Dispositional Orientation Research Articles

The Conditional Effects of Authoritarianism on COVID-19 Pandemic Health Behaviors and Policy Preferences.

A large literature contends that conservatives differ from liberals in their dispositional sensitivity to threat and needs for social order and security. Thus, a puzzle emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic when American conservatives, despite their purported threat sensitivity, responded to the pandemic in ways that evinced little concern toward the risks posed by COVID-19. Threat tolerant liberals present an equally interesting case, having fervently masked, isolated, and advocated for stringent public health restrictions when facing down COVID-19. Why did so many Americans adopt health behaviors and policy preferences at odds with their dispositional orientations toward threat and needs for security during the COVID-19 pandemic? In this paper, I analyze three national surveys to evaluate how psychological dispositions affected Americans’ responses to COVID-19. I find that authoritarianism, a common measure of dispositional threat sensitivity and needs for security, conditionally affected Americans’ responses to the pandemic. Directly, authoritarianism was associated with greater concern over COVID-19 and, in turn, increased willingness to engage in protective health behaviors, support restrictive public health measures, and support economic interventions amidst the pandemic-induced downturn. Indirectly, however, authoritarianism promoted identification with and cue-taking from right-wing elites who frequently downplayed the severity of COVID-19; attention to such rhetoric reduced politically engaged authoritarians’ concern over COVID-19 and, in turn, their willingness to adopt protective health behaviors and support public health restrictions or economic interventionism. Attention to political discourse thus appears to have countervailed Americans’ dispositional orientations toward threat and security during the COVID-19 pandemic.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11109-022-09828-9.

Dispositional Orientations in Competitive Ultimate Frisbee Athletes

Dispositional Orientations in Competitive Ultimate Frisbee Athletes

The Role of Dispositional Orientations and Goal Motives on Athletes' Well- and Ill-Being.

Findings in different contexts suggest that task orientation and ego orientation are related to adaptive and maladaptive motivational patterns, respectively. In sport, these personal dispositions could influence other important variables such as the goals that athletes pursue (and why they pursue them) during the season and their well- and ill-being. The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between athletes’ dispositional goal orientations, their goal motives, and their reported well-being (subjective vitality) and ill-being (physical and emotional exhaustion). The study involved 414 Spanish university athletes (206 female and 208 male) with an age range of 17 to 33 years (M = 20.61; SD = 2.58) that completed a package of questionnaires at the beginning of the season. Results of path analysis revealed that athletes’ task orientation was negatively associated to physical and emotional exhaustion indirectly through autonomous and controlled goal motives. In contrast, ego orientation was positively related to physical and emotional exhaustion via its link to controlled goal motives. Athletes’ task orientation directly and positively predicted subjective vitality, even though goal motives were not significant mediators. These findings support previous evidence about the protective role of athletes’ task orientation, in contrast to ego orientation, confirming its positive relationship with well-being and its negative one with ill-being. Additionally, it extends the knowledge regarding interdependencies between goal orientations and goal motives and how both contribute to athletes’ optimal or compromised functioning.

The influence of organizational death on work priorities and the moderating role of attachment internal working models.

Downturns in the global economy have caused even large organizations to cease to operate; a phenomenon often dubbed “organizational death”. Two studies focused on individual coping strategies in times of organizational death and the possible moderating role of attachment as a personality factor. Experiment 1 (N = 162) explored the effects of the saliency of organizational death on work priorities, and the moderating role of dispositional attachment orientation. Experiment 2 (N = 119) examined the interaction between dispositional attachment and the recall of an attachment event on work priorities. Participants reported their work priorities after being primed to imagine that their organization must either shut down or undergo an organizational crisis (or were assigned to a neutral control group), and completed the Experiences in Close Relationships scale to determine their attachment orientation. In Experiment 2, participants were also asked to recall a secure/insecure event after organizational death (or organizational crisis) priming to test the impact of external attachment event recall saliency and its interaction with dispositional attachment on work priorities. Dispositional avoidance (but not anxiety) moderated the effects of the organizational priming condition on work priorities. Recall of an attachment event interacted with dispositional avoidance (but not anxiety) on work priorities after organizational death priming. The saliency of organizational death mitigated the moderating role of individual differences on the effects of both dispositional orientation and priming of an attachment event on work priorities. Thus, a significant event that undermines one of the pillars of security in adulthood may lessen individual differences in work priorities following this exposure.

Family values and social well-being: Do motives for activities mediate?

This study explored the extent to which the relationship between family values and social well-being is explained by well-being orientations. We investigated whether hedonic and eudaimonic motives for activities mediate the effect of family values of roles hierarchy and kin relations on social well-being. Using a cross-sectional survey design, randomly sampled participants from Ghana (N = 390) completed the Family Values Scale, Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities scale, and the Social Well-Being subscale of the Mental Health Continuum. Using structural equation modelling, we tested for direct and indirect effects. The full mediation was well fititng (CFI = .910; RMSEA = .059 [90% CI: .052, .066]). Direct effects between roles hierarchy (family values) and social-well-being as well as between hedonic motives (well-being orientations) and social well-being were significant. The relationship between roles hierarchy and social well-being was mediated by hedonic motives. However, kin relations and eudaimonic motives had a non-sigificant relationship with social well-being. The empirical finding, of how family values as a cultural index intersects with well-being dispositional orientation in the promotion of social well-being, is helpful in the counselling psychology settings. This contribution is particularly relevant in an African sociocultural setting which is known to be characterised by interdependence.

Assessing Deception Differences with Mimicry Deception Theory

Mimicry Deception Theory (MDT) argues that deception varies along a long- to short-term continuum. Long-term deception involves complex deception, community integration, slow resource extraction, and low detectability, whereas short-term deception is the opposite. To date, no self-report scale exists that assesses a dispositional orientation toward long-term deception. Across four studies, we developed and validated a Mimicry Deception Scale (MDS) to assess individuals’ dispositional orientation toward long-term deception. Using theoretically driven items, we found a reliable four-factor structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Further, MDS components were strongly correlated and had acceptable internal consistency. For convergent validity, long-term MDS positively correlated with Machiavellianism, conscientiousness, and planning. Finally, the test-retest reliability of the MDS was acceptable, and the complexity facet of the MDS predicted successful lying over time. The findings have implications for how to profile, identify, and recognize patterns of deception, especially with respect to long-term patterns using self-report.

Отношение малого бизнеса Курского региона к цифровой экономике: социологический анализ

The relevance of the study lies in the need to clarify the attitude of small businesses to the digital economy and to determine the most significant characteristics that this attitude. The results of expert interviews showed that some experts - representatives of small businesses - do not support the development of the digital economy. The purpose is clarification of the attitude of small business in the Kursk region to the digital economy. Objectives: determination of the attitude of small business to the development of the digital economy; determination of general, digital and habitual characteristics of small business in the region and study of their impact on attitudes towards the digital economy. Methodology. To accomplish the assigned tasks, the following methods were used: analysis of statistical information; small business questionnaire. The definition of the habitual structure of small business was made by comparing the orientation of the main disposition of the respondents and their effective capital. Results. 26 percent of entrepreneurs have a positive attitude towards the digitalization process, 50 percent chose the answer "rather positively than negatively", 16 percent have a more negative than positive attitude, 4 percent have a negative attitude to the digital economy. The reference habitual structure of small business in the Kursk region shows that about 90 percent of small businesses can support the development of the digital economy and have a positive attitude towards the digitalization process. Conclusions. The results of the study allow us to assert that general and digital characteristics can have only a slight effect on the attitude of small businesses to the digital economy, the main influence on the attitude of small businesses to the digital economy is exerted by habitual characteristics. At the same time, the majority of respondents who expressed a negative attitude to the digitalization process have a “preservation” disposition orientation, and it is practically impossible to change their opinion. However, there are also a number of respondents whose expressed opinion may change when creating the necessary conditions for this, aimed at implementing habitual practices, which can be expressed in real events related to increasing digital indicators and awareness of the opportunities and support provided by the state for the development of the digital economy.

Towards a Biblical Foundation for a Philosophy of Library Sociality

In this essay, I focus on the sociality of librarianship in the academic setting. How should we as library workers think about the communities we serve? What mindset should guide our interactions with the people who seek our services? How should library workers think about how we collaborate to serve our public? As a profession, librarianship has a solid public service orientation, evidenced by its best community outreach, advocacy, and hospitality practices. Can Biblical teachings emphasized within the Seventh-day Adventist faith community be foundational for this ethos? Does faith integration matter? Correlating insights from Tuomela on group agency, Lankes on the mission of librarians, and the Biblical teachings on Discipleship, Second Coming, and Sabbath, I suggest the integration of work and faith is evidenced by a dispositional orientation that finds expression in a we-mode library sociality.

Dispositional goals and academic achievement: Refining the 2x2 achievement goal model

Achievement goal theory (AGT) is widely used to examine the influences of goal adoption on academic and sporting achievement. Striving for methodological coherence with AGT’s ever expanding scope (Korn & Elliot, 2016), we examined the 2x2 framework and propose a refined model outlining the theoretical differences between achievement goal orientations. Building on Van Yperen’s concept of a dominant achievement goal approach we developed and tested a method of representing a dominant dispositional achievement goal (DDAG). The construct symbolises preference for one achievement goal while recognising that multiple achievement goals can be valued in a dispositional orientation. Finally, we measured the relationship between dispositional achievement goals, including work-avoidance goals and the DDAG, and academic performance of 165 university students. Contrary to expectations, mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performanceapproach and performance-avoidance positively correlated with academic grade, although approach goals predicted performance more strongly than avoidance goals. Consistent with previous studies of pharmacy students, work-avoidance negatively predicted academic grade. However, although the DDAG successfully captured dominant goal distribution, scores did not predict academic attainment. We argue for the application of consistent conceptualisations of AGT to clarify the role of achievement goals in promoting learning and academic performance to inform educational practice in sport and exercise psychology.

Organisational support is not always enough to encourage employee environmental performance. The moderating role of exchange ideology

Research on environmental sustainability recurrently reports that when employees feel supported by their employer, they are prone to engaging extra efforts towards behaving in an eco-friendly manner and helping their organisation succeed. Following social exchange theory, which posits that partners are motivated by developing and maintaining mutual beneficial exchanges over time, the expected effect of support is dependent on exchange ideology, referring to the relevancy of reciprocated beneficial treatment. In this study, we report findings indicating that exchange ideology interacts with organisational support in influencing organisational citizenship behaviour towards the environment. We also show a moderation effect in predicting employee environmental performance solely at a high level of exchange ideology. In contrast, organisational support for the environment may not induce the expected effect on individual environmental performance for employees with limited or no dispositional orientation. This research adds knowledge to the emerging literature on social exchange in an environmental context.

Tying Hands, Sinking Costs, and Leader Attributes

Do costly signals work? Despite their widespread popularity, both hands-tying and sunk-cost signaling have come under criticism, and there’s little direct evidence that leaders understand costly signals the way our models tell us they should. We present evidence from a survey experiment fielded on a unique sample of elite decision makers from the Israeli Knesset. We find that both types of costly signaling are effective in shaping assessments of resolve for both leaders and the public. However, although theories of signaling tend to assume homogenous audiences, we show that leaders vary significantly in how credible they perceive signals to be, depending on their foreign policy dispositions, rather than their levels of military or political experience. Our results thus encourage international relations scholars to more fully bring heterogeneous recipients into our theories of signaling and point to the important role of dispositional orientations for the study of leaders.

The Effects of Gratitude Disposition, Self-esteem, and Life Orientation of Nursing Students on Nursing Professionalism

The Effects of Gratitude Disposition, Self-esteem, and Life Orientation of Nursing Students on Nursing Professionalism

Experimental insights into the socio-cognitive effects of viewing materialistic media messages on welfare support

ABSTRACTThis experimental study draws on cultivation, dispositional materialism, and schema theories to test the effects of commercial media viewing on material values and welfare support. Data were collected from a cross-sectional British sample using a web-survey priming methodology (N = 487, ages 18–49). Findings suggest that (a) materialism and anti-welfare orientations operate through associated and contiguous cognitive-affective mechanisms that can be triggered by momentary exposure to materialistic media messages (MMMs). (b) Heavy consumers of television shows that valorize and regularly portray wealth, fame, and luxury are significantly more materialistic and anti-welfare than lighter consumers. (b) Chronic attention to MMMs may indirectly increase support for the governmental enactment of punitive welfare policies via cultivating self-enhancement related schemas, which when instantiated, decrease dispositional orientations toward empathy, altruism, and communality. This research contributes nuanced theoretical and experimental insights into how ubiquitous commercial media potentially undermine prosocial development and societal well-being.

The Conditional Respect for Persons with Disabilities Questionnaire (CRPD-Q)

Conditional respect reflects a positive evaluation based on internalized normative assumptions (Reykowski). This evaluation may be operationalized in the form of verbal judgments, which enables the use of the questionnaire technique. The opinions on the conditions of gaining and losing respect for adults with disabilities, collected with the participation of 32 competent judges, enabled the development of a set of test items, indicating the dispositional orientation of conditional respect. The collected research material based on a sample of 323 respondents assessing the significance of various forms of disabled people’s activity to the increase or decrease in the respect they enjoy in social perception was subjected to exploratory factor analysis (with Varimax rotation). Scree plot analysis indicated the presence of two factors: the first one positive and the second one negative. A detailed examination of the items in the light of the theory of normative assumptions (Reykowski) revealed five categories: Individual Productivity, Individual and Collective Synergy (Factor I), as well as Individual Receptiveness and Antagonism (Factor II). The analysis of stability confirmed the repeatability of 29 items, and the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the items for the identified categories of normative beliefs ranges from .73 to .83. Therefore, the CRPD-Q meets the basic validity and reliability criteria of the measurement of conditional respect for adults with disabilities – overall conditional respect and its various aspects. Finally, the instructions for estimating and interpreting the scores are presented and further challenges involved in the development of the measure are signaled.

Dispositional Gratitude and Social Comparison Orientation among Social Media Users

The study aimed to explore the relationship between dispositional gratitude and social comparison orientation among social media users. The present study used a non-experimental research design with a quantitative approach with survey technique by distributing questionnaires to 296 Bina Nusantara University students aged 18-24 who used social media. The correlation between dispositional gratitude and social comparison orientation was calculated by Spearman correlation technique. The result shows that dispositional gratitude and social comparison orientation have a significant negative correlation.

Happiness as a Buffer of the Association Between Dependence and Acute Tobacco Abstinence Effects in African American Smokers.

African American (AA) smokers are at disproportionate risk of tobacco dependence, utilizing smoking to regulate stress, and poor cessation outcomes. Positive emotional traits may function as coping factors that buffer the extent to which dependence increases vulnerability to adverse responses to acute tobacco abstinence (ie, tobacco withdrawal). This laboratory study examined subjective happiness (SH; dispositional orientation towards frequent and intense positive affect [PA] and life satisfaction) as a moderator of the relation between tobacco dependence and subjective and behavioral abstinence effects among AA smokers. AA smokers (N = 420, 39.0% female) completed self-report measures of tobacco dependence and SH followed by two counterbalanced experimental sessions (nonabstinent vs. 16-hour abstinent) involving self-report measures of composite withdrawal, urge to smoke, and mood, and a behavioral smoking task in which participants could: (1) earn money to delay smoking reinstatement, and (2) subsequently purchase cigarettes to smoke. Tobacco dependence was positively associated with increased abstinence effects in composite withdrawal, urge to smoke, PA, and latency to smoking reinstatement (ps < .04). SH significantly moderated the relation between dependence and abstinence-induced increases in composite withdrawal (β = -.17, p < .001), such that the predictive power of dependence on withdrawal severity grew proportionately weaker as levels of SH increased. SH may insulate against adverse effects of dependence on withdrawal during acute smoking abstinence, particularly withdrawal symptom clusters that are craving- and mood-based. Consideration of positive emotional traits as stress-coping factors in the dependence-withdrawal link may be warranted in research and practice with AA smokers. The current study contributes to a growing body of literature examining the potentially advantageous role of positive emotional traits to smokers. We do so by identifying a relatively understudied psychological construct within tobacco research-subjective happiness-that may suppress the extent to which more severe tobacco dependence increases risk for subjective withdrawal-related distress during acute smoking abstinence in AA smokers. In doing so, the study provides a primer for future targeting of subjective happiness and other positive emotional traits as means to understand and treat acute tobacco abstinence effects among dependent AA smokers.

Core Political Values? A Comparative Analysis of Left-Right Political Ideology and Cultural Orientations Among Policy Elites and the General Public

In this study, we attempt a comparative analysis of left-right political ideology vs. cultural orientations as potential core political values, primary sources of political attitudes and policy preference formation within an individual’s hierarchically structured belief system, among both policy elites and the general public in the U.S. context. In doing so, we particularly focus on evaluating Ripberger et al.’s (2012) claim that cultural orientations are “related to but different from political ideology” and “offer a robust system of worldviews that individuals of various levels of political knowledge [among the general public] might draw upon to form their opinions and make policy decisions” while relying on the Cultural Theory (CT), developed by Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, among others, that deduces the core political values of four distinctive dispositional orientations toward desirable social relations: egalitarianism, individualism, hierarchism, and fatalism. Throughout the implementation of multivariate analysis using a unique data set established from multiple original surveys of two important conceptual segments of political actors, local policy elites and the general public, within the energy policymaking process in Arkansas and Oregon in 2015 and 2016, we found that in both groups, cultural orientations constitute more robust and coherent core political values than the traditional left-right conception of political ideology. We conclude this paper by discussing ramifications of our findings in advancing research on public opinion, CT, and public policy theories.

A Study on the Relationship between Academic Volition and Dispositional Optimism in Higher Secondary School Students

The present study is an attempt to examine the relationship between academic volition and dispositional orientation variables. Sample for the study includes 85 urban students (35 boys and 50 girls) of class XII of a junior college in Narayanaguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The data for measuring academic volition is collected using the Academic Volitional Strategy Inventory, prepared by McCann and Garcia (2000). Dispositional optimism of the students is measured by collecting data using the Revised Life Orientation Test Scale (LOT-R) for college students prepared by Scheier, Carver and Bridges (1994). For data analysis, Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation coefficient and Point-biserial correlation coefficients are calculated using SPSS ver.20. The significance of the test is calculated for the level of significance α at 0.01. The findings of the study reveal positive and moderately strong relationship between academic volition and dispositional optimism. No role of gender is found on the variables studied.

A Study on the Relationship between Academic Delay of Gratification and Dispositional Optimism in Higher Secondary School Students

The present study is an attempt to examine the relationship between academic delay of gratification and dispositional orientation variables. Sample for the study includes 60urban students (30 boys and 30 girls) of class XI of a junior college in S.R. Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The data for measuring delay of gratification is collected using Academic Delay of Gratification Scale (ADOGS) for college students prepared by HeferBembenutty (1997). Dispositional optimism of the students is measured by collecting data using theRevised Life Orientation Test Scale (LOT-R) for college students prepared by Scheier, Carver and Bridges (1994). For data analysis, Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation coefficient and Point-biserial correlation coefficients are calculated using SPSS ver.20. The significance of the test is calculated for the level of significance ? at 0.01. The findings of the study reveal positive andmoderatelystrong relationship between academic delay of gratificationand dispositional optimism. Boys are found to possess significantly less academic delay of gratification when compared to girls.No role of gender is found on the variable dispositional optimism.

Predictive power of task orientation, general self-efficacy and self-determined motivation on fun and boredom

Abstract The aim of this study was to test the predictive power of dispositional orientations, general self-efficacy and self-determined motivation on fun and boredom in physical education classes, with a sample of 459 adolescents between 13 and 18 with a mean age of 15 years (SD = 0.88). The adolescents responded to four Likert scales: Perceptions of Success Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Sport Motivation Scale and Intrinsic Satisfaction Questionnaire in Sport. The results showed the structural regression model showed that task orientation and general self-efficacy positively predicted self-determined motivation and this in turn positively predicted more fun and less boredom in physical education classes. Consequently, the promotion of an educational task-oriented environment where learners perceive their progress and make them feel more competent, will allow them to overcome the intrinsically motivated tasks, and therefore they will have more fun. Pedagogical implications for less boredom and more fun in physical education classes are discussed.