Domestic Waste Disposal Research Articles

Analysis of the Characteristics Aquatic Ecosystem Poso Energy Hydropower Plant in Lake Poso Central Sulawesi

It is feared that the use of the Poso Energy Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) and various industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste disposal activities can reduce the quality of Poso Lake waters. Until now, studies on the impact of PLTA on waters quality have never been carried out. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the ecosystem quality of Lake Poso waters based on phisical, chemical, and biological parameters. The research was conducted using the sampling method at 6 location points in the area before the PLTA, around the PLTA, and after the PLTA from July to September 2022. Data were analyzed statistically with ANOVA. The results showed that phisical parameters (TSS, odor, colour, turbidity), chemical (pH, DO, BOD, COD, NO3-N, total phosphate), and biological (fecal coliform, plankton diversity) showed significantly different values in the area before PLTA, around PLTA, and after the PLTA. The existence of PLTA is concluded to have an impact on changes the waters quality. A management strategy that accomodates more environmental factors is needed to ensure the sustainability of Lake Poso aquatic resources.

Does smartphone use encourage farmers to participate in centralized household waste disposal?

The centralization of household waste disposal represents a significant stride toward achieving ecological viability in rural China. This initiative can substantially alleviate the grassroots government's burden of managing rural household waste. The proliferation and utilization of smartphones, a powerful tool that can expedite and reduce the cost of imparting environmental protection knowledge to producers, is a beacon of hope in the fight against waste. This article, utilizing Probit modeling and micro-survey data from 2126 agricultural households in China, examines the effect of smartphone usage on farmers' participation in centralized household waste disposal. The findings indicate that smartphone usage significantly enhances farmers' engagement in centralized domestic waste disposal, motivating them to participate actively. Notably, this finding persists even after robustness tests. Further heterogeneity analyses indicate that older and low-income populations exhibit a more pronounced level of engagement in centralized household waste disposal. This paper presents these findings and underscores the importance of the proposed policies to enhance farmers' consciousness regarding the environmental implications of smartphone usage. These policies are not just suggestions but urgent and necessary steps towards a more technologically advanced and efficient waste management system, and their implementation is crucial for the future of waste management.

Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in fish (Cynoglossus sp.) commonly consumed in Nigeria

In order to determine the concentrations of certain metals that may be hazardous in widely consumed fish species (Cynoglossus sp.) in Nigeria, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used. The main objectives were to determine the most likely sources of these metals and assess the potential health concerns connected with consuming fish. Fish samples were collected from Sabo market, Ile-Ife, Osun state. They were digested using HNO3 and H2O2 and subjected to elemental analysis (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Co, and Cr) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that Lead (Pb) had the lowest mean concentration of 0.56 ± 0.01 mg/kg, while Zinc (Zn) had the highest average concentration of 12.88 ± 0.18 mg/kg. Strong and substantial correlations between the studied metals were shown by the analysis of the correlation matrix and cluster patterns. The study also evaluated a number of health risk parameters, including target hazard quotient, estimated daily intake, and cancer risk, which together suggested that consuming these fish samples posed health concerns for both adults and children. According to relative risk, seafood consumption raises the most alarm about Cd levels. The study came to the conclusion that due to the propensity for these potentially hazardous metals to bioaccumulate, only a moderate amount of these fish samples should be consumed. Additionally, it is strongly advised to discourage the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes into water bodies.

Regulasi Penegakan Hukum terhadap Pencemaran Air di Sungai Citarum, Jawa Barat

The principle of environmental insight is the principle of capital investment carried out while still paying attention to and prioritizing environmental protection and maintenance. The government in carrying out development must also pay attention to the ecosystem and the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze and enforce the law on Citarum River pollution based on the Principle of Environmental Insight, which includes the principles of sustainability, community participation, and environmental responsibility. The method used in this study is normative juridical with qualitative analysis with the data produced in the form of secondary data obtained from previous studies, laws and regulations, and other sources. The results of the study are the Regulation on water pollution in Article 60 of the PPLH Law: "Everyone is prohibited from dumping waste and/or materials into environmental media without permission". Article 104 of the PPLH Law: "Anyone who dumps waste and/or materials into environmental media without permission as referred to in Article 60, shall be punished with imprisonment of a maximum of 3 (three) years and a maximum fine of Rp3,000,000,000.00 (three billion rupiah). Conclusion Law enforcement in environmental issues has been regulated in environmental laws and regulations. Environmental law is a legal rule for every management and protection of the environment. Suggestion The government needs to strengthen regulations related to the disposal of industrial and domestic waste into rivers. Strict and consistent law enforcement must be implemented to ensure that polluters receive appropriate sanctions. Routine inspections and firm action against violators will be important steps

Spatiotemporal and vertical variability of water quality in lentic small water bodies: implications of varying rainfall and land use conditions.

Lentic small water bodies (LSWBs) deteriorate owing to anthropogenic activities, such as untreated domestic and agricultural waste disposal. Moreover, different turnover mechanisms occur during different seasons, contributing to nutrient enrichment and consequent degradation of LSWBs. However, understanding their spatial, temporal, and vertical variations during different seasons is understudied. In addition, studies on the variation in water quality under varying rainfall and land-use conditions are limited. Therefore, in this study, three LSWBs located in Northern India were studied during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons (December 2022 to October 2023). Total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total phosphorus (TP), temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD),secchi disk depth (SDD), and water level (WL) were measured monthly. Sentinel-2 and CHIRPS pentad data were used for land use, land cover classification, and rainfall analysis. The spatial analysis indicates that the seasonal shift affects the water quality distribution, especially near the inlets and at the edges. The overall concentrations of TN and TP decreased during the monsoon season; however, they increased significantly at the inlets of the LSWBs. On the other hand, the Chl-a concentration shifted towards the edges due to the inflow during the monsoon. Temporal analysis also suggests that the arrival of the monsoon lowers pH, DO, and TDS. However, the concentrations of TN and TP increased because of agricultural runoff. Chl-a and COD show distinct variations due to the individual LSWBs' local conditions. Vertical variability analysis demonstrated pH, temperature, and TN stratification during the pre-monsoon period. However, during the monsoon, stratification is less significant due to intermixing. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that land use and rainfall patterns affected the water quality of LSWB 1, 2, and 3 by 53.49%, 81.62%, and 92.64%, respectively. This shows that land use, land cover, and rainfall changes affect the water quality of LSWBs. This study highlights the negative impact of runoff from agricultural land use as the main factor responsible for increased nutrient levels in the LSWBs.

Risk assessment and source analysis of trace elements in soils around county landfills in Tibet.

The ecology of the Qinghai‒Tibet Plateau is fragile, and the ecosystems in the region are difficult to remediate once damaged. Currently, landfilling is the mainstay of domestic waste disposal in China, and numerous, widely distributed county landfills exist. trace elements (TEs) in waste are gradually released with waste degradation and cannot be degraded in nature, affecting environmental quality and human health. To reduce the chance bias that exists in studies of individual landfills, we selected 11 representative county landfills in Tibet, total of 76 soil samples were collected, eight TEs (arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)) were determined, and analysed for the current status of pollution, risk to human health, and sources of TEs to explore the impact of the landfills. The results showed that only a few landfills had individual TEs exceeding the risk screening value of the Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination (GB 15618-2018) (pH > 7.5). Most of the soils around the landfills had moderate levels of pollution, but some individual landfills had higher levels, mainly due to Cd and Hg concentrations. Source analysis showed that Hg originated mainly from atmospheric transport; the other TEs came mainly from the weathering of soil parent material and bedrock. The potential risk from TEs to human health was low, and the risk to children was greater than the risk to adults. Among the three exposure routes, oral ingestion resulted in the highest carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic risk, with a contribution rate of more than 95%. Among the TEs, Ni had the highest carcinogenic risk, followed by Cr and As, and As had the highest noncarcinogenic risk.

Geoelectrical and seismoelectric mapping of subsurface pollution in a closed landfill near the Tongo Bassa and Ngongue river, Douala Cameroon

Located in Douala V (Cameroon), Makepé Missoké is a lowland area that is influenced by the Tongo Bassa and Ngongué rivers. The site has a closed dumpsite, that operated from the 1975’s to 2003 for the disposal and storage of domestic waste produced in Douala. Geoelectric profiling (ERT) coupled with seismo-electric imaging was used to characterize the shallow aquifer of the Douala subbasin and map subsurface pollution. Fourteen geoelectrical profiles were deployed between June and August 2018 and March 2019. Along these lines, 49 sets of seismo-electric point data were collected in December 2021. A total of 118 wells drilled (2018) were used to obtain water level and topographic data. The aquifer geometry, hydraulic characteristics, permeability, lithology and leachate plume extent were determined. This survey enables us to visualize waste infiltration and migration within Makepé. The drilled wells indicate that the main lithologies observed are clay, sandy clay, sand, clayey sand and gravel. The leachate plume observed after processing the electric profiles had a resistivity signature of ≤ 10 Ωm, and high electrical conductivity are observed in some wells. The leachate migrates within the subsurface along a northwest‒southwest trend, where ground water pollution is observed due to leachate infiltration. This infiltration resulted in poor water quality indices in some collected samples. Such pollution is common in unconfined aquifers (< 50 m) due to the absence of a confining layer at the landfill. An increase in resistivity values with depth toward the northeast direction indicates progressive vertical dilution during leachate mineralization. This study integrated geoelectric and seismo-electric tomography with basic water chemistry analysis to effectively characterize the groundwater within the phreatic Quaternary/Mio-Pliocene aquifers of the Douala basin.

Process system simulation of coupled pyrolysis disposal of domestic waste in coal-fired boiler and pilot study on dioxin emission

The disposal of domestic waste has become a critical and costly problem. Incineration for power generation is currently the primary domestic waste treatment method. Due to its small capacity and low parameters, domestic waste incineration is generally uneconomical and associated with significant risks to public health and environmental safety. The coal-fired power plants are generally characterized with huge capacity and high parameters, consequently resulting in much higher power generation efficiency with lower cost emission control. This indicates that co-disposal of domestic waste using existing coal-fired units may significantly reduce its treatment costs associated with the improvement of utilization efficiency and environmental risks. Base on this, a highly-flexible coupling of pyrolysis-pretreated solid waste in pulverized coal furnace is proposed in this paper, and field tests and numerical simulations have been carried out separately according to the process route. The results show that after coupling with pulverized coal boiler, domestic waste pyrolysis pretreatment unit can operate self-sustainably without external energy supply and the process route is feasible. Furthermore, the coupled co-combustion of domestic waste pyrolysis products and pulverized coal was simulated by fluent software. Compared with pure pulverized coal combustion, mixing domestic waste pyrolysis products can promote pulverized coal combustion in the furnace and help the pulverized coal boiler to burn stably at low load. The emission concentrations of NOx at the outlet of the furnace are 530 ppm, 545 ppm and 478 ppm respectively when pulverized coal is burned purely and mixed with 100 t/d and 200 t/d domestic waste. the NOx emissions could be reduced to a certain extent by mixing domestic waste. On the basis of previous research, the field test of coupling disposal of domestic waste by pulverized coal boiler was carried out, and the dioxin concentration in flue gas and fly ash was tested emphatically. The results show that when the amount of waste is less than 4 %, the concentration of dioxin in flue gas is 0.0107 ng TEQ/m3, which meets the latest emission standard of air pollutants in Shanghai coal-fired sludge power plant of 0.02 ng TEQ/m3. Low proportion of domestic waste will not increase the production and emission of dioxins. These studies show that it is feasible and promising to treat municipal solid waste with low coupling ratio by using existing coal-fired units.

Assessing Compliance with Domestic Waste Disposal Practices: Insights from Cagayan de Oro City

Background & Aim: Domestic waste, encompassing various types like food, recyclable, garden, and hazardous waste, poses significant challenges in rapidly urbanizing areas like Cagayan de Oro City. This study aimed to assess compliance with domestic waste disposal practices in a selected barangay, focusing on proper disposal, segregation, and reuse. Methods & Materials: A descriptive research design was employed to evaluate compliance with domestic waste disposal practices among Cagayan de Oro City barangay residents. Surveys were conducted with randomly selected respondents aged 20 to 65, covering waste disposal, segregation, and reuse. Stratified random sampling ensured proportional representation from various zones within the barangay, with a sample size of 349 respondents determined using Cochran's formula. Results: Significant differences were found in compliance based on age and gender, with middle-aged individuals and females showing higher levels, especially in reuse. Employment status significantly influenced compliance, with retirees and the unemployed exhibiting higher levels compared to employed. No significant differences were observed based on education, socio-economic status, or information source. Conclusion: Gender and employment significantly influenced compliance, with men showing greater disposal compliance and women demonstrating higher adherence to segregation and reuse. Age also played a notable role, particularly in influencing reuse practices. Targeted interventions considering these factors are essential for enhancing waste management strategies. Recommendation: Clinical practitioners should focus on tailored waste disposal programs to improve compliance with domestic waste disposal practices, emphasizing the importance of proper segregation, reuse, and disposal techniques to foster cleaner and healthier communities in rapidly urbanizing areas.

The effect of cadre–farmer relationship on farmers’ willingness to treat domestic waste: evidence from China

The construction of an ecologically livable rural environment requires treating rural domestic waste. Farmers, as key participants in rural domestic waste disposal, can improve the rural environment by disposing of domestic waste in an environmentally friendly manner. Few studies have examined the cadre–farmer relationship and its impact on rural waste pollution. Using a questionnaire survey of farmers in Shaanxi Province, China, this study estimates the effect of cadre–farmer relationship on their willingness to treat domestic waste. The findings indicate that a positive cadre–farmer relationship significantly increases farmers’ willingness to treat domestic waste. This positive relationship can also strengthen the positive effects of institutional rules on waste treatment willingness. Further mechanism analysis shows that a good cadre–farmer relationship mobilizes farmers to protect the environment and to comply with national ecological laws and regulations, enhancing their willingness to treat domestic waste. These findings enrich research on rural domestic waste management.

Quantification and valorization of compost derived from urban households’ waste in Bukavu City, Eastern D.R. Congo

This study focused on quantifying and valorizing domestic waste in Bukavu, a rapidly growing city in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). With increasing anthropogenic pressure, waste management has become a pressing issue, yet documentation in this area is still limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by providing comprehensive data on domestic waste generation, composition, and disposal practices in Bukavu city. Through field surveys and analysis, waste quantities and types were documented, revealing significant challenges in waste management infrastructure and practices. Additionally, the study explores opportunities for waste valorization, particularly through composting, given the region's agricultural potential and growing urban food demand. The findings revealed that ~ 5% of the domestic waste is biodegradable, with the majority consisting of metals and plastics. These wastes are predominantly used as livestock feed (10%), incinerated (66%), or buried (17%), with ~ 5% undergoing composting. Waste management is primarily handled by children (82%), with very few non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in such activities. Among the three composting methods evaluated, outputs from vermicomposting demonstrated superior qualities in terms of promoting crop growth, increasing yield, and achieving a high germination index. Overall, the application of composts improved plant growth and yield parameters of the two major legumes (common bean and soybean). Future interventions should explore the implementation of large-scale composting units at the household or citywide level, while also considering additional strategies to enhance the quality of the compost products. Such efforts are crucial in mitigating the environmental and health impacts of urban household waste and promoting sustainable practices in urban agriculture.

Status, Problems and Challenges of Kaduna South L.G.A Nigeria on the Solid Waste Management in Unguwan Sanusi

The rapid increase of people, booming budget, rapid urbanization, increase in marketable, agricultural and industrial events are the major reasons for the increase in generation of solid surplus. This paper will inspect the domestic waste management in Unguwan Sanusi, Kaduna South L.G.A Nigeria with the precise objectives which are, to identify the types of domestic waste produced, to identify the approaches of domestic surplus dumping in the study area, and to identify the challenges faced by the inhabitants resulting from waste. According to the findings of the field study, domestic waste management in Unguwan Sanusi area of Nigeria is the responsibility of both the government and private organizations because it affects both parties in some manner. The lack of adequate dumpsites provided by the relevant agencies appears to have an impact on domestic waste disposal techniques in the research area. The analysis was done and presented using, method of questionnaire where in 250 questionnaires were placed and 150 people responded. The data revealed that the respondents had a diverse range of socioeconomic characteristics. It also revealed that locals were dissatisfied with trash management procedures, with many of them being unaware of the body/agency in charge of waste management. For proper hardsurplus management, environmental teaching courses should be introduced in all levels in schools in Nigeria and an additional formal disposal site must also be provided which must be close to one another.

A cross-sectional study on sanitation and hygiene in rural villages in Southeastern Maharashtra: On our way to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal No. 6

Introduction: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-6 highlights the importance of clean water and sanitation. The Swachh Bharat Mission, a flagship program of the Government of India, aims at ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water, hygiene, and universal access to effective systems for disposing of waste, especially in rural areas; this, in turn, is of mammoth importance for achieving the SDG-6 by 2030. The present study was thus devised to determine the availability of sanitation facilities and assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding hygiene among residents of villages in Southeastern Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: This community-based study used a multistage sampling technique to select study participants. The duration of the study was one month. The study involved 1663 participants. A Marathi-translated version of the pretested questionnaire was used, which enquired about the socio-demographic details, availability of water and sanitation facilities along with questions to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding sanitary latrines, use of footwear, hand washing, and domestic waste disposal. Association of socio-demographic profile with different parameters assessed in the questionnaire was assessed using SPSS software (version 26.0); results were considered significant if p<0.05. Results: The study involved 1663 participants with a mean age of 36.7 years, (SD=12.9 years). Water was available to all the households. All the villages had an open drainage system. Sanitation facilities were lacking in 23 households. Open-air defecation was practiced in 6.9% of the households. All the family members used footwear while going out in 68% of the households. Hand-washing was practiced by 43% of the population. Sixty-nine percent of the study participants disposed of domestic waste in the garbage pits dug in their backyard which was later burnt, whereas 31% disposed of in the surrounding premises. Conclusion: Open defecation still exists. The awareness regarding sanitation, footwear use, hand washing, and domestic waste disposal was better among literate participants. With just a few years left to the 2030 deadline to achieve the SDGs, we must inject a sense of urgency and immediately accelerate our actions at the individual and community levels.

Spatio-temporal evaluation of the impact of anthropogenic stressors on physico-chemical characteristics and water quality of the River Ganga using GIS-based approach in the middle Gangetic Plains at Patna, Bihar, India.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of anthropogenic stressors on the physico-chemical characteristics and water quality of the River Ganga employing a GIS-based approach in the middle Gangetic Plain at Patna, India. After the survey, sand mining, bridge construction, and disposal of untreated domestic and sewage wastes were selected as major anthropogenic stressors. A total of 48 samples were collected in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and were analyzed for 16 physico-chemical parameters, namely water temperature (WT), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl- and SO42- ions, following standard protocols. The WQI was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAQWI) method and spatial maps were created using ArcGIS software. The result revealed significant seasonal variation in several physico- chemical parameters except for Ca2+, K+ and TA (p > 0.05). ANOVA revealed significant variation for BOD and COD at Ghagha and Triveni, whereas for nitrate at Gai Ghat reference and impact sites, respectively. The Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed a deterioration in water quality by 60% in post-monsoon season. HCA revealed that the WQI was mostly governed by TDS, TH, TA, and EC.

Dampak Adanya Pertumbuhan Eceng Gondok dalam Skala Besar Terhadap Ekosistem di Kawasan Danau Toba

Lake Toba, as one of Indonesia's natural wonders, is experiencing serious challenges related to environmental damage and water pollution caused by the large-scale growth of water hyacinth. The growth of water hyacinth is the result of irresponsible human activities, such as the disposal of domestic, industrial, agricultural and other waste that enriches nutrients in lakes. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of large-scale water hyacinth growth in Lake Toba on the lake ecosystem. By using B.F.'s behavioral theory. Skinner as a framework, this research identifies human behaviors that contribute to water hyacinth growth and evaluates interventions that may be needed to address this problem. The research method used is library and literature study, with behavioral theory analysis to understand the relationship between stimulus and response in the context of water hyacinth growth. The research results show that human behavior, such as waste disposal and daily activities, plays an important role in the growth of water hyacinth in Lake Toba. The negative impacts of growing water hyacinth include decreasing water quality, increasing nutrient content, and disturbing animal life in the lake. By better understanding the factors that influence the growth of water hyacinth and its impacts, it is hoped that more effective interventions can be designed to maintain the sustainability of the Lake Toba ecosystem.

Analysis of sustainable water resource management and driving mechanism in arid region: a case study of Xinjiang, China, from 2005 to 2020.

The long-term dynamic comprehensive evaluation of the water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) and the analysis of its potential driving mechanism in arid areas are contemporary research issues and technical means of mitigating and coordinating the conflict between severe resource shortages and human needs. The purpose of this study was to explore the distribution of the WRCC and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of drivers in arid areas based on an improved two-dimensional spatiotemporal dynamic evaluation model. The results show that (1) the spatial distribution of the WRCC in Xinjiang, China, is high in the north, low in the south, high in the west, and low in the east. (2) From 2005 to 2020, the centers of gravity of the WRCC in northern and southern Xinjiang moved to the southeast and west, respectively, and the spatial distribution exhibited slight diffusion. (3) The factors influencing the WRCC exhibit more obvious spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The domestic waste disposal rate and ecological water use rate were the main factors influencing the WRCC in the early stage, while the GDP per capita gradually played a dominant role in the later stage. (4) In the next 30 years, the WRCC in Xinjiang will increase. The results provide a theoretical reference for the sustainable development of water resources in arid areas.

An integrated study of water quality in the Ganol River Basin, India: Application of hydro‐chemical, multivariate statistical, and water quality index techniques

AbstractThe Ganol River, a vital water source for Meghalaya, India, faces significant environmental degradation due to human activities, primarily the improper disposal of domestic and commercial wastes. This study aims to assess the current water quality of the Ganol River through hydro‐chemical analysis, multivariate statistical methods, and Water Quality Index (WQI) analysis. Over a span of 6 years (2014–2020), monthly water samples were collected from ten source points or stations along the river. The findings revealed that some environmental variables had mean values below the standard limit, while others, notably dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity, had higher values. The Pearson correlation coefficients was used to establish the closeness or relationship within and between physico‐chemical characteristics, with some displaying strong positive connections and others showing moderate to negative correlations. The study identified several key environmental contaminants, including conductivity, BOD, COD, TSS, D.O, chloride, TDS, sulphate, hardness, calcium, magnesium, potassium, fecal coliform, and total coliform, based on their highest factor loading values. Such contaminants are significantly impacting aquatic life and the overall ecosystem of the Ganol River. Moreover, the Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment indicated a continuous decline annually in the water quality of the Ganol River. This decline poses a severe threat to the river's sustainability and the well‐being of the communities relying on it for various purposes.

Oil and Grease Contamination of Raw Water for Drinking Purposes in Karawang Regency, Indonesia

Raw water for drinking purposes in Karawang Regency has been taken from irrigation canals where the water comes from one of the most polluted rivers in the world, the Citarum River. In addition, domestic waste disposal in irrigation canals increases the threat of pollution load enhancement, especially oil and grease. The current study aims to identify oil and grease contamination in raw water for drinking purposes along irrigation canals throughout Karawang Regency. A total of 33 composite samples were taken along the irrigation canals (50 km) in Karawang Regency and analyzed using the gravimetric method, following Indonesian National Standard No. 03-7016-2004 and APHA-AWWA and WEF No. 5520F. In the current study, the presence of Cr6+, Hg, As, Cd and Pb in all water samples was also identified using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results showed that oil and grease levels in 21 of 33 samples exceeded the quality standards regulated in Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22/2021, with 1.20-162.80 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L, respectively. It indicated that the water has decreased in quality and cannot be directly used as raw water for drinking purposes. Meanwhile, heavy metals were found in low concentrations, almost undetectable along the waters.

Removal of Copper (II) from Mining Waste Water by Adsorption onto Activated Carbons Produced from Hazelnut Shell

Mining wastewater is one of the most important environmental problems today because of the heavy metal ions they contain. Wastewaters containing heavy metal pollution are generally acidic waters with low BOI (Biochemical oxygen demand) value. Various processes such as mineral processing waste disposal, illegal mining, domestic waste disposal, and others result in the release of heavy metals into the waters. One of the heavy metals that cause problems in terms of environmental pollution is copper. Copper metal is commonly found in metal and metal plating industry wastewater. Although metal industry wastewater is low in quantity, they are toxic waste. For this reason, industrial wastewater must be treated before being discharged into the receiving environment. In this study, the amount of Cu in wastewater of the mining operation in Gümüşhane was determined. Heavy metal pollution was eliminated with an adsorbent produced from agricultural biowaste. It has been tried to determine the amount of adsorbent, contact time, and treatment efficiency of wastewater at different pHs of activated carbon produced by chemical activation. As a result, an average of 88.7% efficiency was obtained with activated carbon activated with KOH, while 22,4% copper removal efficiencies were obtained with raw material (hazelnut shell) used without activation. It was determined that the appropriate working pH was 5,0; the amount of adsorbent was 0.05 g and Qmax 121,2. As a result, in this study, very low-cost adsorbents were produced using waste hazelnut shells, and a biotechnological approach was proposed to clean copper-containing wastewater.

Assessment of Groundwater Contamination in the Southeastern Coast of Brazil: A Potential Threat to Human Health in Marica Municipality

Groundwater pollution is a current issue that may result in considerable negative effects on human health and the ecological balance. In the present study, the authors evaluated pollutants in groundwater in Maricá Municipality, located on the east side of Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil. The evaluated parameters were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Eh, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, nitrates, dissolved organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, phosphates, and total and thermotolerant coliforms. Due to the large number of evaluated points, they were divided into zones according to the respective hydrographic basin. The local accelerated urbanization accompanying income from oil production has led to uncontrolled population growth and associated groundwater pollution. The results of the present study suggest that sewage pollution of Maricá groundwater is already a significant issue. The lack of investment in basic sanitation has led to an imbalance in the local groundwater reservoir. In certain locations of the municipality, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrient, and bacteria concentrations increase and spread in the aquifers because of domestic waste disposal. As aquifers are the main source of freshwater for the residents, contamination of them represents a potential threat to local public health.