluents of aquaculture. These sources can be identified by elevated FDOM content per DOC (FDOM: DOC ratio) relative to autochthonous DOM, suggesting the potential of using FDOM as a tracer to identify and monitor the contribution of anthropogenic organic matter to inland waters.

An important biogeochemical link between organic and inorganic carbon cycling: Effects of organic alkalinity on carbonate chemistry in coastal waters influenced by intertidal salt marshes

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contains organic acid charge groups that contribute organic alkalinity (OrgAlk) to total alkalinity (TA). These effects are often ignored or treated as a calculation uncertainty in many aquatic CO2 studies. This study evaluated OrgAlk variability, sources, and characteristics in estuarine waters exchanged tidally with a groundwater-influenced salt marsh in the northeast USA. OrgAlk provided a biogeochemical link between organic and inorganic carbon cycling through its direct effects on pH, and thus CO2 system speciation and buffer capacity. Two main charge groups were identified including carboxylic and phenolic or amine groups. Terrestrial groundwater and in-situ production within salt marsh peat contributed OrgAlk to the tidal creek, with the former being a more significant source. Groundwater entering the marsh complex contained exceptionally high OrgAlk (> 150 µmol kg−1), and these compounds were preferentially preserved within the DOC pool during groundwater transport and mixing with coastal water. OrgAlk:DOC ratios in groundwater and marsh-influenced water varied across space and time. This highlights the insufficiency of using a fixed proportion of DOC to account for organic acid charge groups. Accounting for OrgAlk altered H+ concentrations by ∼1–41 nmol kg−1 (equivalent to a pH change of ∼0.03–0.26), pCO2 by ∼30–1600 μatm and buffer capacity by ∼0.00–0.14 mmol kg−1 at the relative OrgAlk contributions of 0.9–4.3% of TA observed in the marsh-influenced tidal water. Thus, OrgAlk may have a significant influence on coastal inorganic carbon cycling. Further theoretical calculations confirm that these concentrations of OrgAlk would have sizable impacts on both carbonate speciation and, ultimately, air-sea CO2 fluxes in different coastal environments, ranging from estuarine to shelf waters. A new conceptual model linking organic and inorganic carbon cycling for coastal waters is proposed to highlight the sources and sinks of organic acid charge groups, as well as their biogeochemical behaviors and mechanistic control on the CO2 system.

The microbial mercury link in oligotrophic lakes: Bioaccumulation by picocyanobacteria in natural gradients of dissolved organic matter

Andean Patagonian lakes are oligotrophic systems characterized by low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels and moderate to high Hg concentration that determine naturally high Hg/DOC ratios and bioavailability. In these lakes, microbial food webs are extremely important in Hg trophodynamics, being that the picophytoplankton fraction is a major entrance path of Hg2+ into pelagic food webs. This study analyzed the bioaccumulation of Hg2+ by the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. using the radiotracer 197Hg2+ and water from four Andean Patagonian lakes presenting a natural gradient of DOM concentration and quality. Hg2+ bioaccumulation by Synechococcus was calculated as the uptake of Hg2+ per biovolume unit (volume concentration factor VCF; pL μm−3). Hg uptake showed a wide variation (13 < VCF< 300 pL μm−3) in the natural DOC gradient tested (0.7–4 mg L−1; Hg2+/DOC ratio: 1.8–14 ng mg−1). The bioaccumulation of Hg2+ in Synechococcus decreased exponentially with DOC concentration. Differences in the quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) among lake water influenced also Hg2+ bioaccumulation. Naturally degraded DOM, with low molecular weight/size, promoted higher Hg uptakes in Synechococcus compared to humic DOM, rich in high molecular weight/size aromatic compounds, that retained Hg in the dissolved phase. In Andean Patagonian lakes picocyanobacteria are pivotal organisms in the Hg cycling, taking dissolved Hg2+ and transferring it to pelagic food webs, as well as fueling the benthic Hg pathway through sedimentation.

Assessing the role of different dissolved organic carbon and bromide concentrations for disinfection by-product formation using chemical analysis and bioanalysis.

Concerns regarding disinfection by-product (DBP) formation during drinking water treatment have led water utilities to apply treatment processes to reduce the concentration of DBP precursor natural organic matter (NOM). However, these processes often do not remove bromide, leading to high bromide to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratios after treatment, which can increase the formation of more toxic brominated DBPs. In the current study, we investigated the formation and effect of DBPs in a matrix of synthetic water samples containing different concentrations of bromide and DOC after disinfection with chlorine. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were analysed by chemical analysis, while effect was evaluated using in vitro bioassays indicative of the oxidative stress response and bacterial toxicity. While the addition of increasing bromide concentrations did not alter the sum molar concentration of DBPs formed, the speciation changed, with greater bromine incorporation with an increasing Br:DOC ratio. However, the observed effect did not correlate with the Br:DOC ratio, but instead, effect increased with increasing DOC concentration. Water samples with low DOC and high bromide did not exceed the available oxidative stress response effect-based trigger value (EBT), while all samples with high DOC, irrespective of the bromide concentration, exceeded the EBT. This suggests that treatment processes that remove NOM can improve drinking water quality, even if they are unable to remove bromide. Further, iceberg modelling showed that detected DBPs only explained a small fraction of the oxidative stress response, supporting the application of both chemical analysis and bioanalysis for monitoring DBP formation.

Ratio of Methylmercury to Dissolved Organic Carbon in Water Explains Methylmercury Bioaccumulation Across a Latitudinal Gradient from North-Temperate to Arctic Lakes

We investigated monomethylmercury (MMHg) bioaccumulation in lakes across a 30° latitudinal gradient in eastern Canada to test the hypothesis that climate-related environmental conditions affect the sensitivity of Arctic lakes to atmospheric mercury contamination. Aquatic invertebrates (chironomid larvae, zooplankton) provided indicators of MMHg bioaccumulation near the base of benthic and planktonic food chains. In step with published data showing latitudinal declines in atmospheric mercury deposition in Canada, we observed lower total mercury concentrations in water and sediment of higher latitude lakes. Despite latitudinal declines of inorganic mercury exposure, MMHg bioaccumulation in aquatic invertebrates did not concomitantly decline. Arctic lakes with greater MMHg in aquatic invertebrates either had (1) higher water MMHg concentrations (reflecting ecosystem MMHg production) or (2) low water concentrations of MMHg, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chlorophyll, and total nitrogen (reflecting lake sensitivity). The MMHg:DOC ratio of surface water was a strong predictor of lake sensitivity to mercury contamination. Bioaccumulation factors for biofilms and seston in Arctic lakes showed more efficient uptake of MMHg in low DOC systems. Environmental conditions associated with low biological production in Arctic lakes and their watersheds increased the sensitivity of lakes to MMHg.

Mangrove outwelling is a significant source of oceanic exchangeable organic carbon

AbstractExchangeable dissolved organic carbon (EDOC) makes up a significant proportion of the oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, yet EDOC sources to the coastal ocean are poorly constrained. We measured the exchange of EDOC and concentrations of EDOC and DOC in mangrove waters over a 26° latitudinal gradient. A clear latitudinal trend was observed, with the highest EDOC concentrations in the tropics. EDOC exports to the coastal ocean were 4.7 ± 1.9 mmol m−2 d−1, equivalent to 11% of DOC exports (42.1 ± 6.7 mmol m−2 d−1). Pore‐water and groundwater exchange were minor sources of EDOC. EDOC concentrations were equal to 13% ± 4% of DOC concentrations. Based on previous global DOC export estimates, and our EDOC : DOC ratios, mangroves outwell 3.1 Tg C yr−1 as EDOC, equivalent to ∼ 60% of the global EDOC flux from the ocean to the atmosphere. However, seasonality of mangrove EDOC cycling requires further research.

Biodegradability of DBP precursors after drinking water ozonation

Ozonation is known to generate biodegradable organic matter, which is typically reduced by biological filtration to avoid bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. Post-chlorination generates halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) but little is known about the biodegradability of their precursors. This study determined the effect of ozonation and biofiltration conditions, specifically ozone exposure and empty bed contact time (EBCT), on the control of DBP formation potentials in drinking water. Ozone exposure was varied through addition of H2O2 during ozonation at 1 mgO3/mgDOC followed by biological filtration using either activated carbon (BAC) or anthracite. Ozonation led to a 10% decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), without further improvement from H2O2 addition. Raising H2O2 concentrations from 0 to 2 mmol/mmolO3 resulted in increased DBP formation potentials during post-chlorination of the ozonated water (target Cl2 residual after 24 h = 1–2 mg/L) as follows: 4 trihalomethanes (THM4, 37%), 8 haloacetic acids (HAA8, 44%), chloral hydrate (CH, 107%), 2 haloketones (HK2, 97%), 4 haloacetonitriles (HAN4, 33%), trichloroacetamide (TCAM, 43%), and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX, 27%), but a decrease in the concentrations of 2 trihalonitromethanes (THNM2, 43%). Coupling ozonation with biofiltration prior to chlorination effectively lowered the formation potentials of all DBPs including CH, HK2, and THNM2, all of which increased after ozonation. The dynamics of DBP formation potentials during BAC filtration at different EBCTs followed first-order reaction kinetics. Minimum steady-state concentrations were attained at an EBCT of about 10–20 min, depending on the DBP species. The rate of reduction in DBP formation potentials varied among individual species before reaching their minimum concentrations. CH, HK2, and THNM2 had the highest rate constants of between 0.5 and 0.6 min−1 followed by HAN4 (0.4 min−1), THM4 (0.3 min−1), HAA8 (0.2 min−1), and AOX (0.1 min−1). At an EBCT of 15 min, the reduction in formation potential for most DBPs was less than 50% but was higher than 70% for CH, HK2, and THNM2. The formation of bromine-containing DBPs increased with increasing EBCT, most likely due to an increase in Br−/DOC ratio. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of ozonation and biofiltration is an effective approach to mitigate DBP formation during drinking water treatment.

Association of dissolved mercury with dissolved organic carbon in U.S. rivers and streams: The role of watershed soil organic carbon

AbstractStreams and rivers are important pathways for the export of atmospherically deposited mercury (Hg) from watersheds. Dissolved Hg (HgD) is strongly associated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in stream water, but the ratio of HgD to DOC is highly variable between watersheds. In this study, the HgD:DOC ratios from 19 watersheds were evaluated with respect to Hg wet deposition and watershed soil organic carbon (SOC) content. On a subset of sites where data were available, DOC quality measured by specific ultra violet absorbance at 254 nm, was considered as an additional factor that may influence HgD:DOC . No significant relationship was found between Hg wet deposition and HgD:DOC, but SOC content (g m−2) was able to explain 81% of the variance in the HgD:DOC ratio (ng mg−1) following the form: HgD:DOC=17.8*SOC−0.41. The inclusion of DOC quality as a secondary predictor variable explained only an additional 1% of the variance. A mathematical framework to interpret the observed power‐law relationship between HgD:DOC and SOC suggests Hg supply limitation for adsorption to soils with relatively large carbon pools. With SOC as a primary factor controlling the association of HgD with DOC, SOC data sets may be utilized to predict stream HgD:DOC ratios on a more geographically widespread basis. In watersheds where DOC data are available, estimates of HgD may be readily obtained. Future Hg emissions policies must consider soil‐mediated processes that affect the transport of Hg and DOC from terrestrial watersheds to streams for accurate predictions of water quality impacts.

Modeling the improvement of ultrafiltration membrane mass transfer when using biofiltration pretreatment in surface water applications

In surface water treatment, ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are widely used because of their ability to supply safe drinking water. Although UF membranes produce high-quality water, their efficiency is limited by fouling. Improving UF filtrate productivity is economically desirable and has been attempted by incorporating sustainable biofiltration processes as pretreatment to UF with varying success. The availability of models that can be applied to describe the effectiveness of biofiltration on membrane mass transfer are lacking. In this work, UF water productivity was empirically modeled as a function of biofilter feed water quality using either a quadratic or Gaussian relationship. UF membrane mass transfer variability was found to be governed by the dimensionless mass ratio between the alkalinity (ALK) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). UF membrane productivity was optimized when the biofilter feed water ALK to DOC ratio fell between 10 and 14.

Comparison of evaluation methods for Microcystis cell breakage based on dissolved organic carbon release, potassium release and flow cytometry

As Microcystis cell breakage may decrease the water quality, the accurate evaluation of cell breakage is of concern in drinking water production. Well-known cell breakage indicators such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release and potassium release were investigated in comparison with flow cytometry coupled with a fluorescence probe. DOC release, potassium release and ratios of SYTOX Green positive cells (ruptured cells) were calibrated using known degrees of cell breakage (mixtures of live and heated cells). Good linear relationships were observed between the indicators and the known ratios of ruptured cells, with R2 values larger than 0.925. Flow cytometry coupled with a fluorescence probe had the best overall performance, followed by potassium release and then DOC release. Moreover, the influence of factors such as extracellular organic matter (EOM), cell intake, sample conservation and strong oxidants was also studied. EOM and strong oxidants caused the overestimation and underestimation, respectively, of the cell breakage by DOC release. Potassium release had a more extensive application scope than DOC release and was only influenced by intake by residual live cells. Flow cytometry was generally not affected by EOM, cell intake or strong oxidants except during long-term storage.

Dynamics and sources of dissolved organic carbon during phytoplankton bloom in hypereutrophic Lake Taihu (China)

To establish the influence of phytoplankton blooms on the dynamics and sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Lake Taihu, the concentrations and stable carbon isotope values (δ 13 C) of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) were analyzed, along with environmental factors, including water temperature, chlorophyll a (Chl a ) concentration, phytoplankton community and total bacterial abundance, from March to August 2013 at five sites in Lake Taihu. Significant differences were observed in the DOC concentrations and δ 13 C DOC values at the sampling sites. On average, the proportion of DOC in the total organic carbon (TOC) pool ranged from 30% ± 10% to 81% ± 7%. POC was positively associated with both Chl a concentration and cyanobacteria biomass, suggesting that cyanobacteria blooms contribute to the POC pool in Lake Taihu. Depleted 13 C in DOC relative to POC was observed in August, indicating that DOC was partially derived from POC in August. However, Chl a explained only 40% of the variation in DOC in the entirety of Lake Taihu, and at two sites far from the estuary, the contribution of allochthonous carbon was less than 50% in August. These results suggested a greater influence of allochthonous sources on the DOC pool. Moreover, the biodegradability of DOC was further determined by the total dissolved carbohydrates to DOC ratio (TCHO/DOC), specific UV absorbance (SUVA 254 ), and the concentrations of bioavailable DOC (BDOC). On average, 17% of the variation in DOC was attributable to the BDOC pool, and the BDOC concentration correlated positively with Chl a , cyanobacteria biomass, and total bacterial abundance, suggesting that cyanobacteria–derived DOC is biodegradable and is preferentially utilized by bacteria.

Relationships between colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in different coastal gradients of the Baltic Sea.

Due to high terrestrial runoff, the Baltic Sea is rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the light-absorbing fraction of which is referred to as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Inputs of DOC and CDOM are predicted to increase with climate change, affecting coastal ecosystems. We found that the relationships between DOC, CDOM, salinity, and Secchi depth all differed between the two coastal areas studied; the W Gulf of Bothnia with high terrestrial input and the NW Baltic Proper with relatively little terrestrial input. The CDOM:DOC ratio was higher in the Gulf of Bothnia, where CDOM had a greater influence on the Secchi depth, which is used as an indicator of eutrophication and hence important for Baltic Sea management. Based on the results of this study, we recommend regular CDOM measurements in monitoring programmes, to increase the value of concurrent Secchi depth measurements.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0658-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Drying effects on selenium and copper in 0.01 M calcium chloride soil extractions

The study aimed to understand the effects of drying and rewetting the soils on soluble selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) concentrations in 0.01M CaCl2 soil extraction, and the mechanisms leading to these changes. Soluble Se and Cu concentrations were measured in the extractions of 58 soil samples taken from grassland and arable land in The Netherlands before and after oven drying at 40°C. Selenium speciation and dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractionation were performed using Donnan membrane technique (DMT) and DAX-8 resin. Drying and rewetting the soils increased soluble Se and Cu concentrations in CaCl2 extraction. The increase of both elements was associated with the increase of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Compared to the magnitude of DOC increase (1.3 to 11 fold), the increase of soluble Se (1.3 to 34 fold) was more pronounced, whereas the increase of soluble Cu (1.1 to 4.6 fold) was less strong. The DMT analysis confirmed the dominance of colloidal sized DOM-associated Se both in the moist and dried soil extractions, showing that the colloidal sized organic Se is mainly responsible for the increase of total soluble Se upon drying. The Se to DOC ratio increased upon drying in most of the soils, indicating enrichment of Se in DOM after drying. No consistent difference in Se to DOC ratio was found between the fulvic acids (FA) and hydrophilic (Hy) fraction of DOM after drying. Fractionation of DOM showed that Hy and FA fraction accounted for respectively 74% and 26% of total DOC in the dried soils, which corresponds to the Se fraction in Hy and FA of DOM. The decrease of SUVA (0.3 to 1.0 fold) after drying implied a decrease of FA:Hy ratio in DOM and a decrease of average DOM aromaticity. Upon drying, a positive correlation between the change of Cu loading on DOC (Cu:DOC ratio) and the change of aromaticity (SUVA) of DOM was found, showing that the increase of Cu complexed with (mainly) aromatic DOM explains soluble Cu increase upon drying. The decrease of Cu loading on DOC upon drying was attributed to a decrease of the aromaticity and affinity to Cu of the DOM. Colloidal sized organic Se and Cu–DOM complex are the major species of Se and Cu, respectively, in the extractions of moist and dried soils, which may not directly be available for plant uptake.