Dissipation Measurements Research Articles

Molecular Structure of Omniphobic, Surface-Grafted Polydimethylsiloxane Chains.

The unique surface properties of grafted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chains, particularly their omniphobicity and low friction, are influenced by molecular structure and tethering density. Despite molecularly smoothness and homogeneity, these surfaces exhibit significant variability in wettability and contact angle hysteresis (CAH). This work uncovers the molecular structure of grafted PDMS chains. Grafted PDMS chains synthesized using a difunctional chlorosilane initiator, which exhibits CAH <2° on silicon wafers, adopt a brush-to-mushroom conformation with a molecular weight ≈7,800g mol-1, a grafting density of 0.22 ± 0.4 chainsnm-2, and a thickness of ≈3nm. Each PDMS chain terminates with a silanol group, and ≈96% of substrate silanols remain unreacted. The presence of these terminal silanols is confirmed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, as is their removal when exchanged for trimethylsilyl groups, both on the substrate and terminating the PDMS chains. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurements show that this "capping" procedure exchanges ≈1.5 silanolsnm-2; capping occurs at the substrate and PDMS chain end. The findings suggest that grafted, capped PDMS chains of this molecular weight are able to achieve excellent omniphobic properties even when the majority of surface silanols remain unreacted, which may aid in the design of future omniphobic materials.

Dissipation at limited resolutions: power law and detection of hidden dissipative scales

Abstract Non-equilibrium systems, in particular, living organisms, are maintained by irreversible transformations of energy that drive diverse functions. Quantifying their irreversibility, as measured by energy dissipation, is essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms. However, existing techniques usually overlook experimental limitations, either by assuming full information or by employing a coarse-graining method that requires knowledge of the structure behind hidden degrees of freedom. Here, we study the inference of dissipation from finite-resolution measurements by employing a recently developed model-free estimator that considers both the sequence of coarse-grained transitions and the waiting time distributions: σ 2 = σ 2 ℓ + σ 2 t . The dominant term σ 2 ℓ originates from the sequence of observed transitions. We find that it scales with resolution following a power law. Comparing the scaling exponent with a previous estimator highlights the importance of accounting for flux correlations at lower resolutions. σ 2 t comes from asymmetries in waiting time distributions. It is non-monotonic in resolution, with its peak position revealing characteristic scales of the underlying dissipative process, consistent with observations in the actomyosin cortex of starfish oocytes. Alternatively, the characteristic scale can be detected in a crossover of the scaling of σ 2 ℓ . This provides a novel perspective for extracting otherwise hidden characteristic dissipative scales directly from dissipation measurements. We illustrate these results in biochemical models as well as complex networks. Overall, this study highlights the significance of resolution considerations in non-equilibrium systems, providing insight into the interplay between experimental resolution, entropy production and underlying complexity.

Association between skin temperature and actigraphic sleep metrics in patients with Parkinson's disease: The PHASE study

Introduction Sleep initiation and maintenance are linked to thermoregulation. In Parkinson's disease (PD), thermoregulatory dysfunction potentially worsens sleep disorders. However, the association between thermoregulation and sleep quality in patients with PD remains unclear. We aimed to examine the association between skin temperature, a measure of heat dissipation, and actigraphic sleep metrics in PD.Methods In this cross-sectional study with 186 outpatients with PD and 580 non-PD controls, we measured wrist skin temperature (WST) and actigraphic sleep quality for seven days in PD and two days in controls in real-life settings. Linear mixed-effect models were used to examine the association between nighttime WST and sleep quality.Results Nighttime WST in PD was significantly lower than that in controls (adjusted difference 0.39 [95 % confidence interval, 0.23–0.54] °C, P < 0.001). In patients with PD, changes in sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, total sleep time, and log-transformed fragmentation index per 1 °C increase in nighttime WST were 3.2 (95 % CI, 2.4–3.9) %, −10.3 (95 % CI, −13.6, −7.1) minutes, 13.4 (95 % CI, 9.1–17.8) minutes, and −0.09 (95 % CI: −0.12, −0.06), respectively, independent of potential confounders. Significant interactions were observed between nighttime WST and the presence of PD for sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, and total sleep time.Conclusions: Within-individual changes in nighttime WST were significantly associated with changes in actigraphic sleep measures in PD. Interventional studies are necessary that address the limitations and potential biases of this study to elucidate whether cutaneous temperature modulation can enhance the quality of sleep in PD.

Bolt loosening status classification via wave energy dissipation measurements with temperature-compensated deep learning by piezoelectric active sensing

Abstract In industrial applications, bolts, serving as crucial components, endure substantial loads and are susceptible to loosening problems exacerbated by intricate external environmental factors. The active sensing method based on wave energy dissipation exhibits pronounced sensitivity to axial load fluctuations in bolts and demonstrates extensive applicability, with its measurement indicators directly applicable for discerning the bolt’s status. However, environmental factors, notably temperature, can significantly influence signal energy measurements, and the oversight of temperature impact may result in erroneous state discrimination. To tackle this challenge, this paper introduces a cascaded model comprising a temperature compensation subnetwork and a bolt state discrimination subnetwork. The temperature compensation subnetwork takes temperature and signal energy as inputs and outputs the temperature-compensated signal energy, and conveys the outcomes to the bolt state discrimination subnetwork for state classification. In model design, we quantitatively analyzed the number of convolutional blocks and training epochs for the temperature compensation subnetwork with the aim of enhancing the model’s generalization ability, ultimately determining the model architecture. By comparing the experimental results between a single-task model and a model incorporating the temperature compensation subnetwork, we verified the effectiveness of the temperature compensation subnetwork. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the proposed cascaded model achieved a state classification accuracy of 98.6% on over 1300 temperature-generalized data points. To comprehensively assess our approach, we conducted detailed comparisons with other bolt loosening monitoring methods, elucidating the effectiveness based on data trends and model design. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed temperature compensation cascaded model accurately identifies bolt states amidst complex temperature variations.

Synchronization of Chaotic Satellite Systems with Fractional Derivatives Analysis Using Feedback Active Control Techniques

This research article introduces a novel chaotic satellite system based on fractional derivatives. The study explores the characteristics of various fractional derivative satellite systems through detailed phase portrait analysis and computational simulations, employing fractional calculus. We provide illustrations and tabulate the phase portraits of these satellite systems, highlighting the influence of different fractional derivative orders and parameter values. Notably, our findings reveal that chaos can occur even in systems with fewer than three dimensions. To validate our results, we utilize a range of analytical tools, including equilibrium point analysis, dissipative measures, Lyapunov exponents, and bifurcation diagrams. These methods confirm the presence of chaos and offer insights into the system’s dynamic behavior. Additionally, we demonstrate effective control of chaotic dynamics using feedback active control techniques, providing practical solutions for managing chaos in satellite systems.

Electron Dissipation and Electromagnetic Work

AbstractWith the increase in technical capabilities of computer simulation in recent years, it has become feasible to quantify the degradation of fluid scale plasma and electromagnetic energies in favor of increases of internal energies. While it is understood that electromagnetic energy can be exchanged with fluid scale velocities, it is the pressure strain interaction that exchanges energy between fluid motions and internal energy. Here using simulations of both turbulence and reconnection we show that for electrons, the pressure strain and electromagnetic work are closely related and are frequently comparable when appropriate time and spatial averaging is applied. Otherwise, the instantaneous spatial averaged pressure strain and electromagnetic work are nearly equal for slowly evolving systems, like the reconnection case, while they differ significantly in rapidly evolving systems, like the turbulence case. This clarifies the relationship between these two quantities, which are each frequently used as measures of dissipation.

Nonlinear resonant bar of approximate Ramberg–Osgood type modulus defect

This study investigates the nonlinear vibration of a material bar with a modulus defect that causes observable hysteresis in the elastic regime. The Ramberg–Osgood equation is used to obtain an approximate model of the quasi-static stress–strain relationship for such a material, from which a phenomenological dynamic hysteresis function of arbitrary order is constructed. The nonlinear hysteresis is described with two parameters. Applying the hysteresis function leads to a nonlinear wave equation which is then solved for the longitudinal vibration of the bar using a perturbation method. The leading-order solution provides the strain-dependent resonance frequency and damping factor which are the two quantities measured in the nonlinear resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS). It is shown that the resonance frequency shift and damping increment hold, in general, a power-law dependence on the strain amplitude and the conventional linear dependence is a special case for the quadratic hysteresis. The derived formula is applied to existing data from bending and torsional NRUS-type experiments where the conventional linear fit appears to be clearly inadequate. Experimental resonance frequency shift data are fitted to determine the two hysteresis parameters, both of which vary with the changes in the material state. It is shown that the nonlinear damping ratio is a more general measure of the energy dissipation due to the increasing hysteresis and thus can be taken as a damage index. Consequently, this paper proposes a general procedure to analyze NRUS data for a wider range of materials. The present analysis is valid up to the yield strain which is sufficient to cover the strain amplitudes used in NRUS measurements.

Introduction of novel method of cyclic self-heating for the experimental quantification of the efficiency of caloric materials shown for LaFe11,4Mn0,35Si1,26Hx

Hysteresis and the associated production of dissipative heat during first order phase transitions are often major contributors to thermodynamic losses in caloric heat pumps. The figure of merit (FOM), defined as the ratio of adiabatic temperature change and the thermal hysteresis of the caloric material, quantifies these losses, and can also be used to calculate the maximum potential efficiency of a caloric material in a thermodynamic cycle. This paper presents a novel and simple method to determine the heat loss and thus the FOM can be determined from self-heating of the caloric material during repeated field cycling. As this method mainly requires temperature readings and the ability to cycle the caloric material in a field, most test setups that directly measure the adiabatic temperature change should already be able to perform dissipative heat measurements with this technique. With the presented method, we were able to determine the efficiency of a commercial LaFeSiMnH-sample with a high degree of accuracy. A maximum FOM of 37±1 was determined for the selected LaFeSiMnH-sample. In an ideal cascaded magneto caloric system, this corresponds to a system efficiency of 90%, with an ideal heat regeneration this could theoretically even be increased to 97%.

The Brazil Basin Tracer Release Experiment: Observations

Abstract Lightening of bottom water is required to close the abyssal overturning circulation, believed to play an important role in the climate system. A tracer release experiment and turbulence measurement programs have revealed how bottom water is lightened, and illuminated the associated circulation in the deep Brazil Basin, a representative region of the global ocean. Tracer was released on an isopycnal surface about 4000 m deep, over one of the fracture zones emanating from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Tracer that mixed toward the bottom moved toward the MAR across isopycnal surfaces that bend down to intersect the bottom at a rate implying a near-bottom buoyancy flux of 1.5 × 10−9 m2 s−3, somewhat larger than inferred from dissipation measurements. The diffusivity at the level of the tracer release is estimated at 4.4 ± 1 × 10−4 m2 s−1, again larger than inferred from dissipation rates. The main patch moved southwest at about 2 cm s−1 while sinking due to the divergence of buoyancy flux above the bottom layer. The isopycnal eddy diffusivity was about 100 m2 s−1. Westward flow away from the MAR is the return flow balancing the eastward near-bottom upslope flow. The southward component of the flow is roughly consistent with conservation of potential vorticity. The circulation as well as the pattern of diapycnal flux are qualitatively the same as in St. Laurent et al. (2001) but are more robust. The results indicate that diapycnal diffusivity is about twice that invoked by Morris et al. (2001) in calculating the basinwide buoyancy budget. Significance Statement Buoyancy flux into the abyssal waters is required to close the overturning circulation of those waters, an important part of the climate system. This contribution presents a robust view of the strength of that buoyancy flux and the associated circulation.

Anisotropic foams derived from textile-based cellulose nanocrystals and xanthan gum

The upcycling of discarded garments can help to mitigate the environmental impact of the textile industry. Here, we fabricated hybrid anisotropic foams having cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which were isolated from discarded cotton textiles and had varied surface chemistries as structural components, in combination with xanthan gum (XG) as a physical crosslinker of the dispersion used for foam preparation. All CNCs had crystallinity indices above 85 %, zeta potential values below −40 mV at 1 mM NaCl, and true densities ranging from 1.61 to 1.67 g·cm−3. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements indicated weak interactions between CNC and XG, while rheology measurements showed that highly charged CNCs caused the XG chains to change from an extended to a helicoidal conformation, resulting in changes the in viscoelastic properties of the dispersions.The inclusion of XG significantly enhanced the compression mechanical properties of the freeze-casted foams without compromising their thermal properties, anisotropy, or degree of alignment. CNC-XG foams maintained structural integrity even after exposure to high humidity (91 %) and temperatures (100 °C) and displayed very low radial thermal conductivities. This research provides a viable avenue for upcycling cotton-based clothing waste into high-performance materials.

Daytime dexmedetomidine sedation with closed-loop acoustic stimulation alters slow wave sleep homeostasis in healthy adults

BackgroundThe alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine induces EEG patterns resembling those of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Fulfilment of slow wave sleep (SWS) homeostatic needs would address the assumption that dexmedetomidine induces functional biomimetic sleep states. MethodsIn-home sleep EEG recordings were obtained from 13 healthy participants before and after dexmedetomidine sedation. Dexmedetomidine target-controlled infusions and closed-loop acoustic stimulation were implemented to induce and enhance EEG slow waves, respectively. EEG recordings during sedation and sleep were staged using modified American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria. Slow wave activity (EEG power from 0.5 to 4 Hz) was computed for NREM stage 2 (N2) and NREM stage 3 (N3/SWS) epochs, with the aggregate partitioned into quintiles by time. The first slow wave activity quintile served as a surrogate for slow wave pressure, and the difference between the first and fifth quintiles as a measure of slow wave pressure dissipation. ResultsCompared with pre-sedation sleep, post-sedation sleep showed reduced N3 duration (mean difference of −17.1 min, 95% confidence interval −30.0 to −8.2, P=0.015). Dissipation of slow wave pressure was reduced (P=0.02). Changes in combined durations of N2 and N3 between pre- and post-sedation sleep correlated with total dexmedetomidine dose, (r=−0.61, P=0.03). ConclusionsDaytime dexmedetomidine sedation and closed-loop acoustic stimulation targeting EEG slow waves reduced N3/SWS duration and measures of slow wave pressure dissipation on the post-sedation night in healthy young adults. Thus, the paired intervention induces sleep-like states that fulfil certain homeostatic NREM sleep needs in healthy young adults. Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04206059.

Sustainable Seismic Performance of Diagrid Core-Tube Structure with Replaceable Steel Coupling Beam

The diagrid core-tube structure has been widely used in high-rise buildings in recent years, but there are few studies on the sustainable energy dissipation measures and seismic performance improvement of such structural systems. Because the coupling beam is the element connecting the inner tube and the outer tube in the diagrid structure, it is the first seismic defense line and an important energy-dissipation member in the seismic design of the overall structure. Therefore, this paper replaces the traditional reinforced concrete coupling beam of the inner tube of the shear wall with a replaceable energy-dissipation steel coupling beam, and the strength, stiffness, and stability of the replaceable steel coupling beam are designed to improve the sustainability of the structure. By changing the position of the replaceable coupling beam, the relative stiffness of the inner and outer tubes of the diagrid tube structure, and the plane form of the structure, the static elastoplastic analysis and seismic response energy analysis of different diagrid tube structures are carried out, and the influence of the replaceable coupling beam on the sustainable seismic performance of the diagrid tube structure is studied. The results show that the replaceable coupling beams have little effect on the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure, but the ductility and sustainability of the structure are significantly improved, and the whole building layout is the optimal layout scheme. The setting of replaceable coupling beams makes the diagrid tube structure show hysteretic energy-dissipation earlier under the action of large earthquakes, and the proportion of hysteretic energy-dissipation is greatly improved, which reduces the inter-story drift ratios and the damage degree of the diagrid columns under the action of large earthquakes. When the relative stiffness of the outer tube of the diagrid tube structure is small or the plane form of the structure is a regular quadrilateral, the application of replaceable coupling beams is more effective in improving the ductility and sustainability of the structure and reducing the damage to the diagrid column under large earthquakes.

Intermittency and Dissipative Structures Arising from Relativistic Magnetized Turbulence

Kinetic simulations of relativistic turbulence have significantly advanced our understanding of turbulent particle acceleration. Recent progress has highlighted the need for an updated acceleration theory that can account for particle acceleration within the plasma’s coherent structures. Here, we investigate how intermittency modeling connects statistical fluctuations in turbulence to regions of high-energy dissipation. This connection is established by employing a generalized She–Leveque model to characterize the exponents ζ p for the structure functions Sp∝lζp . The fitting of the scaling exponents provides us with a measure of the codimension of the dissipative structures, for which we subsequently determine the filling fraction. We perform our analysis for a range of magnetizations σ and relative fluctuation amplitudes δ B 0/B 0. We find that increasing values of σ and δ B 0/B 0 allow the turbulent cascade to break sheetlike structures into smaller regions of dissipation that resemble chains of flux ropes. However, as their dissipation measure increases, the dissipative regions become less volume filling. With this work, we aim to inform future turbulent acceleration theories that incorporate particle energization from interactions with coherent structures within relativistic turbulence.

Unraveling How Antimicrobial Lipid Mixtures Disrupt Virus-Mimicking Lipid Vesicles: A QCM-D Study.

Single-chain lipid amphiphiles such as fatty acids and monoglycerides are promising antimicrobial alternatives to replace industrial surfactants for membrane-enveloped pathogen inhibition. Biomimetic lipid membrane platforms in combination with label-free biosensing techniques offer a promising route to compare the membrane-disruptive properties of different fatty acids and monoglycerides individually and within mixtures. Until recently, most related studies have utilized planar model membrane platforms, and there is an outstanding need to investigate how antimicrobial lipid mixtures disrupt curved model membrane platforms such as intact vesicle adlayers that are within the size range of membrane-enveloped virus particles. This need is especially evident because certain surfactants that completely disrupt planar/low-curvature membranes are appreciably less active against high-curvature membranes. Herein, we conducted quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) measurements to investigate the membrane-disruptive properties of glycerol monolaurate (GML) monoglyceride and lauric acid (LA) fatty acid mixtures to rupture high-curvature, ~75 nm diameter lipid vesicle adlayers. We identified that the vesicle rupture activity of GML/LA mixtures mainly occurred above the respective critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each mixture, and that 25/75 mol% GML/LA micelles exhibited the greatest degree of vesicle rupture activity with ~100% efficiency that exceeded the rupture activity of other tested mixtures, individual compounds, and past reported values with industrial surfactants. Importantly, 25/75 GML/LA micelles outperformed 50/50 GML/LA micelles, which were previously reported to have the greatest membrane-disruptive activity towards planar model membranes. We discuss the mechanistic principles behind how antimicrobial lipid engineering can influence membrane-disruptive activity in terms of optimizing the balance between competitive membrane remodeling processes and inducing anisotropic vs. isotropic spontaneous curvature in lipid membrane systems.

Magnon-mediated qubit coupling determined via dissipation measurements.

Controlled interaction between localized and delocalized solid-state spin systems offers a compelling platform for on-chip quantum information processing with quantum spintronics. Hybrid quantum systems (HQSs) of localized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond and delocalized magnon modes in ferrimagnets-systems with naturally commensurate energies-have recently attracted significant attention, especially for interconnecting isolated spin qubits at length-scales far beyond those set by the dipolar coupling. However, despite extensive theoretical efforts, there is a lack of experimental characterization of the magnon-mediated interaction between NV centers, which is necessary to develop such hybrid quantum architectures. Here, we experimentally determine the magnon-mediated NV-NV coupling from the magnon-induced self-energy of NV centers. Our results are quantitatively consistent with a model in which the NV center is coupled to magnons by dipolar interactions. This work provides a versatile tool to characterize HQSs in the absence of strong coupling, informing future efforts to engineer entangled solid-state systems.

Design of Rocket‐Borne Data Transmission System for Sounding Rocket

The design of a rocket‐borne data transmission system is presented in this article. This data transmission system is used for Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project II sounding rocket. The major function of this data transmission system is to transmit payload data and rocket telemetry data to ground station. The data transmission system achieves power greater than 4 W (36 dBm). The amplitude unbalance is 1.60% (0.14 dB) and the phase unbalance is 1.74°. Total power consumption of the data transmission system is less than 24 W (28 V power supply). The radiation performance of the data transmission antenna is good. Based on the actual condition of solid rocket, the relevant heat dissipation and vibration reduction measures are designed under the demand of miniaturization. The data transmission system has been tested by performance test, environmental simulation test, system integration test, and other tests; the test results show that it has good working performance, good stability, and high reliability.

Power Dissipation Measurements at Power Pulsation Compensators for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters

Power Dissipation Measurements at Power Pulsation Compensators for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters

Aggregate Size Modulates the Oil/Water Interfacial Behavior of Myofibrillar Proteins: Toward the Thicker Interface Film and Disulfide Bond.

Myofibrillar protein (MP) aggregate models have been established to elucidate the correlation between their aggregate sizes and interfacial properties. The interfacial layer thickness was measured by the polystyrene latex method and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation measurement. Interfacial conformations were then characterized in situ (front-surface fluorescence spectroscopy) and ex situ (reactive sulfhydryl group and secondary structure measurement following MP displacement). The viscoelasticity of the interfacial film and its resistance to surfactant-induced competitive displacement were reflected by the dilatational rheology and dynamic interfacial tension with the bulk phase exchange. Finally, we compared the findings of competitive displacement before/after adding a sulfhydryl-blocking agent, N-ethylmaleimide, to highlight the role of S-S linkage on interfacial film formation and stability. We substantiated that the aggregate size of the MP governed their interfacial properties. Small-sized aggregates exhibited more ordered secondary structures on the oil-water interface, which was conducive to the adsorption ratio of the protein and the adsorption dynamics. Although larger aggregates lowered the diffusion rate during interfacial film formation, they allowed the thicker and more viscoelastic interfacial film to be constructed afterward through more disulfide bond formation, resulting in greater resistance to surfactant-induced competitive displacement.

Data-driven characterization of viscoelastic materials using time-harmonic hydroacoustic measurements

Any numerical procedure in mechanics requires choosing an appropriate model for the constitutive law of the material under consideration. The most common assumptions regarding linear wave propagation in a viscoelastic material are the standard linear solid model, (generalized) Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt models or the most recent fractional derivative models. Usually, once the frequency-dependent constitutive law is fixed, the intrinsic parameters of the mathematical model are estimated to fit the available experimental data with the mechanical response of that model. This modelling methodology potentially suffers from the epistemic uncertainty of an inadequate a priori model selection. However, in this work, the mathematical modelling of linear viscoelastic materials and the choice of their frequency-dependent constitutive laws is performed based only on the available experimental measurements without imposing any functional frequency dependence. This data-driven approach requires the numerical solution of an inverse problem for each frequency. The acoustic response of a viscoelastic material due to the time-harmonic excitations has been calculated numerically. In these numerical simulations, the non-planar directivity pattern of the transducer has been taken into account. Experimental measurements of insertion loss and fractional power dissipation in underwater acoustics have been used to illustrate the data-driven methodology that avoids selecting a parametric viscoelastic model.

Exploring the Impact of Surface Functionalization on the Reaction, Magnetophoretic, and Collective Transport Behavior of Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron.

This study provides a systematic analysis of the transport and magnetophoretic behavior of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles, both bare and surface functionalized by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), after undergoing a chemical reaction. Here, a simple and well-investigated chemical reaction of methyl orange (MO) degradation by nZVI was used as a model reaction system, and the sand column transport and low-gradient magnetophoretic profiles of the nanoparticles were measured before and after the reaction. The results were compared over time and analyzed in the context of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory to understand the particle interactions involved. The colloidal stability of both bare and functionalized nZVI particles was enhanced after the reaction due to the consumption of metallic Fe content, resulting in a significant drop in their magnetic properties. As a result, they exhibited improved mobility across the sand column and a slower magnetophoretic collection rate compared to the unreacted particles. Here, the colloidal filtration theory (CFT) was employed to analyze the transport behavior of nZVI particles across the packed sand column. It has been observed that the surface properties of the reacted functionalized particles changed, possibly due to the entrapment of degraded products within the polymer adlayer. Moreover, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements were performed to reveal the viscoelastic contribution of the adlayer formed by both bare and functionalized nZVI particles after the reaction on influencing their transport behavior across the sand column. Finally, we proposed the implementation of a high-gradient magnetic trap (HGMT) to reduce the transport distance of the colloidally stable CMC-nZVI, both before and after the reaction. This study sheds light on the behavioral changes of iron nanoparticles after the reaction and highlights environmental concerns regarding the presence of reacted nanoparticles.