Dissolution Of Partnerships Research Articles

Internal Dynamics of Business Ecosystems: A Network Approach

Scholarly interest in business ecosystems has seen a steady increase over the past decades. Surprisingly, while many studies have dealt with theoretical approaches, the architecture or outcomes of ecosystems, literature on their internal dynamics remains scarce. Without understanding these dynamics, however, our understanding of business ecosystems remains incomplete. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of business ecosystems in the pharmaceutical sector, arguing that firms exhibit different partner selection mechanisms depending on which attribute they choose their partners on. Specifically, we propose that firms will show tendencies for aspiration when considering the size of potential partners, homophily when considering their inventiveness and conformity when considering their profitability. Applying a longitudinal network approach, we empirically test our hypotheses on the business ecosystems of four major US-based pharmaceutical firms, which we observed over a 4-year period from 2016 to 2019. Our results give a nuanced depiction of the mechanisms underlying the creation and dissolution of partnerships in business ecosystems. With the exception of conformity as the dominant mechanism regarding profitability, our results support our predictions.

Futuristic Analysis of Banc Assurance Market Scenario in India

Banc assurance is a concept of "Rightpartnership" between a bank and a insurance company to work hand in hand and to be mutually benefitted by each other's expertise in the existing market. It is a model, in which the partner companies try to take leverage of others expertise and competencies to offer the non banking products and act as one stop shop. In India, after privatization lots of private player have entered the insurance market and hence the competing insurance companies find out new ways of increasing the business and spreading to the untapped markets of our country. In this paper the author has made an attempt to explain the challenges faced by the Bank and the Insurance company in achieving the mutually agreed upon goals and the reasons of dissolution of such partnerships and the need and scope of improved models of Banc assurance namely the open architecture strategy.

Dissolution of companies and partnerships: causes and effects in accordance with the legal environment in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The term dissolution of the company refers to the expiration of the legal relationship between the partners, in different words the dissolution of the moral character of the company. Basically, commercial companies are established for the purpose of achieving the objective and the profits which are impossible for each partner to achieve alone, so partners work hardly to keep this company standing and ongoing practicing its commercial activities.in this paper focuses on the most prominent reasons for the expiry of commercial companies, whether partnerships or corporations, whether by the expiration of the definite-period of the company on the Saudi System for Companies. Also each company represents a person with a moral character who is entitled to legal capacity which enables it to acquire the rights and bear the liabilities the same as the natural person. The company is entitled to practice its activities with the assigned purposes of establishment and to conclude all legal acts including selling, purchasing, renting, leasing and whatsoever. Gaining the moral character capacity makes the company entitled to be plaintiff or defendant in case of disputes with other parties. Thus, in this scientific paper shall discuss the independent reasons which are entitled by the companies in its capacity as moral persons, moreover it can go beyond to other factors as well as being dependent by liability against other companies liabilities, and having a deputy to represent this company. It is also entitled to have the nationality of the country where its management office is located.

Trends in Dissolution of First Partnerships in Russia

The article scrutinizes one of the most acute problems in Russian society – the continued high level of separations among first unions.According to the official statistics data, Russia has consistently held a leading position in terms of divorce rates among European countries.Recent estimates of period total divorce rates suggest that 30–40% of marriages contracted in the 1970-1980s and 50–60% of marriages contracted in the last two decades have a chance of being dissolved.The authors use materials from the panel part of the sample survey «Parents and children, men and women in the family and society» to examine the stability of first unions formed in 1945–2010 – either direct marriage, marriage after cohabitation or cohabitation in partnership cohorts. The results suggest an increase in the proportion of dissolved marriages from 14% in the marital cohorts of 1945–1954 to 30% in marital cohorts of 1980–1989. In these cohorts, «direct» marriages were more stable than marriages, which followed cohabitations. However, it is not so obvious for marriages preceded by cohabitations in the 1990s.Authors conclude that the average duration of a dissolved marriage and the average age of women at the time of the dissolution of the marriage have decreased. Cohabitation remains the least stable form of union with an average duration of 4–5 years. Childless unions break up 2 times more often both among marriages and cohabitations. There has been also a decrease in the average number of children in all types of broken unions with children.Based on results formulated at the final part of the article the authors suggest that the «direct» marriage without prior cohabitation become a less attractive form of union that might positively affect the stability of Russian marriages by reducing the probability of divorce due to such grounds of divorce as incompatibility in characters, views and beliefs, especially in the initial years of joint life.

소셜 빅데이터 연구를 위한 커플 파트너십 온톨로지 개발

The purpose of this study was to develop an ontology of intimate partnerships that can be used as a framework for collecting, processing, and analyzing big data of online posts written in Korean. An ontology is a group of words related to a certain topic domain that are grouped into a stratified structure. The scope of our ontology is various intimate partnerships and non-partnerships including singlehood, dating, cohabitation, domestic partnership, living apart together, (re)marriage, divorce, widowhood in terms of the formation, continuation, and dissolution of such partnerships. Based on Noy and McGuinness’ (2001) guidelines, we developed an ontology with two overarching classes: the dimensions of partnerships and the dimensions surrounding partnerships. The dimensions of partnerships included five classes: (a) dating, (b) marriage, (c) couple life, (d) voluntary singlehood and cohabitation, and (e) divorce and remarriage. The dimensions surrounding partnerships had four classes: (a) daily life, (b) micro factors, (c) macro factors, and (d) others. We also developed a diagram of the ontology to help understand the overall structure of the ontology. Future researchers can use our ontology of intimate partnerships as a conceptual framework and methodological tool to explore the trend of intimate partnerships in Korea. Our ontology can also be expanded to a broader topic domain or adapted to other cultures and languages.

The dissolution of universal partnerships in South African law: Lessons to be learnt from Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia

The dissolution of universal partnerships in South African law: Lessons to be learnt from Botswana, Zimbabwe and Namibia

Up in Smoke? Unintended Consequences of Retail Marijuana Laws for Partnerships

When Colorado citizens petitioned in 2012 to legalize the retail sale of marijuana in their state, Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper publicly opposed the ballot measure. He knew that state legalization of retail marijuana sales would be risky because the federal Controlled Substances Act makes selling marijuana a crime. He worried that being the first state to legalize retail marijuana sales would make Colorado the “experiment.” Governor Hickenlooper knew that this experiment would come with “unintended consequences.”Governor Hickenlooper’s concerns were well founded. Scholars have identified a host of practical and legal problems caused by the combination of state marijuana legalization and federal prohibition, in realms ranging from banking, taxation, legal representation, employment law, family law, and others. However, the scholarly discussion has largely overlooked the ramifications of state marijuana legalization for state business entity laws. This article introduces a significant, new business law discussion: the unintended consequences of state marijuana legalization for the formation and dissolution of partnerships. This article argues that partnerships cannot legally form to engage in the retail marijuana business, and would automatically dissolve if they were formed for that purpose, because the retail marijuana business is illegal under the Controlled Substances Act. It then advocates an amendment of the state marijuana laws to remedy the problems identified. Finally, this article concludes by advising states that legalize marijuana sales in the future to proceed slowly and learn from others’ mistakes so that they may avoid unintended consequences of their own.

Optimal structure and dissolution of partnerships

For a partnership model with general type distributions and interdependent values, we derive the optimal dissolution mechanisms that, for arbitrary initial ownership, maximize any convex combination of revenue and social surplus. The solution involves ironing around typically interior worst‐off types, which are endogenously determined. The optimal ownership structures are such that, with identical distributions, equal shares are always optimal. With nonidentical distributions, the optimal shares are typically asymmetric, the identity of the agents with large shares may change with the importance of revenue generation, and even fully concentrated initial ownership and assigning zero shares to the strongest agents can be optimal.

Assessing the dissolution of horizontal marketing relationships: The case of corporate sponsorship of sport

Despite the theoretical and practical importance of marketing relationships, the factors influencing their dissolution are under-researched. Thus, this study investigates the causes of the dissolution of horizontal marketing partnerships, utilizing survival analysis modeling to analyze a longitudinal dataset of 136 U.S.-based title sponsorships. Several predictors of either the dissolution or persistence of such relationships were identified, including regional proximity of the sponsor and the sponsorship level offered. From the perspective of the sponsoring brand, a business-to-business perspective caused a statistically significant reduction in the probability of dissolution, whereas the presence of high technology increased the probability the relationship would be dissolved. Contrary to past research, neither congruence or brand equity were influential. This research furthers understanding of conditions that may contribute to the dissolution of sponsorship-related horizontal marketing partnerships, allowing for these factors to be monitored prior to and during what is intended to be a long-term, mutually beneficial relationship.

Diffusion limit for the partner model at the critical value

The partner model is an SIS epidemic in a population with random formation and dissolution of partnerships, and with disease transmission only occuring within partnerships. Foxall, Edwards, and van den Driessche [7] found the critical value and studied the subcritical and supercritical regimes. Recently Foxall [4] has shown that (if there are enough initial infecteds $I_0$) the extinction time in the critical model is of order $\sqrt{N} $. Here we improve that result by proving the convergence of $i_N(t)=I(\sqrt{N} t)/\sqrt{N} $ to a limiting diffusion. We do this by showing that within a short time, this four dimensional process collapses to two dimensions: the number of $SI$ and $II$ partnerships are constant multiples of the the number of infected singles. The other variable, the total number of singles, fluctuates around its equilibrium like an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process of magnitude $\sqrt{N} $ on the original time scale and averages out of the limit theorem for $i_N(t)$. As a by-product of our proof we show that if $\tau _N$ is the extinction time of $i_N(t)$ (on the $\sqrt{N} $ time scale) then $\tau _N$ has a limit.

Income shocks, contraceptive use, and timing of fertility

This paper examines the relationship between income shocks and fertility decisions. Using panel data from Tanzania, we estimate the impact of agricultural shocks on pregnancies, births, and contraception use. The likelihood of pregnancies and childbirth are significantly lower for households that experience a crop shock. Furthermore, women have significantly higher contraception use after crop losses. The increase in contraceptive use comes almost entirely from traditional contraceptive methods, such as abstinence and the rhythm method. We argue that these changes in behavior are the result of deliberate decisions of the households rather than the shocks' effects on other factors that influence fertility, such as women's health status, the absence or migration of a spouse, the dissolution of partnerships, or the number of hours worked. We also show that, although traditional contraceptives have low overall efficacy, households with a strong incentive to postpone fertility are very effective at using them.

Hybrid Incentives: Carrots, Sticks, or Carrots Which Become Sticks?

Various incentives may be used in order to cause a person to desist from an activity that creates negative externalities. It is possible, naturally, to use a stick and to apply an economic sanction in order to incentivize them to desist from that activity. It is also possible to use a carrot, i.e., to grant them a financial prize if they desist from the activity. Each of these incentives has advantages and disadvantages. Literature and practice are familiar with various combinations of sticks and carrots. In most cases, the mechanism is “horizontal”, e.g. using carrots with respect to certain parts of the population, and sticks against other parts. The Article presents a novel, vertical, sequential mechanism, in the form of a “game” played in two consecutive stages that are connected to each other, that trap the person who perpetrated a negative action within the mechanism, with no possible way out. At the center of the first stage of the vertical mechanism stands a carrot – a reward or a positive incentive – which is combined with a certain social sanction (shaming). At the center of the second stage, which is activated only if the implementation of the first stage did not meet with success, stands a stick – a punishment or a negative incentive. The objective will be to incentivize a person to engage in fruitful negotiations to end the harmful activity at the pre-mechanism stage, for after the mechanism begins operating and as more time passes, he will only lose. For this purpose, an illustration will be offered of the negative social behavior of one-sided refusal to give or accept the Jewish divorce bill in the Jewish sector the world over, in a reality in which it is not possible under religious law to compel a refuser to give or accept that bill, namely, the intractable agunah problem. The mechanism will be built primarily on the basis of a few theories from the field of law and economics: reversible rewards, dual-chooser rules, and modular liability rules. The main argument will be that the use of a multi-part vertical incentives mechanism increases efficiency at minimal additional cost; it overcomes a moral problem of “rewarding the sinner” by giving him a carrot and combines in optimal fashion the advantages entailed by activating the sticks and the carrots, and at the same time – insofar as possible – nullifies most of the disadvantages of each of them. It is possible to extrapolate from the specific to the general. From this aspect, the Article has several contributions to make. First, the example that will be discussed – that of refusal to divorce – is universal, and it is relevant anywhere in the world where there are Jews. Second, the Article has a contribution to make to legal and social sciences literature on the subject of incentives in general, and sticks and carrots in particular. Third, the Article will present a unique case of integration of a social sanction within a legal mechanism. Fourth, the Article might constitute a model for the possible dissolution of partnerships, not only in the family, but also in the dissolution of business partnerships when deciding on the disposal of an asset that cannot be divided, as well as of a bilateral monopoly where there is room for a governmental-regulatory solution rather than one deriving from private law. Fifth, the Article strengthens the connection between law and economics on the one hand and family law on the other – a connection that is considered to be less natural than that between law and economics and other branches of law.

Why Do Marketing Relationships End? Findings From an Integrated Model of Sport Sponsorship Decision-Making

With firms spending $60 billion on sponsorship annually, it has become an integral part of the marketing mix and is necessary for the survival of many sport organizations. Despite the importance of these partnerships, conditions that may jeopardize what can be a long-term relationship for both sides are underresearched. Utilizing survival analysis modeling to examine a longitudinal dataset of 69 global sponsorships, the purpose of this research is to isolate factors that predict the dissolution of such partnerships and test a dynamic, integrated model of sponsorship decision-making. From the perspective of the sponsoring firm, congruence and high levels of brand equity were found to reduce the hazard of dissolution. Results indicate that economic conditions, such as an inflationary economy, are a statistically significant predictor of sponsorship dissolution. Increased clutter was also detrimental, with every one sponsor added increasing the hazard of dissolution, demonstrating the importance of exclusivity in global sponsorships.

Income Shocks, Contraceptive Use, and Timing of Fertility

This paper examines the relationship between household income shocks and fertility decisions. Using panel data from Tanzania, we estimate the impact of agricultural shocks on pregnancy, births, and contraception use. We estimate individual level fixed effect models to account for potential correlation between unobservable household characteristics and both shocks and decisions on fertility and contraceptive use. The likelihood of pregnancies and childbirth are significantly lower for households that experience a crop shock. Furthermore, women significantly increase their contraception use in response to crop losses. We find little evidence that the response to crop loss depends on education or wealth levels. The increase in contraceptive use comes almost entirely from traditional contraceptive methods, such as abstinence, withdrawal, and the rhythm method. We argue that these changes in behavior are the result of deliberate decisions of the households rather than the shocks’ effects on other factors that influence fertility, such as women’s health status, the absence or migration of a spouse, the dissolution of partnerships, or the number of hours worked. We also show that, although traditional contraceptives have low overall efficacy, households with a strong incentive to postpone fertility are very effective at using them.

“He’s Had Enough Fathers”: Mothers’ and Children’s Approaches to Mothers’ Romantic Relationships Following the Dissolution of Previous Partnerships

Although research has documented the negative effects of family transitions generally on child and maternal outcomes, transitions into and out of mothers’ relationships with partners who are not the father(s) of their child(ren) are less well understood. Through thematic analysis of semistructured interviews, this study investigated how 21 mothers and their 21 children (aged 9 to 18 years) responded to mothers’ relationship formation following the dissolution of previous relationships. Mothers tried to protect their children from the negative impact of family instability by either limiting contact with partners or maintaining continuity through continued child contact with former partners. When faced with relationship transitions, children endeavored to manage threats to their relationships with their mothers and their mothers’ former partners. When children felt they successfully managed these threats, they were more positive about their mothers’ subsequent partners. The tension between the strategies adopted by mothers and children has implications for family practitioners.

Optimal Structure and Dissolution of Partnerships

We study a partnership model with non-identical type distributions and interdependent values. For any convex combination of revenue and social surplus in the objective function, we derive the optimal dissolution mechanism for arbitrary initial ownership. This mechanism involves ironing around worst-off types, which are endogenously determined and typically interior. Given the optimal mechanism, we then determine the optimal initial ownership structures. Equal ownership is always optimal with identical distributions. With non-identical distributions, optimal ownership is typically asymmetric and the identity of the agents with large shares may change with the weight on revenue in the objective. Even fully concentrated ownership is optimal under natural conditions.

Partnership Functioning: A Case in Point Between Government, Nongovernment, and a University in Australia

Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities in Queensland, Australia, do not access health services, contributing to poor health outcomes. To improve health in CALD communities, a partnership was formed between the state government, two nongovernment CALD-specific organizations (NGOs), and a university to develop a service that could facilitate health service use. This qualitative research explored the partners' perspectives on how the partnership functioned and its outcomes. We sought to (1) explore how participants engaged with the principles of partnership, the processes they used, and their beliefs about the facilitators and barriers to intersectoral collaboration and (2) gain insights into how the partners perceived the development and functioning of the partnership. Qualitative, semistructured interviews were conducted with each of the key stakeholders in the partnership (n = 4). A focus group was also conducted with those working within the two NGO partners in the delivery of the service (n = 8). Open-ended questions drawn from the literature on partnership principles were used to guide the interviews and focus group data collection. The data were transcribed and analyzed using thematic principles. The four themes identified were: (1) Perceived benefits of the partnership outweighed organizational differences; (2) respectful relationships sustained the partnership; (3) mitigating conflict enabled the purpose of the partnership to be fulfilled; and (4) a neutral interpersonal space enabled the partnership to be enacted. Our study showed how contextual pressures created within the system can damage tenuous connections that have been developed between otherwise competitive organizations, leading to dissolution of partnerships. However, the study has also shown that partnerships may be purpose and time bound, not necessarily with respect to longevity. Through strategic negotiations, partnerships can be sustained until the goal of the partnership is attained, which in this instance was the development of a new service delivery model.

Partner relationships in the Netherlands: new manifestations of the Second Demographic Transition

Partnership formation has rapidly and profoundly changed in theNetherlandssince the 1960s.Several scholars have placed these changes in the context of the Second Demographic Transition. We describe the main trends in the formation and dissolution of partnerships in theNetherlandsbetween the 1960/1970sand 2010 and specifically address the trends from 2000 onwards. To what extent do these trends signal a new stage in the Second Demographic Transition? The data come from the Dutch population register, the Netherlands Fertility and Family Surveys of 2003 and 2008, and are analyzed using descriptive methods. By 2010 first marriages continue to decrease, marriage is open to same-sex couples and registered partnership has been introduced as an additional marital status. Unmarried cohabitation has become the standard way to start a co-residential partnership, and a long-term living arrangement for many. It is no longer rare but quite common for unmarried couples to have children, and two-mother families are now part of the spectrum of living arrangements. Divorce has been supplemented by the break-up of unmarried unions and co-parenting has been institutionalized. Based on these findings we argue that the Second Demographic Transition has by no means ended but proceeds in new ways in theNetherlands. Jan J. LATTEN, Professor of Social Demography, University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Department of Human Geography, Planning & International Development Studies, and Plantage Muidergracht 14-16, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: J.J.Latten@uva.nl . And Statistics Netherlands, PO BOX 24500, 2490 HA Den Haag, The Netherlands, jltn@cbs.nl . Clara H. MULDER, Professor of Demography and head of the Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. E-mail: c.h.mulder@rug.nl .

Commentary

The community health center (CHC), or neighborhood health center as it was originally known, was an innovation developed under President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty to address the needs of poor urban and rural Americans. The ranks of CHCs have grown from 8 pilot health centers in 1965 to more than 1,100 health centers serving over 19 million Americans in 2012. The capacity of CHCs is limited by the availability of primary care clinicians (physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) who are trained to work in these settings. Primary care residency program faculties have long recognized the value and importance of educating physicians in CHCs, but productivity pressures over the past decade forced the dissolution of many CHC-medical school and residency program partnerships. Advocacy and research conducted in the 1990s and 2000s laid the groundwork for the Teaching Health Center Graduate Medical Education (THCGME) program, funded under the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which enables funding for residency training to flow directly to CHCs. This new federal initiative aligns the graduate medical education (GME) mission of preparing competent professionals with the CHC mission of providing quality and comprehensive care; it also helps address health care reform and the need for more primary care clinicians. Of the first 21 THCGME grants, 15 (71%) were awarded for family medicine residency training. As Chen and colleagues suggest in this issue of Academic Medicine, the THCGME program is an important step in reform of GME financing and training.

Personality and marital surplus

AbstractThis paper uses data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study to examine the effect of personality traits on the formation and dissolution of domestic partnerships. Selection into marriage is associated with distinctly different personality profiles for men and women born before 1960, suggesting that gender-specialized contributions to household public goods were an important source of marital surplus for these cohorts. The effects of personality on marriage are more similar for younger men and women; this is consistent with marital returns based on joint consumption. Divorce is associated with low expected marital surplus, low emotional stability for women, and male extroversion.