Charge Exchange Research Articles

Horst Oertel and the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology: Impacts on vital statistics and the origins of the short-lived heyday of autopsies in America.

Horst Oertel was an early 20th century pathologist who began his career as an instructor of clinical pathology at the New York University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1899. In 1903, he was appointed pathologist for City Hospital, an institution for indigent patients on New York City's Blackwell's Island. In 1907, Oertel became the first director of the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology, a unique new blended public-private entity based at City Hospital, that was named after a wealthy benefactor. The Institute was established to utilize the Island's indigent population to perform anatomical pathology research on diseases of aging. Oertel and the Institute thrived until 1911, when a newly-appointed New York City bureaucrat seeking patronage and graft began meddling in the Institute's governance. After press coverage of a vitriolic one-week-long exchange of charges and counter-charges between the Institute's Board of Directors and the bureaucrat, the Institute imploded. While these events meant that the Institute's tenure on Blackwell's Island would soon be coming to an end, Oertel continued to work and submit articles from the Institute throughout 1912. In May 1913, he published "The Inaccuracy of American Mortality Statistics" in American Underwriter, a bombshell article documenting low autopsy rates and high clinical diagnostic error rates at Bellevue Hospital during 1912. This, along with similar studies by Richard Cabot at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, highlighted fundamental problems in hospital care and medical education across America. Simultaneously, Oertel led the Public Health, Hospital and Budget Committee of the New York Academy of Medicine which reported that, in a selected series of large American hospitals, the autopsy percentage when compared to the number of deaths was one-eighth the rates in Canada, Great Britain, Austria, and Germany. This paper addresses how American autopsy rates skyrocketed and then plummeted again during the mid-20th century.

Generation of shear flows induced by AE / EPM in LHD plasma

Abstract The generation of shear flows (SFs) by Alfven Eigenmodes (AEs) and energetic particle modes (EPMs) have important effects on the operation of future nuclear fusion reactors, because SFs regulate the saturation of the AEs/EPMs, the transport of EPs and thermal plasma, as well as the formation of transport barriers among other consequences. The aim of this study is the analysis of SFs generation during the saturation phase of AEs and EPMs in LHD plasma. Experiments performed in the 23rd and 24th LHD experimental campaigns are dedicated to explore the destabilization of AEs/EPMs in discharges with different heating patterns, thermal plasma and magnetic field configurations. In particular, the shots 176490 and 179697 show the destabilization of MHD bursts and energetic-ion-driven resistive interchange modes (EIC), respectively. Charge exchange spectroscopy measurements in both discharges indicate that the generation of SFs by AE/EPM is uncorrelated with the perturbation induced by the neutral beam injector (NBI). Nonlinear simulations performed using the gyro-fluid code FAR3d show the generation of zonal structures, especially SFs, induced during the saturation phase of Toroidal Alfven Eigenmodes (TAEs) triggered in the MHD burst as well as by the 1 / 1 EIC in the bursting phase. The simulations indicate that SFs are caused by the radial electric fields powered by energy transfers from the unstable AE/EPM towards the thermal plasma. The strongest SFs are measured during the EIC bursting phase once the 1 / 1 EPM overlaps with nearby resonances at the plasma periphery. Likewise, the largest SFs during the MHD burst are observed once TAEs radially overlap in the inner-middle plasma region.

Revisiting gauge invariance and Reggeization of pion exchange

The Reggeized pion is expected to provide the main contribution to the forward cross section in light meson photoproduction reactions with charge exchange at high energies. We discuss the Reggeization of pion exchange in charged pion photoproduction with an emphasis on consistency with current conservation. We show that the gauge-invariant amplitude for the exchange of a particle with a generic even spin J≥2 in the t channel is analytic at J=0 and that it can be interpreted in terms of the nucleon electric current. This enables us to reconcile the dynamics in the s and u channel, which involves also nucleon exchanges, with the amplitude expressed in terms of t-channel partial waves, as required by Regge theory. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Displacement of extracellular chloride by immobile anionic constituents of the brain's extracellular matrix

AbstractGABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. Membrane currents evoked by GABAA receptor activation have uniquely small driving forces: their reversal potential (EGABA) is very close to the resting membrane potential. As a consequence, GABAA currents can flow in either direction, depending on both the membrane potential and the local intra and extracellular concentrations of the primary permeant ion, chloride (Cl). Local cytoplasmic Cl concentrations vary widely because of displacement of mobile Cl ions by relatively immobile anions. Here, we use new reporters of extracellular chloride (Cl−o) to demonstrate that Cl is displaced in the extracellular space by high and spatially heterogenous concentrations of immobile anions including sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Cl−o varies widely, and the mean Cl−o is only half the canonical concentration (i.e. the Cl concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid). These unexpectedly low and heterogenous Cl−o domains provide a mechanism to link the varied but highly stable distribution of sGAGs and other immobile anions in the brain's extracellular space to neuronal signal processing via the effects on the amplitude and direction of GABAA transmembrane Cl currents. imageKey points Extracellular chloride concentrations in the brain were measured using a new chloride‐sensitive organic fluorophore and two‐photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. In vivo, the extracellular chloride concentration was spatially heterogenous and only half of the cerebrospinal fluid chloride concentration Stable displacement of extracellular chloride by immobile extracellular anions was responsible for the low extracellular chloride concentration The changes in extracellular chloride were of sufficient magnitude to alter the conductance and reversal potential of GABAA chloride currents The stability of the extracellular matrix, the impact of the component immobile anions, including sulfated glycosaminoglycans on extracellular chloride concentrations, and the consequent effect on GABAA signalling suggests a previously unappreciated mechanism for modulating GABAA signalling.

Simulation of the charged particle deflection from the sweeping magnet array in the Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray imager.

The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI) is an instrument built to image x-rays from solar wind charge exchange in Earth's magnetosheath. Monitoring the position of the magnetopause at the inner boundary of the magnetosheath allows us to understand how magnetic reconnection regulates how energy from the solar wind is deposited into Earth's magnetosphere. LEXI is part of an upcoming lunar lander mission set to land in Mare Crisium. To repel unwanted charged particles, the instrument carries a permanent magnet array composed of 48 neodymium magnets. The array was designed to maximize charged particle deflection while minimizing stray magnetic fields, which could impact other instruments or spacecraft operation. A Runge-Kutta-based fully kinetic particle tracing model was created to evaluate the effectiveness of LEXI's unique charged particle deflector array. Combined with the other particle suppression measures of the instrument, including physical structures and filters, the simulations show proton and electron transmission to the LEXI detector is expected to be sufficiently reduced to allow successful imaging. The flexible simulation model can be generalized to be used in examining the magnetic deflector array effectiveness of other instruments whose signals could be compromised by unwanted charged particle contamination.

Enhanced Bulk Photovoltaic Effect of Single-Domain Freestanding BiFeO3 Membranes.

The bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), which uniquely exists in non-centrosymmetric materials, has been received extensive attention recently due to its potential to overcome the theoretical Shockley-Queisser limit in traditional p-n junction solar cells. Here, freestanding single-domain BiFeO3 membranes are exfoliated from miscut SrTiO3 substrates by dissolving Sr3Al2O6 sacrificial layers, and transferred on SiO2/Si substrates. This study finds that the freestanding BiFeO3 membranes maintain the single-domain structure and exhibits the significantly enhanced bulk photovoltaic response (≈200% enhancement), compared to the strained BiFeO3 films. The comprehensive atomic imaging analyses manifest that the freestanding BiFeO3 membrane demonstrates the bigger noncentral ion (Fe) displacement, which results in the larger in-plane ferroelectric polarization and substantial increase in the BPVE photocurrent. This work not only provides an effective approach to enhance the BPVE of ferroelectric oxide films, but also can potentially promote the exploration of BPVE of oxide membranes integrated with silicon-based or 2D electronics.

N-doped Z-scheme heterojunctions on cobalt foam for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin and reduction of hexavalent chromium: Insights into charge separation and catalytic mechanisms

The transfer of photoelectrons across heterogeneous materials stands as a cornerstone process within the domain of photocatalysis. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying electron transfer at heterojunction interfaces provides profound insights that are crucial for the rational design of efficient catalysts. In this study, we employ a hierarchical synthesis approach to fabricate N-doped Z-scheme heterojunctions directly on the surface of cobalt foam (CoF). Both experimental observations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that N-doped CoS2 nanosheets exhibit asymmetric charge distribution, functioning as localized electron traps. Further analysis of differential charge density elucidates that positive charges are predominantly concentrated in proximity to N-CoS2, whereas negative charges accumulate near ZnO, indicating substantial charge exchange between these two phases. The integration of a potent built-in electric field upon illumination facilitates the splitting of photogenerated carriers in both transverse and longitudinal directions, thereby enabling their effective separation and migration. The CoF@N-CS@ZO composites demonstrated a remarkable capacity for simultaneous degradation and reduction, achieving a 93.6 % degradation of levofloxacin (LEV) and a 96.9 % reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) under visible light irradiation for 85 min. Furthermore, due to the active species being anchored on the surface of the CoF, which serves as a recyclable substrate, the composites could be directly recycled post-use. Notably, CoF@N-CS@ZO maintained an efficiency of over 80 % for both LEV degradation and Cr(VI) reduction even after undergoing more than ten cycles. This research elucidates the intricate interplay of the synergistic N-doped built-in electric field on the charge transfer process, offering profound insights into the targeted design of charge-modulated materials for enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Competing excitation quenching and charge exchange in ultracold Li-Ba+ collisions

Abstract Hybrid atom-ion systems are a rich and powerful platform for studying chemical reactions, as they feature both excellent control over the electronic state preparation and readout as well as a versatile tunability over the scattering energy, ranging from the few-partial wave regime to the quantum regime. In this work, we make use of these excellent control knobs, and present a joint experimental and theoretical study of the collisions of a single 138Ba+ ion prepared in the 5 d 2 D 3 / 2 , 5 / 2 metastable states with a ground state 6Li gas near quantum degeneracy. We show that in contrast to previously reported atom-ion mixtures, several non-radiative processes, including charge exchange, excitation exchange and quenching, compete with each other due to the inherent complexity of the ion-atom molecular structure. We present a full quantum model based on high-level electronic structure calculations involving spin-orbit couplings. Results are in excellent agreement with observations, highlighting the strong coupling between the internal angular momenta and the mechanical rotation of the colliding pair, which is relevant in any other hybrid system composed of an alkali-metal atom and an alkaline-earth ion.

Understanding Ion‐Related Performance Losses in Perovskite‐Based Solar Cells by Capacitance Measurements and Simulation

Understanding the behavior of mobile ions in perovskite‐based solar cells (PSCs) is crucial for improving their performance and stability, which belong to the key hurdles in advancing this technology toward commercialization. This study explores the role of mobile ions in PSCs using the comprehensive technology computer‐aided design model which is extended to simulate the frequency‐dependent capacitance (C–f) of PSCs. It is compared with equivalent circuit approaches showcasing the validity and advantages of full device modeling. By combining the simulation of full measurement procedures with C–f and J–V measurements on experimental test structures, the observed C–f characteristics can be quantitatively related to performance losses in scan‐time‐dependent J–V curves, both originating from ion diffusion. With this combined analysis, insights can be provided on the physical origin and interpretation of the different C–f plateaus caused by the displacement of ions. Finally, the C–f characteristics of PSCs under illumination and the impact of band alignment and recombination at the perovskite interface are investigated. Experimental PSCs with and without electron‐transport layer passivation are fabricated, showing a good agreement between the simulated and measured C–f and pointing toward a lower surface recombination for the passivated PSC. This study shows how drift‐diffusion modeling helps to characterize and interpret capacitance‐based data.

S-Scheme Interface Between K-C3N4 and FePS3 Fosters Photocatalytic H2 Evolution.

In photocatalysis, photogenerated charge separation is pivotal and can be achieved through various mechanisms. Building heterojunctions is a promising method to enhance charge separation, where effective contact and charge exchange between heterojunction components remains challenging. Mostly used synthesis processes for making heterostructures require high temperatures, difficult processes, or expensive materials. Herein, a heterojunction of potassium intercalated graphitic carbon nitride (K-CN) and nanoflakes of iron phosphor trisulfide (FPS) is designed via a simple mechanical grinding process to boost the hydrogen evolution by a factor of more than 25 compared to pure K-CN. This significant improvement is rarely reached by other combinations of two semiconductors without cocatalysts, such as platinum. It can be attributed to the band alignment and band bending of an S-scheme that is validated via optical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a consequence, strong quenching of the photoluminescence and significant H2 evolution occur for this unique heterojunction. Furthermore, the excellent durability of the designed photocatalytic heterostructure is confirmed by monitoring the catalysts' H2-evolution rate and crystal structure after 72 h under light illumination. This study opens up promising and simple pathways for constructing efficient S-scheme heterojunctions for photocatalytic water-splitting.

Defect induced polar distortion in SrMnO3 thin films

Defect engineering in perovskite oxides enables novel functionalities by inducing and controlling lattice defects, effectively breaking lattice symmetry, stabilizing polar states and inducing ferroelectricity in non-polar/paraelectric or ferro/antiferromagnetic oxide thin films. A polar state can be stabilized in SrMnO3 (SMO) thin films by displacing Mn ions. However, conventional epitaxial strain engineering necessitates deposition on diverse single crystalline substrates with varying misfit strains and optimization of thin film growth conditions, posing challenges in achieving polar states in SMO thin films. In this study, polar distortion was achieved by inducing defects in SMO epitaxial thin films grown on Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 substrates La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) electrode. Scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that Mn ion displacement and the c/a ratio increased on moving from the SMO/LSMO interface to the top surface of the SMO film. Electron energy loss spectroscopy depth profiles revealed variations in oxygen stoichiometry and Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio across the cross section of the SMO film. Consequently, a polar state was stabilized through strain gradient induced by defect chemistry in SMO thin films. Our study demonstrates that defect engineering can be effectively utilized in the realization of electric field-controlled magnetic devices at room temperature.

Interface engineering of electron-ion dual transmission channels for ultra-long lifespan quasi-solid zinc-ion batteries

Hydrogel electrolytes have emerged as effective strategies to prolong the lifespan of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). However, dendrites and side reactions are still inescapable due to the residual active water and chaotic migration of Zn2+. Herein, a super stable Zn anode is realized through the synergistic effect of interfacial electron-ion dual transmission channels (EIDC) and an intermediate sodium alginate (SA) gel. Specifically, the SA gel can adjust the solvation structure of Zn2+ and weaken the strong bonding of Zn2+ and H2O molecules. The EIDC polymer layer (PEDOT:PSS) is engineered on the SA hydrogel surfaces, in which PSS chains can offer uniform ion transmission channels via the electrostatic interaction between SO3– groups and Zn2+. While another PEDOT chains can provide electron conducting channels through the conjugated π-π bonds to accelerate charge exchange. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of EIDC polymer layer and SA gel, the as-prepared SA/EIDC gel electrolyte achieves a high ionic conductivity of 41 mS cm–1. The Zn//Zn symmetric batteries exhibit a super-long lifespan of 6750 h at 1 mA cm–2 and 1 mAh cm–2 (>9 months), and cycling life of MnO2-Zn full battery surpasses 4000 cycles. This work presents a new perspective on designing hydrogel electrolytes towards ultra-long lifespan ZIBs.

Effects of translation misalignment on ion optics with slit apertures

For ion thrusters, the deflection of the ion beam caused by the relative translation of the grids is one of the primary factors limiting the erosion lifetime of the ion optical system. A two-dimensional (2D) simulation package of the ion optic system is developed to investigate the ion sputtering corrosion due to grid translation misalignment. For benchmark cases, the 2D simulation package shows a reasonable consistency compared to the experimental method in ion beam deflection angle and drain-to-beam current ratio, indicating the effectiveness of the simulation package. The deviation between the simulated deflection angle and the experimental value is within 8.86%. Furthermore, this 2D package is employed to analyze the variation patterns of ion beam, ion collection, and the distribution of ion sputtering rates caused by grid translation. The simulation results indicate that the ion beam deflection occurs in the direction opposite to grid translation. The number of ions collected at different positions on the acceleration grid shows different tendencies. Only the upstream surface Sy− and the aperture surface Sx+ will be subjected to energetic ion impingement. The sputtering of energetic ions on these two surfaces becomes the dominant factor limiting the grid’s ion corrosion lifetime when the grid translation is significant. The sputtering rate of energetic ions can exceed that of charge exchange (CEX) ions by more than 10 times. The proportion of the region where energetic ions contribute to sputtering expands with increasing grid misalignment, reaching up to 52.5% on surface Sx+. Additionally, the downstream surface Sy+ and the aperture surface Sx− are only subjected to CEX ion sputtering regardless of grid translation. Moreover, the CEX ion sputtering regions on surfaces Sx− and Sx+ expand as the grid misalignment distance increases. The peak in the ion sputtering rate distribution profile on surface Sy+ becomes more prominent due to grid translation, with the sputtering rate at the peak position reaching approximately 1.65 times that of the surrounding lower-rate regions. The analysis of the electric field indicates that local electric field variations caused by grid misalignment are the underlying reason for the ion erosion characteristics.

Nonlinear saturation of the ion flow driven ion sound instability in a finite length plasma

The saturation mechanism and nonlinear evolution of the ion sound instability driven by the subsonic ion flow in a finite length plasma are studied by a one-dimensional hybrid model considering kinetic ions and Boltzmann electrons. Three regimes of the instability nonlinear behavior are identified as a function of the frequency of the ion-neutral charge exchange (CX) collision fcoll. In the first (collisionless-alike) regime when the CX frequency is low, the instability is saturated by ions trapping in wave potentials leading to the formation of phase space vortexes (PSVs). One of the PSVs subsequently expands and becomes system long in the steady state. The transition to the second (medium) regime occurs when fcoll≳vp/d, where vp is the PSV expansion velocity and d is the system length. In the second regime, CX collisions convert fraction of beam ions into slow ions that can be trapped in potentials of small scale ion sound eigenmodes fluctuations. The trapping of slow ions results in the formation of a chain of small scale PSVs and the disruption of the establishment of the single system long PSV. In the third (collision-dominated) regime when fcoll≳γ (γ is the instability growth rate), CX collisions transform all beam ions into slow ions and the instability is thereby eliminated.

Modeling the Emission of Energetic Neutral Atoms in Titan's Dynamic Magnetospheric Environment

AbstractTo provide context for Cassini observations of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) generated by charge exchange between Titan's atmosphere and energetic magnetospheric ions, we compute synthetic ENA images for a variety of uniform and draped electromagnetic field configurations, flyby scenarios, and viewing geometries. Starting with the idealized case of the magnetospheric field near Titan pointing southward, we calculate the observable ENA emission morphology for a large set of detector locations, each mimicking the properties of Cassini's Ion and Neutral Camera. Regardless of whether the electromagnetic fields near Titan are treated as uniform or draped, ENA production occurs within a thin shell of radial thickness 85 km, located directly above the moon's exobase. The observable ENA morphology is largely controlled by the angle between the detector's boresight vector and Saturn's magnetospheric field. Both the radius and the sense of energetic ion gyration carve distinct gaps in the ENA emission pattern. Field line draping around Titan leaves a discernible imprint in the ENA emissions only for a narrow range of viewing geometries. We also apply the model to study the ENA images taken during the T20 and T24 flybys. During both encounters, the ambient magnetospheric field displayed frequent transitions between Saturn's northern and southern magnetodisk lobes. We show that the notion of a steady‐state interaction between Titan and an averaged magnetospheric background field is not suitable to explain the observed ENA morphology. Instead, ambient field variations measured more than 1 hr before ENA image acquisition still leave an imprint in the emission pattern.

Measurement of the 116Sn(18O, 18Ne)116Cd double charge exchange reaction at 276 MeV

The measurement of the 116Sn(18O, 18Ne)116Cd double charge exchange reaction cross section at very forward angles was performed for the first time at INFN-LNS using the MAGNEX magnetic spectrometer. This study, carried out at 276 MeV beam energy, provides a cross section of 34 nb ([9, 44] nb at 95% confidence level), confirming the tiny values recently obtained for the same reaction in other nuclides. This result has a major impact on the forthcoming systematic investigation of 0νββ decay candidates carried out by the NUMEN project, since it allows to properly tailor future experiments with high-intensity beams. The ultimate goal of this exploration is to experimentally access information about nuclear matrix elements relevant to the 0νββ decay rate.

Destruction of interstellar methyl cyanide (CH3CN) via collisions with He+⋅ ions

Context. CH3CN (methyl cyanide) is one of the simplest and most abundant interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMs), and has been detected in young solar analogues, shocked regions, protoplanetary discs, and comets. CH3CN can therefore be considered a key species to explore the chemical connections between the planet-forming disk phase and comets. However, for such comparison to be meaningful, kinetics data for the reactions leading to CH3CN formation and destruction must be updated. Aims. Here we focus on the destruction of methyl cyanide through collisions with He+. . We employed a combined experimental and theoretical methodology to obtain cross sections (CSs) and branching ratios (BRs) as a function of collision energy, from which we calculated reaction rate coefficients k(T) in the temperature range from 10 to 300 K. Methods. We measured CSs and BRs using a guided ion beam setup, and developed a theoretical treatment based on an analytical formulation of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the charge exchange process. The method employs a Landau Zener model to obtain reaction probabilities at crossings between the entrance and exit PESs, and an adiabatic centrifugal sudden approximation to calculate CSs and k(T), from subthermal to hyper-thermal regimes. Results. k(T) and experimental BRs differ from those predicted from widely used capture models. In particular, the rate coefficient at 10 K is estimated to be almost one order of magnitude smaller than what is reported in the KIDA database. In addition, the charge exchange is completely dissociative and the most abundant fragments are HCCN+/CCNH+ , HCNH+ and CH2+. Conclusions. Our results, combined with a revised chemical network for the formation of CH3CN, support the hypothesis that methyl cyanide in protoplanetary discs could be mostly the product of gas-phase processes rather than grain chemistry, as currently proposed. These findings are expected to have implications in the comparison of the abundance ratios of N-bearing molecules observed in discs with cometary abundance ratios.

Cyanide mediated conformational changes resulted in the displacement of sulfate ion from the active site of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

Ribonuclease A is a major hydrolyzing enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of RNA. The crystals of bovine pancreatic RNase A (bpRNase A) were grown at pH 5.5. The effect of sodium cyanide on bpRNase A was assessed by adding it directly to the crystal containing well. Treating the crystals of bpRNase A with sodium cyanide resulted in the displacement of the sulfate ion from the active site of bpRNase A, while the additional sulfate ion, bound to Ala-4, remained unaffected. The addition of sodium cyanide to bpRNase A crystals did not show change in the secondary structure elements of the enzyme. This study was conducted to check the effect of cyanide on bpRNase A crystals and to displace sulfate ion from its active site.

Experimental investigation of steady state power balance in double null and single null H mode plasmas in MAST Upgrade

Global power balance calculations in steady state H mode plasmas varying the distance between separatrices (drsep) and the divertor configuration have been performed in MAST Upgrade. As drsep becomes more negative, more of the power crossing the separatrix goes to the lower divertor. The inner divertor receives a higher fraction of the power exhaust in a Super-X divertor plasma compared to a conventional divertor plasma at similar negative drsep, which is a concern for high power devices employing alternative divertor configurations for power exhaust handling. Global power accounting suggests >30% of the input power is unaccounted for with the power loss channels quantified in this work. Charge exchange and orbit losses from the NBI could account for a large fraction of unaccounted power but it is not possible to precisely determine this without further diagnostic calibration.

Direct Evidence of Breakdown of Spin Statistics in Ion-Atom Charge Exchange Collisions.

Recent experimental studies have questioned the validity of spin statistics assumptions, particularly in charge exchange processes occurring in atomic MeV collisions. Here, we study spin-resolved single electron capture processes in collisions between C^{3+} ions and helium within an energy range of 1.25-400 keV/u. Using high resolution reaction microscope and multielectronic theoretical approaches, we directly measure and calculate the true population information of the C^{2+}(1s^{2}2s2p ^{1,3}P) states at the time of electron capture, overcoming the previous experimental and theoretical difficulties. At the level of integral and scattering angle differential cross sections, our results demonstrate the breakdown of pure spin statistics arguments, especially at high impact energies where they are traditionally expected to be valid. These novel findings and conclusions raise intriguing questions both in the understanding of the electronic dynamics during such fast collisional processes and in exploring quantum manipulation of atomic and molecular reactivity.