Display System Research Articles

Use of Affimer Technology for Inhibition of α2-antiplasmin and Enhancement of Fibrinolysis.

Hypofibrinolysis is a documented abnormality in conditions with high risk of vascular occlusion. A key inhibitor of fibrinolysis is α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) and we hypothesise that the Affimer technology, comprising small conformational proteins with two nine amino acid variable regions, can be used to modulate α2AP activity and facilitate fibrinolysis. Using a phage display system, a library of Affimers was screened against α2AP. A total of 28 α2AP-specific Affimers were isolated of which one, termed Affimer A11, inhibited protein function and enhanced fibrinolysis. Affimer A11 displayed a monomeric form and consistently reduced lysis time of clots made from plasma samples of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=15; from 150.8±100.9 to 109.8±104.8 mins) and those with cardiovascular disease (n=15; 117.6±40.6 to 79.7±33.3 mins); p<0.01 for both groups. The effects of A11 on fibrinolysis were maintained when clots were made from whole blood samples. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that A11 did not affect clot structure or interfere with incorporation of α2AP into fibrin networks but significantly enhanced plasmin activity and accelerated plasmin generation. Affimer A11 reduced α2AP binding to plasmin(ogen), while molecular modelling demonstrated interactions with α2AP in an area responsible for binding to plasminogen, explaining the effects on both plasmin activity and generation. Affimer A11, at 0.15-0.60 mg/ml, had the ability to bind 70-90% of plasma α2AP. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Affimers are viable tools for inhibiting α2AP function and facilitating fibrinolysis, making them potential future therapeutic agents to reduce thrombosis risk.

Large‐Area Floating Display with Wafer‐Scale Manufactured Metalens Arrays

AbstractMetasurface‐based flat optics has a great potential to replace conventional bulky and heavy optical elements, consistent with the trend of miniaturizing optical elements. One of the trends is to broaden the operating area of the metasurface. The previous approaches are focused on expanding the metasurface area, which has intrinsic manufacturing and optical limitations. Here, this work presents the fabrication of wafer‐scale metalens arrays, and demonstrates the Gabor superlens composed of the metalens arrays, which behaves optically like a large lens system. A pair of fabricated 8‐inch‐sized metalens arrays are used to float the large‐area display, producing a real image in the air. This superlens is easily manufactured in a high‐throughput and cost‐effective manner using an argon fluoride dry scanner and a single reticle. Their capability for diffraction‐limited focusing and imaging is demonstrated. Considering the groundbreaking nature of imaging a large‐area display through the metalens arrays, this work shows a great potential for scaling up the optical display systems in a simple manner.

A yeast surface display platform for screening of non-enzymatic protein secretion in Kluyveromyces lactis.

Enhancing the secretion of recombinant proteins, particularly non-enzymatic proteins that predominate in food and pharmaceutic protein products, remains a significant challenge due to limitations in high-throughput screening methods. This study addresses this bottleneck by establishing a yeast surface display system in the food-grade microorganism Kluyveromyces lactis, enabling efficient display of model target proteins on the yeast cell surface. To assess its potential as a universal high-throughput screening tool for enhanced non-enzymatic protein secretion, we evaluated the consistency between protein display levels and secretion efficiency under the influence of various genetic factors. Our results revealed a strong correlation between these two properties. Furthermore, screening in a random mutagenesis library successfully identified a mutant with improved secretion. These findings demonstrate the potential of the K. lactis surface display system as a powerful and universal tool for high-throughput screening of strains with superior non-enzymatic protein secretion capacity. We believe this study could pave the way for efficient large-scale production of heterologous food and therapeutic proteins in industries. KEY POINTS: • A YSD (yeast surface display) system was established in Kluyveromyces lactis • This system enables high-throughput screening of non-enzymatic protein secretion • This technology assists industrial production of food and therapeutic proteins.

Design of a dual-focal-plane head-up display system using double freeform mirrors

This paper presents the design of a dual-focal-plane head-up display (HUD) system utilizing double freeform mirrors. The system is specifically developed for automotive applications, aiming to enhance driving safety and experience by projecting vehicle information within the driver’s line of sight. Compared to the traditional WHUD, the ARHUD offers a broader field of view and a greater virtual image distance. If the ARHUD system has double focal planes, it can separately display basic and interactive driving information to drivers, which is currently a significant research direction in the ARHUD system design. The proposed design only uses double freeform mirrors and uses a single display source for both focal planes, thus reducing the overall system complexity, assembly difficulty, and cost. Detailed design methods and results are discussed, showcasing the system’s good imaging performance and compact structure, which provide valuable insights for the development of next-generation dual-focal-plane HUDs for vehicles. The proposed system demonstrates significant advancements in reducing fabrication and testing difficulties compared to traditional dual-focal-plane HUD designs. The study’s findings contribute to the future development of dual-focal-plane head-up display systems.

3D Multiview Holographic Display with Wide Field of View Based on Metasurface

Abstract3D display technology offers a more realistic visual experience by allowing users to perceive depth and spatial awareness, enhancing interactivity and immersion. Among various approaches, multiview display technology constructs 3D images by offering multiple smooth views along the horizontal plane. Metasurfaces, with ultra‐thin physical structures and flexible functional designs, are positioned to make significant contributions to the evolution of 3D display technologies. Here, a 3D multiview holographic display system based on metasurfaces is proposed. Using generalized Snell's law, a spatially multiplexed metasurface is designed with nine views and achieves 3D display by cascading the metasurface with a spatial light modulator (SLM). By projecting holograms onto different areas of the metasurface via the SLM, corresponding reconstructed images can be observed from specific designed directions. Thanks to the large numerical aperture (NA) of the metasurface, the system successfully achieves nine views within a 120° field of view (FOV, with a theoretical maximum of 180°), validated experimentally. This system promises potential applications in VR/AR display, surgical navigation, geographic information system (GIS), and other fields.

Impact of Visual Feedback Configurations in a Task-oriented Immersive Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy.

Mirror Therapy is a form of upper limb therapy in stroke, which consists on showing the mirrored symmetric movement of the unimpaired side using a mirror placed in the medial sagittal plane. The illusion of movement corresponding to the impaired extremity could facilitate neuroplasticity, and assists patients in regaining certain lost motor functions. Recent studies have shown the potential and benefit of translating this effective therapy in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment, using head mounted display and hand tracking systems. This work investigates the feasibility to use myoelectric control in an immersive VR environment for the mirror therapy to accomplish a funtional task. Surface electromyography sensors were used to measure muscle activation and detect user intention to perform grasping actions in two visual feedback configurations: unimanual and bimanual. Even though in both conditions the virtual mirrored hand is controlled by the healthy hand, the latter creates the illusion that two functional hands cooperate for grasping. A total of 18 healthy subjects participated in the evaluation of the environment, control method and a comparison between the two configurations. This includes self-rating surveys and performance metrics. Results from the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire showed negligible adverse symptoms related to the use of the VR-application proposed. Positive outcomes from the System Usability Scale and Presence Questionnaire affirmed its feasible as a form of therapy for the rehabilitation of hemiparetic stroke patients. Although the adapted Box and Blocks Test proved immediate training-induced learning, performance measures revealed no significant distinctions between visual feedback configurations.

High-Strength PVA/Cellulosic hydrogels with Acid/Base and thermo dual-responsive fluorescence

Fluorescent polymer hydrogels (FPHs) with tunable luminous features have attracted immense interest. Nevertheless, until now, the development of most FPHs had been hindered by their poor mechanical properties and limited application range. This study presents a novel strategy to fabricate high-strength, multi-application cellulosic fluorescent hydrogels using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and fluorescent nanocellulose (containing pyrene tetracarboxylic acid) through a salting-out process. Such strategy enables cellulosic hydrogels with high tensile strength and toughness (26.45 MPa and 201.27 MJ/m3), compressive strength (165.58 MPa), dual-responsive fluorescence (acid/base and temperature), and multiple applications. Specifically, cellulosic hydrogels exhibit fluorescence switching through the utilization of lanthanide metals (Eu3+/Tb3+), acid/base, and temperature, owing to the presence of perylene tetracarboxylic acid as a fluorescent moiety with an aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect. Based on this, the resulting hydrogels were utilized in rewritable display systems, temperature monitoring, and encrypted QR codes. This study envisions opening new possibilities for the development of high-strength fluorescent hydrogels with multiple applications.

Assessment of the vessel position dead reckoning method error

A method of the calculation of vessel dead reckoning coordinates with the accuracy assessment is proposed. It is based on previously derived formulas for the assessment of the uncertainty boundaries for vessel geodetic latitude and longitude during its motion along the ellipsoid surface. The above formulas are used as follows. At first, the latitude and its precision index are calculated. After, they are used for the calculation of the longitude and its precision index. As the result, it is possible to determine uncertainty intervals for vessel coordinates derived with dead reckoning. The implementation of this method for testing an electronic chart display and information system Navi-Sailor 4000 as to the calculation of vessel dead reckoning coordinates with it is shown. The provision of the information about vessel heading and speed through water is carried out to the system in real-time mode by means of a signal simulator. The speed and heading are remaining unchanged during one-hour time interval. During the above time interval, the data about dead reckoning coordinates are recording into a log-file, then the data are converted in a text format and used for the test. The dead reckoning coordinates, calculated by the system, are in the limits of uncertainty assessed with the proposed method. A limitation of the method is that it does not take into account the influence of errors due to rounding because of the finiteness of the computer bit grid. After the elimination of the above limitation, it seems to be possible to use a modernized version of the method as a part of a procedure for testing the navigational systems which give the information about vessel dead reckoning coordinates.

Enhancing vertical assembly of Dot-LEDs for display application using metal chelate coordination chemical linkers

The chemical linker assembly technique for dot-LEDs described in this study offers practical solutions to critical challenges in micro-LED display production, such as high costs, low yield in mass transfer processes, and high cost of micro-LED chips. Dot-LEDs feature a cylindrical structure with a diameter ranging from 0.75 to 1.35 μm and an aspect ratio of 1.1∼1.2 for height to diameter. We introduce a viable approach using N-(carboxymethyl)-N-(11-mercaptoundecyl)glycine (gly-thiol) chemical linkers for the face-selective vertical assembly of dot-LEDs. The size scale of dot-LED enables solution assembly processes when manufacturing pixels. By bonding the Au surface of the p-GaN face to the bottom Au electrodes using the chelate bond of Au-gly-thiol-Zn2+-gly-thiol-Au, we intend to enhance the face-selective vertical assembly. The process involves forming two chelate coordination bonds of Zn2+ ion surrounded by a gly-thiol-treated dot and bottom electrodes, achieving over 60 % efficiency in face-selective vertical assembly. We achieved bright and uniform dot-LED electroluminescence devices, with a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 8.1 % at 3.4 V and a luminance of 22,387 cd/m2 at 9.0 V. Our findings suggest substantial improvements in the assembly and efficiency of micro-nano-scale dot-LED displays, providing a display platform technology for their application in future display systems.

Enhancing social interaction in nursing homes through public tabletop displays: A field study of R2S

The prevalence of social isolation among nursing home residents highlights the need for innovative solutions to enhance their social interactions and wellbeing. Despite extensive efforts over recent decades to develop in-room systems or public applications under caregivers’ supervision, there remains a gap in designing public social technologies that can be integrated into residents’ daily lives. Furthermore, the challenges associated with low adoption and the complexities of evaluating such technologies in public care settings have limited our understanding of their impact on residents' social activities and experiences. To address this, our study introduces R2S, a tabletop display system designed to encourage older adults to view, share, and discuss news articles collaboratively in public care environments. A 6-week field trial was conducted in a Dutch care home to investigate the influence on residents’ daily social activities, R2S's utilization, and residents’ perceived user experiences and social emotions. The results reveal that R2S can generally promote daily social interactions among residents, even altering their long-established social habits. Five usage patterns of social technologies within public care environments were identified to provide insights into designing systems in comparable contexts. The participants reported a highly positive user experience with the system. Although their affective social benefits were not significant, they substantially outweighed the affective costs. These findings not only deepen the understanding of how technology can enhance social interaction in public care settings but also provide insights to inform the design and implementation of related technologies in the future.

FEATURES OF RESTORING MEASUREMENT VALUES OF THE DOPPLER RADAR SYSTEM MFTR-2100/40 DURING ARMAMENT AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT TESTING

During the registration and processing of measurement information obtained by the MFTR-2100/40 radar system, there is a probability of missing values in the trajectory measurement data. Experience with the radar system indicates a high sensitivity of the angular channels to the propagation of the radar signal in the real atmosphere. As a result of these errors, object tracking may be lost over a certain period, causing periodic delays in data registration, necessitating the filling or restoring of missing values with acceptable accuracy. The built-in algorithms and mathematical methods of the WinTrack specialized software (SS) allow for the interpolation and extrapolation of the trajectory measurement data of the MFTR-2100/40 radar system for visual display and plotting of tracks, including ranges with missing values. However, the functional capabilities of the WinTrack SS are not designed for full and accurate restoration of missing values. Additionally, the limited tools of the WinTrack SS necessitate finding alternatives in other software to ensure the reliability of the restored results. Trajectory measurement data is a large dataset, so selecting the right method for filling in missing values is crucial to maintaining a low percentage of deviations in the obtained results. This publication examines the functional capabilities of the WinTrack SS that allow for the restoration of missing trajectory measurement values. The approximation of measured trajectory data values in the WinTrack SS enables partial filling of missing values upon export, but not for all data types. An algorithm for the process of restoring missing values in trajectory measurement data arrays is provided.

AVATAR 2.0: next level communication systems for radiotherapy through face-to-face video, biofeedback, translation, and audiovisual immersion.

This paper discusses an advanced version of our audiovisual-assisted therapeutic ambience in radiotherapy (AVATAR) radiolucent display systems designed for pediatric radiotherapy, enabling anesthesia-free treatments, video communication, and biofeedback. The scope of the AVATAR system is expanded here in two major ways: (i) through alternative mounting systems to accommodate a broader range of radiotherapy machines (specifically to fit robotic-arm and toroidal geometry photon radiotherapy and proton radiotherapy systems) and (ii) through additional hardware to provide video-calling, optimized audio for clear communication, and combined video inputs for biofeedback, translation, and other advanced functionalities. Because robustness requires strong parts and radio-transparency requires thin, light parts, three-dimensional printing was used to rapidly prototype hollow structures and to iteratively improve robustness. Two system designs were made: one that mounts superior and another that mounts inferior to the patient's head. Radiation dose measurements and calculations were conducted to assess dose perturbations at surface and depth due to the screen. For 6-MV volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans, with and without the screen, the mean and maximum dose differences inside the planning target volume were 0.2% and 2.6% of the 200 cGy prescription, respectively. For a single static beam through the screen, the maximum measured excess surface dose was 13.4 ± 0.5%, and the largest measured dose attenuation at 5-cm water-equivalent depth was 2.1 ± 0.2%. These percentages are relative to the dose without the screen at those locations. The radiolucent screen systems provided here are shown to give minimal dosimetric effects on megavoltage VMAT photon treatments. For static beams, however, surface dose effects should be considered when these beams pass through the thickest components of the screen. Design files are also provided.

A Risk Identification Method for Ensuring AI-Integrated System Safety for Remotely Controlled Ships with Onboard Seafarers

The maritime sector is increasingly integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to enhance safety, environmental protection, and operational efficiency. With the introduction of the MASS Code by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which regulates Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), ensuring the safety of AI-integrated systems on these vessels has become critical. To achieve safe navigation, it is essential to identify potential risks during the system planning stage and design systems that can effectively address these risks. This paper proposes RA4MAIS (Risk Assessment for Maritime Artificial Intelligence Safety), a risk identification method specifically useful for developing AI-integrated maritime systems. RA4MAIS employs a systematic approach to uncover potential risks by considering internal system failures, human interactions, environmental conditions, AI-specific characteristics, and data quality issues. The method provides structured guidance to identify unknown risk situations and supports the development of safety requirements that guide system design and implementation. A case study on an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) with an AI-integrated collision avoidance function demonstrates the applicability of RA4MAIS, highlighting its effectiveness in identifying specific risks related to AI performance and reliability. The proposed method offers a foundational step towards enhancing the safety of software systems, contributing to the safe operation of autonomous ships.

Speckle reduced holographic display system with a jointly optimized rotating phase mask.

Speckle noise degrades image quality in systems with coherent light sources, which must be overcome in holographic displays. In this Letter, we introduce a holographic display system with a rotating phase mask for speckle noise reduction. The rotating phase mask works in a similar way as a conventional rotating diffuser, but its pattern is jointly optimized with the spatial light modulator to maintain the contrast of the reconstructed image. The effectiveness of our system is verified through both numerical simulations and a tabletop prototype, reducing the speckle contrast by 38.8% while preserving the image quality.

Comparison of neck angle and musculoskeletal discomfort of surgeon in cataract surgery between three-dimensional heads-up display system and conventional microscope

The three-dimensional heads-up display system (3D HUDS) is increasingly utilized by ophthalmologists and suggested to offer ergonomic benefits compared to conventional operating microscopes. We aimed to quantitatively assess the surgeon’s neck angle and musculoskeletal discomfort during cataract surgery using commercially available 3D HUDS and conventional microscope. In this single-center comparative observational study, the surgeon conducted routine phacoemulsification surgeries using Artevo® 800 and Opmi Lumera® 700 (both from Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). The surgeon’s intraoperative neck angle was measured using the Cervical Range of Motion device. Postoperative musculoskeletal discomfort was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score after each surgery. A total of 80 cataract surgeries were analyzed, with 40 using Artevo® 800 and 40 using Opmi Lumera® 700. The neck angle was extended when using Artevo® 800 and flexed when using Opmi Lumera® 700 during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC), phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens (IOL) placement (− 8.18 ± 2.85° vs. 8.27 ± 2.93° in CCC, − 7.83 ± 3.30° vs. 8.87 ± 2.83° in phacoemulsification, − 7.43 ± 3.80° vs. 7.67 ± 3.73° in IOL placement, respectively; all p < 0.001). The VAS score was significantly lower in surgeries performed with Artevo® 800 (1.27 ± 0.55 vs. 1.73 ± 0.64, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that 3D HUDS help reduce neck flexion and lower work-related musculoskeletal discomfort through ergonomic improvements.

Multiphase soft metal enabled high-performance fabric-based wearable energy harvesting

Highly efficient and flexible power sources have always been the focus and goal in the field of wearable electronics. However, the existing wearable power sources are limited by their large size, high weight, electrolyte leakage, and poor mechanical compliance, which seriously hinders their practical applications. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to achieve and demonstrate a fabric-based high-performance wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) structure. The metals of gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), indium (In), and tin (Sn) are mixed according to specific mass ratios, and then they are transformed in liquid phase to form room-temperature multiphase soft metals of GaBiInSn. The material exhibits both metallic and fluidic properties, and possesses a characteristic of multiphase structure. The GaBiInSn material is directly deposited between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layers and nonwoven fabrics to establish multi-level conductive and frictional interfaces, creating charge transfer and solid-liquid hybrid dielectric layers. Therefore, the thin film-type triboelectric nanogenerators with a structure of PTFE/GaBiInSn/nonwoven fabric (LM-P-TENGs) is manufactured. The LM-P-TENGs can be integrated onto fabrics without compromising their breathability, comfortableness, and flexibility. Particularly, LM-P-TENGs efficiently convert the mechanical energy of human limb movements into sustainable electrical energy output. Under the human limb mechanical triggering conditions, LM-P-TENG achieves a champion specific open-circuit voltage up to 900 V, peak short-circuit current density of 43.3 mA/m2, and high power density of 12.56 W/m2. This work demonstrates the application potential of room-temperature multiphase soft materials in flexible wearable power sources, while introducing a novel power supply mode for wearable electronics. Additionally, the LM-P-TENGs also present applications in self-powered wearables, medical biosensing systems, human-machine interaction systems, near-eye display systems, etc. for the flexible electronics.

A hierarchical design of complex interactive interface with multi‐perception channels for a helmet‐mounted display system of vehicle

A hierarchical design of complex interactive interface with multi‐perception channels for a helmet‐mounted display system of vehicle

Controlling Isotropic Reflectivity with Multi‐Oriented Self‐Assembled Hexagonal Arrays in Plasmonic Metasurfaces

AbstractThe fabrication of plasmonic metasurfaces on large surfaces is the next challenge to adapt them to augmented reality systems. The optical properties of a self‐assembled hexagonal plasmonic metasurface, realized with a large‐area compatible approach, are compared at different levels and a correlated‐disorder plasmonic metasurface fabricated by electron‐beam lithography and considered here as the reference: the contribution of plasmonic nanostructure arrangements is studied using the structure factor, physical properties are assessed by optical transmission and reflection measurements, and finally the entire metasurfaces are tested macroscopically in a head‐up display system.

Repurposing Copper(II)/THPTA as A Bioorthogonal Catalyst for Thiazolidine Bond Cleavage.

Metal-mediated chemical transformations are promising approaches to manipulate and regulate proteins in fundamental biological research and therapeutic development. Nevertheless, unlike bond-forming reactions, the exploration of selective bond cleavage reactions catalyzed by metals that are fully compatible with proteins and living systems remains relatively limited. Here, it is reported that Copper(II)/tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA), commonly used in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction, can be repurposed as a new bioorthogonal catalyst for thiazolidine (Thz) bond cleavage. This process liberates an α-oxo-aldehyde group under physiological conditions, without requiring additional additives. To showcase the utility of this method, this simple catalyst system is coupled with genetic code expansion technology to achieve on-demand activation of genetically encoded Thz-caged α-oxo-aldehydes, enabling further functionalization of proteins. For the first time, this cell-compatible Thz uncaging reaction allows for the site-specific installation of α-oxo-aldehydes at the internal positions of proteins in phage and bacterial surface display systems, expanding the chemical space of proteins. Overall, this study expands the toolkit of bioorthogonal catalysts and paves the way for metal-promoted chemical reactions in living systems, potentially benefiting various applications in the future.

Ultra-wide viewing angle holographic display system based on spherical diffraction

In the field of holographic displays, achieving a large viewing angle (LVA) has long been an essential and formidable challenge due to the limited diffraction angle of planar spatial light modulators (SLMs). Spherical holography, which allows observation from all perspectives, represents a practical approach to achieve the LVA. However, the physical limitations of commercial SLMs constrain direct implementation, making the realization of spherical holographic displays almost impractical and thus hindering technological advancement. This paper introduces an optical solution for spherical holographic display system, enabling the accurate reproduction of ultra-wide viewing angles and large objects. Our system utilizes a novel technique involving a convex parabolic mirror to convert an incident plane wave into a spherical wave. This innovative strategy permits the use of a planar SLM to create a 360°spherical holographic display. Additionally, we address the sampling issue for generating spherical holograms by constraining the point spread function (PSF), reducing the number of samples, and adapting it for visible light. Numerical simulations and optical experiments validate our success in achieving an ultra-wide viewing angle with a 360°horizontal angle and an 80°zenith angle range. Our system outperforms the state-of-the-art holographic-optical-elements approach both in computation speed and object size. We believe that our work significantly advances spherical holographic displays and offers a practical solution with vast potential applications in medicine, geology, and astronomy.