Chemical Disposal Research Articles

Do safety data sheets (SDS) provide specific information pertaining to environmentally safe disposal methods for chemical wastes? A preliminary viewpoint with special reference to highly toxic and genotoxic chemicals used in biomedical laboratories.

Safety data sheets (SDS) of chemicals are not only a key component of hazard/s communication in workplaces, but also furnish information on safe disposal of the waste chemicals. However, the question is do SDS furnish specific information regarding environmentally safe disposal of wastes? Therefore, this paper provides an appraisal on specific in-situ pre-treatment (where applicable) and environmentally acceptable disposal practices described in the SDS of selected toxic and genotoxic chemicals used in biomedical laboratories. A total of 21 SDS were reviewed, but only 19% of the SDS recommended high-temperature incineration of the waste chemicals after dissolution in a combustible solvent. None of the SDS described disposal options available for contaminated packaging. There is a necessity for chemical manufacturers to provide specific and reliable details on disposal options in the SDS and users need to be cautious when consulting SDS to formulate hazardous waste management plans.

Impact of Improper Waste Disposal on Surface and Ground Water

Pollution in water occurs when harmful substance (often chemicals or biological) contaminate streams, river, lakes, oceans or other bodies of water, degrading water quality and rendering it unhealthy to humans, animal and the environment. The widespread problem of water pollution is jeopardizing our health. Water pathogens, in form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal waste, are a major reason of illness from contaminated drinking water. Owing to the improper treatment facilities, waste is often discharged into the surface and ground water sources. Water bacteria can be limited by recycling used plastic, standard disposal of chemicals, oils or non-biodegradable items and proper collection and transportation of solid waste to a processed disposal site. In addition, waste water should be treated properly to prevent adverse health risk of the user of both surface water and ground water in the aquatic ecosystems.

Composition and Characteristics of Faecal Sludge from Various Onsite Pit Technologies and User Categories in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This study investigates the composition and characteristics of faecal sludge (FS) from different pit technologies (cesspits, pit latrines, septic tanks) and user categories (commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, with a view for informed treatment and resource recovery strategies. FS samples exhibited varying concentrations of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total solids (TS), and volatile solids (VS), COD and nutrients. pH values ranged from 2.83 to 8.41, with no statistically significant differences based on pit technology type or user category. However, the extremely low pH observed in samples from industrial pits suggests possible disposal of industrial chemicals in these sanitation systems. EC levels were notably higher in pit latrines and residential areas, likely due to waste disposal practices in homes, with concentrations 3-5 times above regulatory limits, raising concerns about their impact on treatment effectiveness and re-use potential. TS and VS concentrations also varied, with cesspits showing the highest TS levels and pit latrines exhibiting higher VS, indicating fresher sludge and potential for biogas production, as reflected by a VS/TS ratio ranging from 53.32% to 70.42%. Nutrient analysis revealed elevated levels of phosphate, nitrate and ammonia, particularly in pit latrines and residential pits, highlighting both resource recovery opportunities and challenges for treatment processes. While FS generally fell into the dilute category (TS < 3%), the high concentrations of other parameters underscore the need for a larger treatment footprint per unit volume of FS. The VS/TS ratio suggests that FS is not fully stabilized, indicating potential for further degradation and resource recovery. Additionally, the characteristics of FS suggest potential opportunities for deriving fertilizer and solid fuel. However, ensuring the hygiene of the sludge is crucial for its safe use, particularly in agricultural applications, and further studies are needed to confirm its sanitation.

EU의 표준화정책과 기준·인증제도에 관한 연구

Purpose: This paper presents implications determined by analyzing the process in which the EU standardization system has been formed, and by analyzing the characteristics and problems of the EU’s standards and certification system. Research design, data, and methodology: Preceding studies of the EU standardization policy and the standards and certification system were analyzed. Results: T he EU’s s tandardization r egulations s ubmitted t o t he W TO a re s tandards a nd certification rules that check whether environmental requirements are met in relation to the manufacture, use, and disposal of chemicals, automobiles, and electronic products, as well as for food safety and labeling, automobile safety and formal approval, and household goods. Conclusions: From Korea’s perspective, it is first necessary to clearly understand international standards, the EU’s standards, and its certification system for each item exported to the EU, and to have an overall support system in place to respond immediately to changes in the EU market by paying close attention to changes in related rules. Second, it is necessary to respond quickly to changes in the UK’s standardization policy. Third, government support should be strengthened to revitalize the private industry standardization system and to harmonize it with national standards. Finally, we need to develop high-tech, next-generation international standards to strengthen manufacturing industries that meet global standards, and to preemptively respond to new trade environments.

Sustainable pharma: The need, current status and mission for the future

''Good health and well-being" (SDG3) is one of the 17 integrated sustainable development goals (SDG) adopted by the United Nations in 2015. When it comes to health and well-being, pharmaceuticals play a vital role. Pharmaceutical waste and contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) produced during the manufacturing, supply, usage and disposal of drugs, chemicals and personal care products can significantly affect the environment. Some serious global problems have been attributed, at least partly, to the prevalent practices in this sector. With increased awareness, regulations and corporate environmental responsibility, the pharmaceutical industry is making efforts toward sustainability through measures like green production, green technology, improved supply chains, collaborations and strategic partnerships. However, the need is still felt for additional measures to be incorporated into the practice like a circular economy, based on the 4Rs (reduce, recycle, reuse, recover); Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be used to recognise the best way to obtain maximum yield with minimum cost from available resources in an environment-friendly manner for the benefit of society; encouraging the use of renewable energy and promoting research focused on environmental supportive and profitable measures. The journey towards sustainable pharma is complex and requires collaboration across the entire value chain from all the stakeholders, but the benefits to society, the environment and the industry are profound and far-reaching.

Graphite-Catalyzed Electro-Oxidation of Hydrazine Derivatives Using Sodium Chloride under Green and Sustainable Chemistry

The development of efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts for the electro-oxidation of hydrazine derivatives is of great importance in various industrial applications. In this study, we report the utilization of graphite-based catalysts for the electro-oxidation of hydrazine derivatives, using sodium chloride as a green and sustainable chemical approach. Graphite, a two-dimensional carbon material with exceptional properties, offers numerous advantages as a catalyst, including its high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. These characteristics make graphite an ideal candidate for promoting electrochemical reactions. Sodium chloride (NaCl), a readily available and cost-effective salt, serves as a green alternative to traditional oxidants used in hydrazine oxidation processes. By replacing conventional oxidizing agents with NaCl, we aim to reduce the environmental impact associated with the production and disposal of hazardous chemicals. This process enables the transformation of the HN-NH bond within hydrazines, leading to the formation of azo compounds (N = N). Azo compounds are important organic molecules with diverse applications in organic synthesis. This novel approach has successfully showcased the efficacy of utilizing various azo compounds in 13 different examples, yielding excellent or moderate to good results. The method capitalizes on electricity as the final oxidizing agent, providing an environmentally friendly oxidation strategy. Its high efficiency and gentle reaction conditions make this technique valuable for synthesizing azo derivatives, even when working with hydrazines containing diverse functional groups, resulting in yields ranging from moderate to excellent. Through systematic experiments, we evaluated the catalytic performance of graphite-based catalysts in the electro-oxidation of hydrazine derivatives. The catalysts demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity due to their efficient conversion of hydrazine derivatives into desired products. Moreover, the system exhibited good stability and recyclability, suggesting its suitability for practical applications.

Training on making handicrafts from natural materials and plastic waste for child activists and educators

Ecobrick and ecoprint are one of several solutions that can be used to reduce plastic waste through making crafts resembling stone blocks and synthetic dyes. The aims of the training on handicrafts of natural materials and plastic waste are participant can understand the content and purpose of this webinar, able to provide an evaluation for the entire webinar activity as part of the role of humans who are the crown of God's creation in carrying out cultural mandates, able to increase commitment participants in contributing to share this webinar activity with the public, and also to participate in supporting the SDGs program especially on minimizing the disposal of chemicals and hazardous materials and increasing recycling such as recycling single-use plastics into Ecobricks. Activities are carried out in five stages, observation and problem identification, preparation, work, webinar, and evaluation. The analysis method used is descriptive quantitative. The evaluation results were given to participants after the event and calculated using Ms. Excel. The evaluation is carried out by providing nine questions that will be answered by training participants. The results of the evaluation show that participants become more educated about the use of natural materials and used plastics to be used as handicrafts. The results were 5% neutral answers, 25% answered affirmatively, and 70% answered strongly agreed about the success of the activity.

An EAACI review: Go green in health care and research. Practical suggestions for sustainability in clinical practice, laboratories, and scientific meetings.

Health care professionals (HCPs) and researchers in the health care sector dedicate their professional life to maintaining and optimizing the health of their patients. To achieve this, significant amounts of resources are used and currently it is estimated that the health care sector contributes to more than 4% of net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. GHG emissions adversely impact planetary health and consequently human health, as the two are intricately linked. There are many factors of health care that contribute to these emissions. Hospitals and research labs also use high amounts of consumables which require large amounts of raw materials and energy to produce. They are further responsible for polluting the environment via disposal of plastics, drug products, and other chemicals. To maintain and develop state-of-the-art best practices and treatments, medical experts exchange and update their knowledge on methods and technologies in the respective fields at highly specialized scientific meetings. These meetings necessitate thousands of attendants traveling around the globe. Therefore, while the goal of HCPs is to care for the individual, current practices have an enormous (indirect) impact on the health of the patients by their negative environmental impacts. There is an urgent need for HCPs and researchers to mitigate these detrimental effects. The installation of a sustainability-manager at health care facilities and research organizations to implement sustainable practices while still providing quality health care is desirable. Increased use of telemedicine, virtual/hybrid conferences and green chemistry have recently been observed. The benefits of these practices need to be evaluated and implemented as appropriate. With this manuscript, we aim to increase the awareness about the negative impacts of the health care system (including health care research) on planetary and human health. We suggest some easy and highly impactful steps and encourage health care professionals and research scientists of all hierarchical levels to immediately implement them in their professional as well as private life to counteract the health care sector's detrimental effects on the environment.

Current status of biomedical waste management practices and barriers among private Jordanian dental clinics: A cross-sectional investigation of the capital Amman.

Biomedical waste management (BMWM) is vital in facilitating safe providing of healthcare. Developing countries suffer from the impact of mishandled biomedical waste (BMW) on the general public in addition to healthcare practitioners. Thus, this study aims to investigate the awareness and compliance of dental facilities to BMW regulations. Through a questionnaire designed as per the WHO guidelines on BMWM, we randomly recruited a total of 421 dental facilities representative of Jordan's capital. Mean BMWM practice scores were relatively high for the studied sample (0.748 ± 0.12). Nonetheless, while collection, transportation and storage standards were acceptable, those pertaining to segregation and disposal demonstrated lack of compliance to BMWM safety measures. An alarming number of participants dispose of infectious waste (40%), extracted teeth (48.5%), expired pharmaceuticals (44.4%), liquid chemicals (53.2%), X-ray films (35.0%) and solutions (48.7%) in the general trash or draining system. Such is attributed to either lack of resources, lack of proper equipment or poor awareness with BMWM guidelines. Moreover, it appears that location of the clinic (p < 0.001), occupation (p = 0.026) and presence of regulatory instructions (p = 0.048) were associated with higher BMWM scores. Overall, dental practitioners require proper training in terms of handling hazardous dental, chemical and radioactive wastes. Moreover, regulatory bodies should actively enforce regulations and monitoring, update current compliance legislations and subsidize eco-friendly practices.

ADVANTAGEOUS OF BENEFICIAL MICROBES FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF ADULTERATED GLOBAL-CULTIVATED SOILS

The soil is one of the most valuable resources since it forms the foundation for many important life processes and ecosystem purposes. Worldwide, soil pollution is a result of human activities that are not sustainable, such as the use of dangerous inorganic chemicals. The mining, production, transportation, end-user use, disposal, and accidental discharge of chemicals all contribute to soil contamination, which in turn jeopardizes human life, livestock, wildlife, and entire ecosystems. Purifying and decontaminating soil with conventional procedures is labor-intensive and time-consuming and can modify the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Furthermore, they do not always ensure that all impurities are eliminated. Sustainable and cutting-edge technology has developed over the last few decades. Biological soil remediation solutions, also known as soft remediation options, are being developed to integrate, namely efficient removal of soil contaminants, mitigation of soil ecotoxicity, and reduction of legally and ethically mandated hazards to the environment and human health. Soil remediation methods should not only repair soil health and provide necessary system services but also reduce noxious waste concentrations in the soil to below regulatory limits. The microorganisms have shown promise in the clean-up of soils contaminated with radioactive contaminants, heavy metals, chemical fertilizers in excess, trichlorethylene, trinitrotoluene, herbicides such as atrazine, and organophosphates. The cost of cleaning up environmental pollutants with eco-friendly technology is inexpensive when compared to other approaches, including conventional ones. The focus of the current manuscript is on using beneficial bacteria to clean up polluted farmland to ensure the longevity of the subsequent generation.

Issues of normative-legal regulation of chemical and biological security provision

The issues of regulatory regulation of chemical and biological safety are important and relevant at the present stage of development of society. They are related to the regulation of the use of chemical and biological substances in various fields of activity, such as industry, healthcare, agriculture and others. Safety problems in the use of chemicals are becoming particularly relevant due to the increase in the volume and variety of chemical products, as well as the desire to reduce costs in its production. Chemicals can be dangerous to humans and the environment, so strict safety rules and regulations are required that regulate the storage, transportation, use and disposal of chemicals. In turn, the issues of biological safety are becoming more and more relevant in the light of the development of biotechnologies and the use of biological substances in medicine and agriculture. Regulation of the use of biological substances requires significant costs and the introduction of appropriate rules and regulations in various industries. Thus, the issues of regulatory regulation of chemical and biological safety are relevant at the present stage and require constant attention from the state, manufacturers and the public as a whole.

Emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment: phytoplankton structure in the presence of sulfamethoxazole and diclofenac.

Chemicals from anthropogenic activities such as domestic sewage, pesticide leaching, and improper chemical disposal have caused groundwater contamination. The presence of these emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment can change water quality and biota composition. Thus, this study investigates the effect of two emerging contaminants, anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), on the aquatic environment, evaluating the phytoplankton community structure. A microcosm experiment was conducted with 16 sampling units, each one with 500 mL of water sample containing phytoplankton exposed to these drugs at different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg L-1). The experiment lasted 15 days, and samples were collected on days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 14 to evaluate the phytoplankton community, the concentrations of the drugs, and the nutrients in the samples. Six phytoplankton groups were identified, and diatoms and green algae were the most diverse and abundant groups. For the entire community, we identified differences between the days of the experiment, varying in the diversity and density of organisms, but not between the concentrations of the two drugs. Evaluating the groups separately, we identified differences in the abundance of cyanobacteria for the treatment with diclofenac and desmids for the treatment with sulfamethoxazole. We demonstrated that the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems can somehow affect the phytoplankton community, especially the diversity and abundance of cyanobacteria and desmids. Therefore, our study indicates the importance of evaluating the presence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems and their influence on aquatic organisms, as well as pharmaceuticals may be changing the structure of the aquatic environment.

Metal organic frameworks as promising sensing tools for electrochemical detection of persistent heavy metal ions from water matrices: A concise review

Water bodies are being polluted rapidly by disposal of toxic chemicals with their huge entrance into drinking water supply chain. Among these pollutants, heavy metal ions (HMIs) are the most challenging one due to their non-biodegradability, toxicity, and ability to biologically hoard in ecological systems, thus posing a foremost danger to human health. This can be addressed by robust, sensitive, selective, and reliable sensing of metal ions which can be achieved by Metal organic frameworks (MOF) based electrochemical sensors. In the present era, MOFs have caught greater interest in a variety of applications including sensing of hazardous pollutants such as heavy metal ions. So, in this review article, types, synthesis and working mechanism of MOF based sensors is explained to give general overview with updated literature. First time, detailed study is done for sensing of metal ions such as chromium, mercury, zinc, copper, manganese, palladium, lead, iron, cadmium and lanthanide by MOFs based electrochemical sensors. The use of MOFs as electrochemical sensors has attractive success story along with some challenges of the area. Considering these challenges, we attempted to highlight the milestone achieved and shortcomings along with future prospective of the MOFs for employing it in electrochemical sensing devices for HMIs. Finally, challenges and future prospects have been discussed to promote the development of MOFs-based sensors in future.

Experimental Data on Solubility of the Two Calcium Sulfates Gypsum and Anhydrite in Aqueous Solutions

Calcium sulfate exists in three forms, namely dihydrate or gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), anhydrite (CaSO4), and hemihydrate or bassanite (CaSO4·0.5H2O) depending on temperature, pressure, pH, and formation conditions. The formation of calcium sulfates occurs widely in nature and in many engineering settings. Herein, a dataset containing the experimental solubility data of calcium sulfate minerals, i.e., gypsum and anhydrite, in aqueous solutions is presented. The compiled dataset contains calcium sulfates solubility values extracted from 42 papers published between 1906 and 2019. The dataset can be used for various scientific and engineering purposes such as environmental applications (e.g., gas treatment, wastewater treatment, and chemical disposal), geotechnical applications (e.g., clay-sulfate rock swelling), separation processes (e.g., crystallization, extractive distillation, and seawater desalination), and electrochemical processes (e.g., corrosion and electrolysis).

A Type‐II Heterostructure with a KBiFe2O5 Brownmillerite Core and a ZnO Nanoparticle Shell for Enhanced Optoelectronic Performance

AbstractWe formed a core‐shell heterostructure with a brownmillerite multiferroic KBiFe2O5 core and a wurtzite ZnO nanoparticle shell by sol‐gel technique. The KBiFe2O5 behaves as a p‐type semiconductor when coupled with n‐type ZnO nanoparticles. The heterostructure and the individual materials were characterized by various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. From scanning tunneling spectroscopy and correspondingly the density of states spectra, we locate the band edges to infer the nature of the individual semiconductors. The energy level diagram of the heterostructure shows the type‐II band alignment at the interface, which facilitates charge separation upon illumination. In consequence, the heterostructure reveals a better degradation yield (82.5 %) of methylene blue under sunlight and photovoltaic response compared to the individual semiconductors. The ZnO nanoparticle shell plays an important role in enhancing catalytically active sites including photogenerated charge carriers to disintegrate chemical disposal from the wastewater. All oxide heterostructures thus provide a perfect combination to maximize solar light absorption, including improved charge carrier separation at the junction by appropriate core‐shell interface band alignment.

New line-source solution and scaling relations for diffusive leakage of brine from an infinite aquifer-caprock composite domain during geological storage of CO2

Diffusive leakage of heat or chemical species from the storage layers is ubiquitous in engineering systems. Understanding the measure of diffusive fields around the target layer may be used to better design a prospective engineering system and characterize anomalies in the observed pressure, chemicals, and temperature. We report a novel analytical solution to a widely occurring yet unsolved diffusion type problem where a storage layer with a line-source at the inner boundary is embedded in an infinite medium. The analytical difficulty posed by two-dimensional flow and mutual interaction between surrounding formations and storage layer is handled by successively applying Hankel and Laplace transforms. The obtained solution was verified analytically and compared with the classical Theis solution. Afterwards, we focus our discussion around CO2 storage problem and analyze the pressure perturbation behavior, temporally and spatially, to identify the degree of dependency of model parameters. We identify that the diffusive leakage rate scales with the square root of nondimensional time. The distance to the maximum local radial leakage (Rmax) is found to be nonvariant to the model parameters and scales with the square root of the nondimensional time. It was found that more than 99% of the total leakage takes place within 5Rmax radius from the injection point. We also identify a simple scaling relation for the leakage-influenced radius as Rinf≈4.34td. The presented solution and scaling relation will find their usefulness in numerous diffusive problems such as CO2 and waste chemical disposal in deep geological formations and enhanced geothermal energy extraction.

The hazards, treatment measures and sustainable development of electronic waste

The faster upgrading and the rising consumer’s demand for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) results in an ever-increasing number of waste electrical and electronic items (WEEE), which became a severe pollution problem at both local and global scales. This paper presents the current six categories of EEE that are widely used for electronic waste (E-waste) management worldwide and the major component of E-waste: non-hazardous materials, heavy metal, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). To learn about E-waste’s negative impacts on both environment and the human body, this paper will show the specific polluting route in air, water, and soil. Those pollutants would affect the environment through burning and directly released into the air, penetrating and leaking into water and soil. The polluted environment and the poor sanitary conditions will further destroy people’s health. This paper shows and summarizes the development of current E-waste management, from direct landfill to chemical disposal, to today’s eco-friendly way--bioleaching. Future E-waste disposal technology needs to become more environmentally friendly and more efficient for reusable material recovery. Therefore, we hope that E-waste management can closely connect with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We need to apply SDGs into every aspect of E-waste management, which can significantly reduce the adverse effects of E-waste and be beneficial for the electronic industry.

Pesticide handling and waste management: a case study on DDT and HCHs from the Southern Caucasus

This study presents a survey on pesticide use, pesticide storage and pesticide disposal among 100 residents near a former pesticide store in rural Georgia using a standardized paper questionnaire. More than one quarter of the participants responded that the age of the pesticides they use is higher than 20 years. Based on this finding, it cannot be excluded that persistent organic pollutants like Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexanes still are released to the environment. Knowledge about active ingredients of pesticides is lacking among farmers: More than two thirds state that they know the active ingredients, while less than 10% mention an active ingredient matching the brand name they report. Purchasing pesticides in containers without labels appears to be common practice. Information about the pesticides is mainly obtained from the pesticide retailer, while the label is less important as a source of information. More than 95% of the participants store the pesticides in a separate store, but appropriate possibilities of hazardous waste disposal seem to be insufficient in rural areas in the region. The finding that pesticides are purchased and stored in repacked secondary containers, poses direct risks and hampers communication of risks to users. Improving (implementation of) regulations for pesticide handling and strengthening local knowledge through better vocational training can improve soil and groundwater protection and sustainable use of resources.Article highlightsOne of the main findings is that residents report using the pesticides for a long time. Not only are the pesticides used way longer than they may remain suitable for use, but also the pesticides could be dating from before international legislation entered into force which was set up to protect from long-lived organic pollutants (the Stockholm Convention). Our results show that often pesticides are repacked and stored in alternative containers such as plastic containers for detergents. This means users cannot find important information on how to use pesticides safely on these alternative containers. The label cannot be used as a source of information for example regarding health risks. This may lead to poisoning of users.In Georgia, the transition process results in poor implementation of environmental regulations such as laws about waste management. The results show that educational level has a positive influence on choosing safe storage options such as a separate store. The results indicate that especially in rural areas possibilities of proper disposal of old pesticides or other dangerous chemicals are poor. This has implications for the health of residents.Efforts to better implement environmental regulations should be strengthened especially in rural areas to overcome the legacy of long-lived pesticides which are now banned. Old pesticides might still be in use because they are difficult to dispose of safely.

Evaluating the electrochemical detection of nitrite using a platinum nanoparticle coated jute carbon modified glassy carbon electrode and voltametric analysis

Abnormally high NO2− levels from the excessive use and in appropriate disposal of high nitrogen content chemicals can disrupt the natural ecosystem, leading to cancer and other fatal diseases in animals and humans. Hence, it is imperative to develop a reliable NO2−sensor for monitoring nitrite levels in aqueous systems. In this work, a non-enzymatic electrochemical nitrite (NO2−) sensor has been developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with Pt nanoparticle (PtNP) coated carboxylated activated jute carbon (PtNP_CAJC/GCE). The carboxylated activated jute carbon material was achieved using a thermochemical synthesis pathway, while the PtNP coating was prepared via an ultrasonication pathway. The important feature of this work was to understand the electron transfer mechanism of NO2− using electrocatalysis. The electrochemical probe, PtNP_CAJC/GCE, was tested for the amperometric detection of NO2− in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 under ambient conditions. NO2− sensing on the surface of the electrocatalyst was found to follow a two-electron transfer process and the second electron transfer was the rate-determining step. A computational CV simulation was carried out based on the evaluated kinetic parameters. In addition to the superior stability observed on repeated use and storage, the probe demonstrated excellent efficacy in detecting the NO2− over a wide linear range (4.99 μM−4.23 mM) with high selectivity in the presence of common interfering additives. The PtNP_CAJC/GCE probe was successfully tested for the detection of NO2− in real samples, viz., tap water employing an amperometric method.

A pore‐scale investigation for recovering adsorptive capacity of activated carbon fibre felt using electrothermal desorption combined with ozonization in‐situ degradation method

AbstractPorous activated carbon fibre (ACF) materials, as a recycled absorbent, have been widely applied in the harmless disposal of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). In order to reduce the energy consumption of cyclic regeneration process and avoid second pollution of high concentration VOCs, there is an urgent need to develop a synergistic regeneration method to recover the adsorptive capacity of ACF and achieve the in‐situ degradation of VOCs simultaneously. Due to the outstanding oxidation performance of ozone, ozonization was used to degrade VOCs adsorbed by absorbent materials and has a potential advantage in combination with the traditional electrothermal desorption technology. In this work, a three‐dimensional pore‐scale lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is established to solve the convective heat and mass transfer processes considering the desorption and ozonization effects. Using this numerical model, a pore‐scale simulation is performed to investigate the reactive and desorptive transport behaviours in the reconstructed pore structure of ACF felt, which is regenerated using the electrothermal desorption process combined with the ozonization degradation method. The simulation works reveal the effects of key operation parameters on the desorption and degradation mechanisms into the pores of ACF felt during this combined regeneration process. The numerical results show that the flow velocity of carrier gas plays an important role on the performance of the combined regeneration process. The approach of reducing the carrier gas velocity would obviously improve the degradation ratio of VOC and the efficiency of the combined regeneration process.