Disposal Area Research Articles

A System Dynamic Model to Estimate Leachate and Biogas Production in MSW Irregular Disposal Areas Aided by Digital Terrain Model

Interactions between several parameters to estimate leachate and biogas production are very complex especially in irregular disposal areas without operational control and with few climate information. Nevertheless, the modeling challenges can be overcome using a System Dynamics (SD) approach that allows measure long term dynamics of a complex system. The proposed model is based upon a computer simulation to understand circular causality among soil water balance model and modified first-order decay methane generation aided by MSW landfilled volume calculation from Digital Terrain Model. The leachate accumulated is considered as targets for the calibration and validation. A model test run demonstrated that measured and calculated values of the leachate flow rate, applied in Volta Redonda’s uncontrolled landfill (Brazil) with a spatial resolution of 4,3 cm, were similar (RMSE = 0.10013 and SD = 0.0994). The SD model fitted with higher accuracy with the real data, indicating differences less than 8% for leachate production. After landfill methane generation parameters translating among first-order decay model it was found k = 0.28 1/yr and the L₀ = 62,18 (m³ CH₄/ton waste). The obtained result were compared to the LandGEM modified model results and shows that the proposed method was capable of predicting the final productivity without overestimating the methane yield and was also able to capture the system behavior.

Assessment of the Tannery Wastes Impact in the Soil Properties of the disposal site In Sudan

The present study aims to examine chemical characteristics and heavy metal of tannery wastewater and sludge and to assess their influences on alterations in soil properties of disposal areas in terms of degree of heavy metal contamination and soil solution. Result revealed that soil layers exhibit greater values of soluble cations, anions, and electrical conductivity in tannery wastewater, sludge. Unlimited fluctuation in concentrations of heavy metals in soil profile was detected. Depending on estimated contamination factor (CF) and enrichment factor (EF), soil samples were found to be enriched and polluted with chromium. Simple correlation analysis showed significant progress between heavy metals and soil solution composition parameters. This proposes that both wastewater and sludge of tannery activities are accountable for altering properties of soil solution in term of chemistry and metal toxicity inducement into the soil atmosphere. Accordingly, tannery effluents, wastes, and sludge should not be allowed to be disposed into the environment without proper treatments.

Tribological performance of thermally sprayed Ni-Cr2O3 and Ni-Al2O3 coatings on pipeline steel using Taguchi’s approach

Abstract Slurry transportation systems are widely used as the transportation of solid materials such as coal to thermal power plants and fly ash, bottom ash, etc., to disposal areas with the help of a carrier fluid such as water. The components used in these systems such as pipes, pumps, impeller, casing, etc. suffer from the slurry erosion wear. In this investigation, the main focus is to study the effect of various slurry parameters on the erosion wear by using Taguchi’s Method. The material selected for the erosion tests is pipe material i.e. M.S. (Mild Steel). Fly ash was taken as erodent media. The particle size range of fly ash was taken from

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ РЕМЕДИАЦИИ ВОДНОЙ И ВОЗДУШНОЙ СРЕДЫ, ЗАГРЯЗНЕННОЙ ПОЛИХЛОРБИФЕНИЛОМ, С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ УЛЬТРАФИОЛЕТОВОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ

The article is devoted to measures for the purification of water and air medium from polychlorinated biphenyl wastes by the method of UV radiation and NiO2 nanoparticles, on PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) constituting groundwater in PCB waste disposal areas, the possibility of neutralizing PCBs in the atmosphere in industrialized areas. A method for the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl contained in waste and industrial waters, as well as in atmospheric air, has been proposed. Air purification is carried out with ultraviolet and microwave radiation, and ultraviolet radiation and TiO2 nanoparticles are used for water purification. Based on the analysis performed,the problem of optimizing the purification of groundwater and atmospheric air contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls has been formulated and solved. An expression is proposed for the dependence of the cleaning time on the distance to the place of initial environmental pollution.

IoT based smart drainage monitoring and cleaning system for solid waste materials

Water is the basic requirement for the survival of life on earth. The water is mainly used for cooking, cleaning and drinking purpose. In which more solid ingredients along with water also reaches. The disposals of sewages are still a challenging task in this modern world. The main purpose of smart drainage system is collecting the solid waste which includes bottles, polythene and transport to the disposal area. Otherwise the solid waste will block the drainage system. To avoid such situation, the solid waste are need to be collected and disposed it into collecting bin. The proposed system will automatically cleans the water in the drainage system with the help of drive system controlled by Arduino and the mechanical setup which are driven by servo motor collect the solid waste and dispose it in waste bucket to avoid drainage block. It reduces the cost of manual labour as well as reduces the threat to human life.

Hydrometallurgical Technology for Processing of Galvanic Sludges

The problem of processing galvanic sludges, formed as a result of neutralization of technological solutions and wastewater containing heavy non-ferrous metals is considered in this study. At present, sludges are transported to disposal area and are not used in any way. Typically, such sludges contain significant amounts of chromium and nickel, which creates environmental hazard. Investigated sludge contains up to 6,6% Ni and up to 7,4% Cr. The hydrometallurgical process to treatment of these sludges is carried out. Solutions of sulfuric acid and ammonia were used as lixiviants. It is shown that when using a solution of sulfuric acid with pH=1,5, extraction of up to 93,3% Cu, 70,2 Ni, 90,3 Zn is achieved. For selective nickel recovery sorption concentration by Lewatit TP207 is proposed.
 Keywords: Galvanic sludge, hydrometallurgy leaching, nickel, ion-exchange resin

Effect of Ultrafiltration–Reverse-Osmosis-Treated Shale Gas Wastewater on Seed Germination and Plant Growth

The safe disposal or reclaim of shale gas flowback and produced water (SGFPW) is a significant challenge given the large amounts and typically heavy contamination. The high levels of total dissolved solids, particulate matter, and organics combined with naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and heavy metals reflect the composition of SGFPW, bearing potential environmental hazards of bioaccumulation of contaminants in localized areas of shale gas wastewater disposal. This study investigated the effects of ultrafiltration–reverse-osmosis-treated shale gas wastewater on vegetable seed germination, plant growth performance, and ion concentration in plants, which offered a momentous exploration of the feasibility study on agricultural use for SGFPW reuse. The resulting uptake of heavy metals by vegetables is relatively low, and the radioactive elements are reduced to a safe level as a result of treating water used for irrigation, selecting appropriate crops, and greenhouse cultivation. Through reduction of the bioaccumulation and metal concentrations from SGFPW to plants, this approach decreases health risks associated with NORM intake from edible vegetable biomass.

Synchronization of dehydration and phosphorous immobilization for river sediment by calcified polyferric sulfate pretreatment

Disposal of dredged river sediment requires decreases in both water content for reduction in disposal area, and the amount of eutrophication pollutants at risking of leaching. The effects of CaCl2, polyferric sulfate (PFS) and calcified polyferric sulfate (CaPFS) on dewatering and phosphorus immobilization were examined. Upon CaPFS dosage of 1.88 mg Ca + Fe kg−1 raw sediment (RS) the moisture content of the sediment was 41.1 wt% after pressure filtration, with filtrate dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) of 6.1 mg L−1; better outcomes than for equivalent dosages of CaCl2 or PFS. On CaPFS dosage of 4.98 mg Ca + Fe kg−1 RS, DIP in the filtrate was <0.5 mg L−1. Dosages of CaCl2 and PFS required to achieve <0.5 mg L−1 DIP were 6.79 mg Ca kg−1 RS and 5.64 mg Fe kg−1 RS. CaPFS aids particle surface charge neutralization and sweep flocculation by polymeric iron, improving dehydration efficiency. Synergistic effects of aqueous Ca and Fe promote P stability reducing DIP mobility. For treatment of 10000 m3 of this dredged sediment, CaPFS has the potential to reduce the discharge of eutrophicated water by 74 ± 6% compared with PAC + PAM conditioning, demonstrating the promising application of CaPFS conditioning.

Environmental assessment of different municipal waste management methods with approach to life cycle assessment (Case study: Yazd, Iran)

Today, the production of various types of solid waste and the occurrence of related social, economic and environmental inconsistencies have faced the management of municipal services and waste with many problems in the areas of collection, transportation, processing and disposal of such waste. The purpose of this study is to assess the life cycle of the current management system in Yazd, Iran from the environmental and economic point of view and to determine the priority in the decision-making to improve waste management. There are many tools for assessing the environmental impacts and determining the priority in the decision-making, but one of the widely used methods is life cycle assessment (LCA). In this study, three different scenarios of waste management were defined. The first scenario is the unsanitary separation and landfill (according to current situation in Yazd), the second scenario is the separation, composting and anaerobic digestion, waste incineration plant, disposal of residues and ash in sanitary landfill, and the third scenario is the separation, composting and anaerobic digestion, and sanitary landfill. Then, using the Integrated Waste Management (IWM-2) software, the inventory of the environmental and economic burden of each scenario was analyzed and presented. In general, the assessment of Yazd municipal waste life cycle was performed to achieve the optimal scenario that has less environmental and economic burden. The third scenario was selected as the best management option in this respect.

Capital Intensity and Labour Productivity in Waste Companies

At first glance, it might seem that the economic aspects of sustainability in terms of waste management have resolved themselves already in areas of activity. In reality, however, companies in this area also need to address how to ensure their future operations. The primary priority for companies in the area of waste disposal is to provide efficient collection, sorting, and recycling, effectively using company resources. The goal of this paper was to explore the relation between capital intensity and the productivity of labour in companies in the waste sector in the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4), and consequently, to define the bonds among economic indicators in the form of the economic normal. The study used data from 875 enterprises from the V4 countries, which were divided into categories according to the development of capital intensity and labour productivity. This study found that companies mainly implement modest investment development, which was characterised by the high effectiveness of capital usage, diminishing labour productivity, low labour endowment, but at the same time, increasing profitability. The reason for the labour productivity decrease was due to the growing proportional cost of labour. This trend was typical for most of the large-sized and middle-sized companies, whereas for most small companies, there was a dominant severe capital development with decreasing labour productivity and relatively high profitability of incomes. The smallest representation takes companies with capital-intensive development with the positive development of all monitored economic indicators.

Proposal of an Improved Concept Design for the Deep Geological Disposal System of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Korea

Based on the current high-level radioactive waste management basic plan and the analysis results of spent nuclear fuel characteristics, such as dimensions and decay heat, an improved geological disposal concept for spent nuclear fuel from domestic nuclear power plants was proposed in this study. To this end, disposal container concepts for spent nuclear fuel from two types of reactors, pressurized water reactor (PWR) and Canada deuterium uranium (CANDU), considering the dimensions and interim storage method, were derived. In addition, considering the cooling time of the spent nuclear fuel at the time of disposal, according to the current basic plan-based scenarios, the amount of decay heat capacity for a disposal container was determined. Furthermore, improved disposal concepts for each disposal container were proposed, and analyses were conducted to determine whether the design requirements for the temperature limit were satisfied. Then, the disposal efficiencies of these disposal concepts were compared with those of the existing disposal concepts. The results indicated that the disposal area was reduced by approximately 20%, and the disposal density was increased by more than 20%.

Safety Assessment on Long-term Radiological Impact of the Improved KAERI Reference Disposal System (the KRS+)

The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has developed geological repository systems for the disposal of high-level wastes and spent nuclear fuels (SNFs) in South Korea. The purpose of the most recently developed system, the improved KAERI Reference Disposal System Plus (KRS+), is to dispose of all SNFs in Korea with improved disposal area efficiency. In this paper, a system-level safety assessment model for the KRS+ is presented with long-term assessment results. A system-level model is used to evaluate the overall performance of the disposal system rather than simulating a single component. Because a repository site in Korea has yet to be selected, a conceptual model is used to describe the proposed disposal system. Some uncertain parameters are incorporated into the model for the future site selection process. These parameters include options for a fractured pathway in a geosphere, parameters for radionuclide migration, and repository design dimensions. Two types of SNF, PULS7 from a pressurized water reactor and Canada Deuterium Uranium from a heavy water reactor, were selected as a reference inventory considering the future cumulative stock of SNFs in Korea. The highest peak radiological dose to a representative public was estimated to be 8.19×10-4 mSv‧yr-1, primarily from 129I. The proposed KRS+ design is expected to have a high safety margin that is on the order of two times lower than the dose limit criterion of 0.1 mSv‧yr-1.

Appropriate human intervention stimulates the development of microbial communities and soil formation at a long-term weathered bauxite residue disposal area

Bauxite residue discharged to disposal areas, which could generate environmental pollution issues. Long-term natural restoration may improve the physicochemical properties of the residues, in turn supporting vegetation establishment, and effectively managing pollution. Nevertheless, the effects of short-term human intervention on soil formation in the weathered disposal areas are still relatively unknown. Thus, residue samples with different depths from different regions including no vegetation, sparse vegetation, complete vegetation coverage, and complete vegetation coverage following sewage sludge treatment were selected to analyze microbial community using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology and evaluate soil formation process. Long-term weathering changed pH, the fraction of water-stable aggregates and nutrient concentrations, whilst promoting Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Planctomycete populations. Sewage sludge addition enhanced aggregate stability and significantly changed microbial community diversity. Sewage sludge application enriched the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whilst decreasing the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, which may be due to variation in environmental factors. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that pH and EC were the main factors affecting microbial structure, followed by organic carbon content and aggregate stability. The results enhance the understanding of soil formation in bauxite residue and reveal the potential benefit of human intervention in ecological reconstruction at disposal areas.

Optimal Sanitary Landfill Site Selection for Solid Waste Disposal in Durgapur City Using Geographic Information System and Multi-criteria Evaluation Technique

The government authorities in developing countries are awfully concerned with coping out the problems of the rising issues related to the disposal of solid wastes. Most of the Indian cities still dispose of solid waste unscientifically causing to severe environmental as well as public health problems. Geographic information systems (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) have emerged as efficient tools for multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in effective solutions of solid waste management. The present study focuses on the integration of GIS and AHP in identifying potential sanitary landfill areas for solid waste disposal in Durgapur city, West Bengal, India. Eleven criteria were selected viz. land elevation, slope, soil, geology, land use land cover, distance to surface water, distance to tube wells, distance to roads, distance to industrial belts, distance to sensitive places, and land cost. All the criteria were aggregated using weighted overlay analysis in GIS environment. The study identified three potential landfill areas for MSW disposal covering the areas of 13.83854, 33.80678, and 27.20085 ha, respectively, in Durgapur city. The result found that land cost value was the most significant criterion in the model with a weight of 0.25258. Followed by land cost value, sensitive places and roads were the second and third most important criteria with a weight value of 0.1409 and 0.1233, respectively.

Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by flies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia

BackgroundLocal data from the Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the proportions ESBL-producing GNB in isolates from flies caught in the hospital and in the town of Asella.MethodsFlies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital’s waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2.ResultsIn total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 12 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The proportions of ESBL-producing bacteria among isolates obtained from flies collected in the hospital compound were significantly higher (82%, 90%, and 57% in NICU, orthopedic ward and waste disposal area, respectively) compared to flies collected outside of the hospital compound (2% (@1/45) in the butchery) (p ≤ 0.001). The proportion of ESBL was 67% (6/9) among Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) among Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) among Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) among E. coli, and 44% (8/18) among Klebsiella spp.. Of the 40 ESBL-genes detected, 85% were CTX-M-like, 83% TEM-like, 23% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria.ConclusionA high proportion of ESBL was identified in isolates from flies caught in the hospital compound compared with isolates of flies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Flies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in flies and possible impact of MDR for nosocomial infections.

Utilization of final tailings concentration of titano-magnetite ores in Portland cement production

When producing iron ore concentrate at Kachkanarsk integrated mining works 2 types of wastes are formed, namely: final tailings of dry magnetic separation (DMS) and final tailings of wet magnetic separation (WMS). Final tailings of wet magnetic separation (WMS) are pulled off or dumped into disposal area up to 45mln tons annually causing great damages to the environment. These final tailings are finely dispersed materials, their chemical composition is oxides of silicon, aluminium, calcium and iron in general. All this allows to use the wastes under consideration to produce Portland cement clinker replacing clayey and iron components in the raw material mixture completely and limestone partially. The replacement of clay with final tailings of ore enrichment are suitable to manufacture clinker raw material mixture allowing to use two-component raw mix instead of three-component and four-component one thus simplifying the technology of cement production and improving the ecological situation in Sverdlovsk region. The utilization of final tailings for concentration of titano-magnetite ores decreases fuel consumption when burning clinker compared to the traditional compositions. Experimental cement meets all the requirements of the Russian Standard 10178 as to their chemical and physic-mechanical properties and have grade 500.

A Study on Fish Reproduction for The Prevention of Species Loss Due to Batik Waste Pollution

Environmental factors, such as textile waste water, affect fish by interfering its reproduction. This study was conducted to examine reproductive performance of fish inhabiting a river that receive batik waste. The fish samples were collected in 5 stations representing upstream area, effluent disposal area, and downstream area. Sex ratio, Gonado Somatic Index (GSI), Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) of female and male was examined, and physicochemical water parameters of each station were measured. Ten species of 8 families were captured. Anabas testudinaeus (n=101), Trichogaster trichopterus (n=310), Mugil sp (n=3), Scatophagus argus (n=8), Valamugil speigleri (n=11), Channa striata (n=2), Bagrus nemurus (n=1), Laiognathus fasciatus (n=2), Oreochromis niloticus (n=1), O. mossambicus (n=5). Mugil sp, V. speigleri, and L. fasciatus were juvenile, and found at the downstream area. The GSI of female and male A. testudinaeus were 0.31-5.52% and 0.34-3.32%; the HSI was 0.77-2.01% and 0.68-1.79%. The GSI of female and male T. trichopterus were 0.12-7.9% and nd-3,7%; the HSI was 0.77-2.17% and 0.6-2.0%. The BOD level ranged from 13.81 ± 6.13 to 47.58 ± 32.59 mg.L−1, COD was between 190 ± 80 and 435 ± 196 mg.L−1, DO was from 0 to 1.37 ± 1.62 mg.L−1, level phenol ranged from 0.50 ± 0.34 to 4.20 ± 1.6 µg.L−1. Fish of Meduri River were reproductively active but only those resistant to low water quality reproduced successfully.

Hydrometallurgical Technology for Processing of Galvanic Sludges

The problem of processing galvanic sludges, formed as a result of neutralization of technological solutions and wastewater containing heavy non-ferrous metals is considered. At present, sludges are transported to disposal area and are not used in any way. Typically, such sludges contain significant amounts of chromium and nickel, which creates environmental hazard. Investigated sludge contains up to 6.6% Ni and up to 7.4% Cr. The hydrometallurgical technology for processing of these sludges has been developed. Solutions of sulfuric acid and ammonia were used as lixiviants. It is shown that when using a solution of sulfuric acid with pH=1.5, extraction of up to 93.3% Cu, 70.2 Ni, 90.3 Zn is achieved. For selective recovery of nickel from leachates the process of sorption concentration by Lewatit TP207 is proposed.

Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Aggregate Concrete (NAC) With Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC)

This paper is about the use of the recycled aggregate concrete(RAC) instead of using the normal conventional concrete to reduce the usage of naturally available aggregate and it’s an alternate to preserve our natural resources, utilize the construction and demolition waste(C&D). The upgradation of living life needs a replacement and new design to remove or rehabilitate the old buildings. Will lead to tones of C& D wastes; there is limited place to dispose it. Main reason is to tackle the problems based on the waste management that has become one of the tremendous problems that cannot be resolved. The squanders that can be reused once on the off chance that it is utilized is generally best in this colossal populace society don’t have the foggiest idea where to dump every one of these squanders. Instead of disposal, our government along with researchers started utilizing this waste again in the construction in the form of Recycle aggregates like fine particle and Recycle concrete aggregate. Most of the states in India having plants in disposal area to recycle this C&D waste. From the studies it says that recycle aggregate concrete can be used for M25, M30, M35, M40 and also use in Self compacting concrete. In this paper we did experimental studies on Recycle aggregate concrete (M25) near area has been used and identify its basic properties. The cement is supplanted with reused coarse total (RCA) of two unique proportions (40, 60& 80) and their compressive quality and brace rigidity of the solid are tried. The outcomes show that the RCA of proportion 80 % has higher quality than the solid with half substitution.

Preliminary Framework for Sustainable Beneficial use of Dredged Materials in Yangon River, Myanmar

Yangon river has been facing with a problem of high rate of sedimentation as the reasons of deforestation, riverbank erosion, and flooding. A hundred million tons of sediments has been being dredged over 50 yr to maintain Yangon river waterway. Sediments daily produced from dredging work are directly dumped at a designated disposal area about 200 m far from dredging site to flash out these sediments by strong river flow. It may increase disposal-related turbidity disturbing sediment-settling into riverbed, and perhaps have a tendency to re-accumulate these materials into original dredging site because of the complex river flow at dredging site, known as inner bar area, where is close to a confluence of rivers and creek. This paper examines how to minimize the dredged amount at inner bar area by means of beneficial use. Therefore, sediment characteristics are needed to analyze because fine-grained sediments can easily attach pollutants giving an adverse effect to marine environment. Sediment samples from three different locations around inner bar area were collected with hand corer by diver, and analyzed U.S EPA methods: 10 129, 10 067, and 8000 for organic matters, inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometer for heavy metals, gas chromatography with mass spectrometer for persistent organic pollutants, and laser diffraction particle size analyzer. 14% of sand, 32% of silt, and 54% of clay were determined. The water contents in samples were 40.73%, 40.28%, and 31.40%. Lower values of harmful pollutants in samples than international standards were found. Therefore, sediments from inner bar may be supposed non-contaminated ones giving a better quality applied for beneficial use. Thus, without additional pollution-control treatments, appropriate technologies such as particle separation and dewatering techniques are described to produce commercial products, and to apply for engineering uses and environment enhancement as a sustainable practice.