Dispersions Of Solid Nanoparticles Research Articles

Effects of PEMFC cooling channel insulation coating on heat transfer and electrical discharge characteristics of nanofluid coolants

Nanofluids have high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, and there is a problem of electrical discharge when used as a coolant in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this study, the compact Al2O3 insulating coating was prepared by supersonic plasma spray processing technology and evenly coated in the cooling channel. The electrical discharge effect and heat transfer enhancement ability of three coolants, namely deionized water, Al2O3 nanofluid and graphene nanofluid, were studied when applied in the electrically active atmosphere of PEMFC. The results show that, the graphene nanofluid has the best heat transfer performance before insulation coating integration, but the dispersion of solid nanoparticles in the base fluid leads to a higher pressure drop, with an increase of 6.7%. When the voltage is 200 V, the leakage current of Al2O3 nanofluid and graphene nanofluid is up to 16 mA and 33 mA respectively. After insulation coating integration, the index of uniform temperature (IUT) and maximum temperature of graphene nanofluids further decrease, while the pressure drop increases by 7.0%. The leakage current of all three coolants at different voltages and Re numbers decrease to 0, indicating a significant improvement in the insulation performance of PEMFC cooling channel. In addition, dimensionless evaluation parameter ε for the applicability of heat transfer fluids were proposed from the perspectives of work and energy. Within the pump power range of 0.0065 W ∼ 0.0325 W, the ε of graphene nanofluids with insulating coating is always lower than Al2O3 nanofluid. At the pump power of 0.014 W, the ε of graphene nanofluids with insulating coating is 0.76, which has the best coolant applicability when applied in the electrically active atmosphere of PEMFC.

DoE Enabled Development and In-Vitro Optimization of Curcumin-tagged Cilostazol Solid Nano Dispersion

Background: Diabetes is a prevailing disease worldwide and its complications are also hazardous including nephropathy. Drug available to treat Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) faces bioavailability issues related to solubility and absorption of drugs. Cilostazol (CLT) is a BCS class II drug that is poorly water-soluble which affects its therapeutic efficacy. CLT reduces reactive oxy-gen species (ROS) increased in DN. Curcumin (Cur) is also hydrophobic but Cur has many therapeutic efficacies like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that help for the treatment of DN. Objective: The objective of the current study was to develop and optimize the Cilostazol Solid Dis-persion Nanoparticle (SDN) to improve the bioavailability of the drug by tagging it with Cur by us-ing PVP VA S 630 as polymer and Poloxamer 407 as surfactant. Method: Different formulations were developed using the emulsion solvent evaporation method, PVP VA S 630 as the hydrophilic polymer, and Poloxamer 407 as a surfactant. Two-factor, three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used for statistical analysis of the selected process variable's main effect and interactive effect on the response. Curcumin tagging was also done for the entire batches. Nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, DSC, Particle size, Zeta poten-tial, Drug entrapment efficiency, Solubility, and % CDR studies. Results: Among the 17 different formulations (CLT1-CLT 17), with a solubility of 39.5 μg/ml, a % CDR of 99.55, a typical particle size of 219.67 nm with a PDI of 0.258, entrapment efficiency of 73.47%, and a -10.6 mV of Zeta potential, CLT-15 was optimized. To determine CLT and curcu-min, the simultaneous UV calibration method was created. Overall, the DSC study indicated the amorphous nature of the Nano Dispersion, which in turn means the successful entrapment of the CLT in the Nano Dispersion matrix. TEM images also confirmed the spherical nanoparticles. The optimized batch of drugs tagged with curcumin was compared with the plain drug Solid Dispersion Nanoparticles. Conclusion: Together with the molecules of curcumin, the solid nano dispersion of CLT was pro-duced, which will add to the benefits of the management of Diabetic Nephropathy. In the current study, we underline the importance of utilising both API and phytochemicals in the treatment of Di-abetic Nephropathy, and we anticipate further basic research or clinical trials to support innovative treatments. It is possible to use these matrix-forming polymers for active ingredients with poor sol-ubility, whether they are natural or synthetic. It has also been demonstrated that these carriers (PVP VA S 630 & Poloxamer) increase the dissolution rate (in-vitro).

Fabrication of betamethasone micro- and nanoparticles using supercritical antisolvent technology: In vitro drug release study and Caco-2 cell cytotoxicity evaluation

Poor solubility limits the pharmacological activities of betamethasone (BM), including its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. To improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of BM, supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technology was used to prepare BM microparticles and BM–polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersion nanoparticles. The effects of temperature, pressure, solution feeding rate, and drug concentration on particle formation were investigated using both single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the optimal preparation process was screened. The physicochemical properties of the BM particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. After the SAS process, the particle size was reduced significantly and the crystalline shape was altered, which considerably increased the solubility and dissolution rate of BM. Furthermore, the toxicity of BM to live cells was reduced because of the BM–PVP solid dispersions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion of Celecoxib

The aim of this study was to develop celecoxib (CLX) -polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersion nanoparticles with and without surfactant using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. The effect of different surfactants such as gelucire 44/14, poloxamer 188, poloxamer 407, Ryoto sugar ester L1695, and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on nanoparticle formation and dissolution as well as oral absorption of CLX -PVP K30 solid dispersion nanoparticles was investigated. Spherical CLX solid dispersion nanoparticles <300 nm in size were successfully developed using the SAS process. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction showed that CLX existed in the amorphous form within the solid dispersion nanoparticles fabricated using the SAS process. The CLX -PVPTPGS solid dispersion nanoparticles significantly enhanced in vitro dissolution and oral absorption of CLX relative to that of the unprocessed form. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0 24 h) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) increased 4.6 and 5.7 times, respectively, with the CLX -PVP-TPGS formulation. In addition, in vitro dissolution efficiency was well correlated with in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. The present study demonstrated that formulation of CLX -PVP-TPGS solid dispersion nanoparticles using the SAS process is a highly effective strategy for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble CLX.

A Strategy for the Effective Optimization of Pharmaceutical Formulations Based on Parameter-Optimized Support Vector Machine Model.

Engineering pharmaceutical formulations is governed by a number of variables, and the finding of the optimal preparation is intricately linked to the exploration of a multiparametric space through a variety of optimization tasks. As a result, making such optimization activities simpler is a significant undertaking. For the purposes of this study, we suggested a prediction model that was based on least square support vector machine (LSSVM) and whose parameters were optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO-LSSVM model). Other in silico optimization methods were used and compared, including the LSSVM and the back propagation (BP) neural networks algorithm. PSO-LSSVM demonstrated the highest performance on the test dataset, with the lowest mean square error. In addition, two dosage forms, quercetin solid dispersion and apigenin nanoparticles, were selected as model formulations due to the wide range of formulation compositions and manufacturing factors used in their production. Three different models were used to predict the ideal formulations of two different dosage forms, and in real world, the Taguchi orthogonal design arrays were used to optimize the formulations of each dosage form. It is clear that the predicted performance of two formulations using PSO-LSSVM was both consistent with the outcomes of the Taguchi orthogonal planned experiment, demonstrating the model's good reliability and high usefulness. Together, our PSO-LSSVM prediction model has the potential to accurately predict the best possible formulations, reduce the reliance on experimental effort, accelerate the process of formulation design, and provide a low-cost solution to drug preparation optimization.

Pump-free electrospraying: A novel approach for fabricating Soluplus®-based solid dispersion nanoparticles

Ultragriseofulvin (UGF) is an antifungal drug classified as a class II drug with poor solubility and high permeability, where the dissolution rate is the primary limiting step of its absorption. The present study aimed at enhancing the dissolution rate of UGF by high voltage-based solvent evaporation technique forming Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) with the modified polyethylene glycol grafted copolymer, Soluplus® (SOL). Conventional, electrospun, and electrosprayed ASDs of UGF and SOL were prepared, characterized, and their in-vitro dissolution rates were studied. Electrosprayed UGF/SOL composites prepared in a ratio of (1:4) in a mixed solvent (DMF: DCM, 1 : 1, w/w), under (15.3 Kv) voltage produced NPs with an average particle size of 139.23 ± 17.70 nm and a polydispersity index = 0.326 ± 0.02. Solid-state characterization and microscopical analysis, including polarized light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy of SOL-based NPs, indicated the predominance of the amorphous structure of NPs with no crystals formation. The chemical integrity and stability of the spiro-structured UGF under the high voltage conditions were confirmed by 1H NMR studies on UGF/SOL NPs. The electrosprayed UGF/SOL NPs demonstrated an enhanced wettability and a 6.16-fold increase in the in-vitro dissolution compared to raw UGF. The study provides the significant impact of the electrospraying technique on the dissolution of ASDs of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Unsteady mixed convective flow of Williamson nanofluid with heat transfer in the presence of variable thermal conductivity and magnetic field

Latest developments regarding thermo-physical features of flow and heat transfer for non-Newtonian fluids in the presence of nanoparticles have been drawing the attention of many engineers and researchers due to their improved heat transfer features. Amongst several available techniques to reinforce the thermal performance of energy systems, one is the dispersion of solid nanoparticles in base fluids like water. Owing to recent developments in this regard, this communication focuses on time-dependent flow of non-Newtonian Williamson fluid driven by a radially stretching geometry with nanoparticles. The analysis is subject to the effects of variable magnetic field, mixed convection and newly proposed zero nanoparticles mass flux condition. The mathematical formulation is presented with the assistance of basic conservation laws and boundary layer assumptions. The leading transport equations for nanofluid flow have been converted into a system of strongly non-linear ordinary differential equations by employing dimensionless variables. The non-linearity numerical scheme known as Runge-Kutta integration scheme has been implemented to obtain the numerical results for velocity, temperature and concentration fields for numerous set of physical parameters. In this review, impacts of developing parameters on flow field variables are visualized through tables and graphs. The obtained results demonstrate that a higher magnetic field reduces the nanofluids velocity as well as momentum boundary layer thickness. We observe an increment in the rate of heat transfer with Schmidt number. Moreover, it is concluded that an increasing trend is seen in nanofluids temperature with greater thermophoresis parameter. In addition, the numerical results acquired by the applied technique are validated with existing data and excellent correlation is noted.

Enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs using supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process

Poor water solubility and poor bioavailability are problems with many pharmaceuticals. Increasing surface area by micronization is an effective strategy to overcome these problems, but conventional techniques often utilize solvents and harsh processing, which restricts their use. Newer, green technologies, such as supercritical fluid (SCF)-assisted particle formation, can produce solvent-free products under relatively mild conditions, offering many advantages over conventional methods. The antisolvent properties of the SCFs used for microparticle and nanoparticle formation have generated great interest in recent years, because the kinetics of the precipitation process and morphologies of the particles can be accurately controlled. The characteristics of the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) technique make it an ideal tool for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. This review article focuses on SCFs and their properties, as well as the fundamentals of overcoming poorly water-soluble drug properties by micronization, crystal morphology control, and formation of composite solid dispersion nanoparticles with polymers and/or surfactants. This article also presents an overview of the main aspects of the SAS-assisted particle precipitation process, its mechanism, and parameters, as well as our own experiences, recent advances, and trends in development.

Study of Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement by Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Water Nanofluid through a Rough Circular Tube

Nanotechnology is a novel approach in thermal engineering science to enhance the overall thermal performance of compact heat exchangers by the homogeneous dispersion of solid nanoparticles of higher thermal conductivity in conventional base fluid like water, oil, ethylene glycol etc. The heat transfer rate is substantially intensified by the addition of nanosized solid particles which provide superior thermo-physical properties in comparison with base fluid. In the present study, a numerical simulation is performed to investigate the turbulent convective heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluid of volume fractions (1%, 3% and 5%) through a rough circular tube subjected to constant heat flux for a range of Reynolds number 10,000 to 30,000. The finite volume method is employed for solving the governing equations and k-ω SST turbulent model for single phase analysis is considered. At a Reynolds number of 25000, application of nanofluid combined with rough tube enhances the Nusselt number by 13.10%, 21.86% and 63.03% in case of relative roughness of the wall of 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 respectively.

Enhancement of dissolution and bioavailability of ezetimibe by amorphous solid dispersion nanoparticles fabricated using supercritical antisolvent process

The purpose of the present study was to fabricate ezetimibe-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) solid dispersion nanoparticles with enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. We investigated the influence of SAS process parameters (pressure, temperature, and solute concentration) on the formation of ezetimibe-HPC solid dispersion particles. Physico-chemical properties of solid dispersion nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, powder X-ray diffraction, a particle size analyzer, and measurements of the specific surface area. The mean particle size of ezetimibe-HPC solid dispersions could be controlled by the solute concentration. Physico-chemical analysis demonstrated that ezetimibe is amorphous in all solid dispersions. The dissolution rate of the solid dispersion nanoparticles was inversely proportional to the mean particle size. Ezetimibe administered in the form of 150.6-nm HPC solid dispersion nanoparticles demonstrated rapid dissolution of up to 95 % of the total amount within 10 min, as well as higher oral bioavailability than the drug introduced in the physical mixture. We also observed 3.2- and 2.0-fold increases in Cmax and AUC0→24 h values, respectively, for ezetimibe administered in the nanoparticle form compared to the drug within the physical mixture. Therefore, these results demonstrated that dissolution and oral absorption of ezetimibe can be enhanced by formulating it in the form of amorphous HPC solid dispersion nanoparticles manufactured using the SAS process.

Development of megestrol acetate solid dispersion nanoparticles for enhanced oral delivery by using a supercritical antisolvent process.

In the present study, solid dispersion nanoparticles with a hydrophilic polymer and surfactant were developed using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process to improve the dissolution and oral absorption of megestrol acetate. The physicochemical properties of the megestrol acetate solid dispersion nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and a particle-size analyzer. The dissolution and oral bioavailability of the nanoparticles were also evaluated in rats. The mean particle size of all solid dispersion nanoparticles that were prepared was <500 nm. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that megestrol acetate was present in an amorphous or molecular dispersion state within the solid dispersion nanoparticles. Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) solid dispersion nanoparticles significantly increased the maximum dissolution when compared with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 solid dispersion nanoparticles. The extent and rate of dissolution of megestrol acetate increased after the addition of a surfactant into the HPMC solid dispersion nanoparticles. The most effective surfactant was Ryoto sugar ester L1695, followed by D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate. In this study, the solid dispersion nanoparticles with a drug:HPMC:Ryoto sugar ester L1695 ratio of 1:2:1 showed >95% rapid dissolution within 30 minutes, in addition to good oral bioavailability, with approximately 4.0- and 5.5-fold higher area under the curve (0–24 hours) and maximum concentration, respectively, than raw megestrol acetate powder. These results suggest that the preparation of megestrol acetate solid dispersion nanoparticles using the supercritical antisolvent process is a promising approach to improve the dissolution and absorption properties of megestrol acetate.

Miniaturization of automobile radiator by using zinc-water and zinc oxide-water nanofluids

High performing fluids for energy conservation and energy efficiency replace conventional heat transfer fluids. This study relates to the development of an alternative heat transfer fluid called as nanofluid. Nanofluid is a dispersion of solid nanoparticles in a base fluid having enhanced thermal properties compared to base fluid. Zinc and Zinc oxide, being eco-friendly and having easy nanoparticle production processes, are considered for the synthesis of nanofluids of different volume fractions. In this experimental study related to heat transfer, the preparation of Zinc-water (Zn-H2O) nanofluid involves the single step method, while the preparation of Zinc oxide-water (ZnO-H2O) uses the two-step method. Six nanofluids comprising of three Zn-H2O and three ZnO-H2O in different volume fractions are tried for this study. Conduct an experimental study to calculate the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop compared to water. Apply the performance evaluation criterion to assess the heat transfer performance of the considered nanofluids. Amongst the six nanofluids, Zn-H2O nanofluid of 0.5% volume fraction proves to have the best heat transfer performance. Then, assess this high performing fluid theoretically in an automobile radiator to get benefits of its use. If by replacing the water with Zn-H2O nanofluid of 0.5% volume fraction it is estimated that the size of the radiator, inventory of the fluid, and pumping power is reduced, thus, making this nanofluid an energy efficient fluid for the engine cooling system.

Simulation studies on the transport properties of Cu-H2O nanofluids based on water continuum assumption

Nanofluid is a kind of new engineering medium which is created by dispersing small quantity of nano-sized particles in the base fluid. The dispersion of solid nanoparticles in conventional fluids changes their transport properties remarkably. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) is an important approach to study the transport properties of nanofluids. However, the computation amount is huge, and it is very difficult to use the normal MDS to capture the transient flow and heat processes in Cu-H2O nanofluids if the regions in the simulation reach 149.6443 nm3 or 299.2883 nm3, and the number of Cu nano-particles reaches 6-64. Further study by means of simulation on the effects on effective transport properties of nanofluids is also difficult. In this paper, the water-based fluid region of 149.6443 nm3 or 299.2883 nm3 is assumed as continuum phase because of the very low Knudsen number of fluid, and the effects of water on nano-particles are fitted into the Cu-Cu potential parameters. Using the proposed method, the computation amount is significantly reduced. The effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity coefficient of Cu-H2O nanofluids under the stationary condition are simulated and the results are verified with existing experimental data. The motion and aggregation processes of nano-particles in the water-based fluids at different velocity shear rate are simulated. Effects of velocity shear rate, fluid velocity, temperature gradient, and average temperature on the effective thermal conductivity and the dynamic viscosity of Cu-H2O nanofluids in the processes of flow and heat transfer are studied. Three conclusions can be drawn from the obtained results. Firstly, the proposed method is feasible to capture the transient flow and heat processes in Cu-H2O nanofluids, and is also capable to further study the transport properties of Cu-H2O nanofluids. Secondly, the velocity shear rate acting on a nanofluid can effectively prevent the aggregating process of nano-particles, and therefore reduce the diameter of particle-aggregations. Finally, the velocity shear rate and the average temperature of Cu-H2O nanofluids have much more effects on the transport properties, while the fluid velocity and temperature gradient have less effects; the velocity shear rate increases the effective thermal conductivity of a nanofluid but decreases its dynamic viscosity. A rise of average temperature increases the effective thermal conductivity but decreases the dynamic viscosity.

Formulation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of celecoxib-PVP solid dispersion nanoparticles using supercritical antisolvent process.

The aim of this study was to develop celecoxib-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersion nanoparticles with and without surfactant using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. The effect of different surfactants such as gelucire 44/14, poloxamer 188, poloxamer 407, Ryoto sugar ester L1695, and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) on nanoparticle formation and dissolution as well as oral absorption of celecoxib-PVP K30 solid dispersion nanoparticles was investigated. Spherical celecoxib solid dispersion nanoparticles less than 300 nm in size were successfully developed using the SAS process. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction showed that celecoxib existed in the amorphous form within the solid dispersion nanoparticles fabricated using the SAS process. The celecoxib-PVP-TPGS solid dispersion nanoparticles significantly enhanced in vitro dissolution and oral absorption of celecoxib relative to that of the unprocessed form. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0→24 h) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) increased 4.6 and 5.7 times, respectively, with the celecoxib-PVP-TPGS formulation. In addition, in vitro dissolution efficiency was well correlated with in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. The present study demonstrated that formulation of celecoxib-PVP-TPGS solid dispersion nanoparticles using the SAS process is a highly effective strategy for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble celecoxib.

Shelf stability of nanofluids and its effect on thermal conductivity and viscosity

This study proposes a method and apparatus to estimate shelf stability of nanofluids. Nanofluids are fabricated by dispersion of solid nanoparticles in base fluids, and shelf stability is a key issue for many practical applications of these fluids. In this study, shelf stability is evaluated by measuring the weight of settled solid particles on a suspended tray in a colloid versus time and correlated with the performance change of some nanofluid systems. The effects of solid particle concentration and bath sonication time were investigated for selected nanofluids. The results show the applicability of this simple method and the apparatus to evaluate nanofluid shelf stability. Furthermore, it shows that Stokes’ law is not valid for determining the settling time of the tested nanoparticles probably due to their complicated shape and presence of surface modifiers. The effect of shelf stability on thermal conductivity and viscosity was illustrated for some nanofluids. Experimental results show that water-based Al2O3 nanofluids have quite good shelf stability and can be good candidates for industrial applications.

Preparation and evaluation of raloxifene-loaded solid dispersion nanoparticle by spray-drying technique without an organic solvent

The aim of this study was to improve the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug, raloxifene by solid dispersion (SD) nanoparticles using the spray-drying technique. These spray-dried SD nanoparticles were prepared with raloxifene (RXF), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Tween 20 in water. Reconstitution of optimized RXF-loaded SD nanoparticles in pH 1.2 medium showed a mean particle size of approximately 180 nm. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that RXF existed in an amorphous form within spray-dried nanoparticles. The optimized formulation showed an enhanced dissolution rate of RXF at pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 and distilled water as compared to pure RXF powder. The improved dissolution of raloxifene from spray-dried SD nanoparticles appeared to be well correlated with enhanced oral bioavailability of raloxifene in rats. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the spray-dried SD nanoparticles showed increased AUC(0-∞) and C(max) of RXF by approximately 3.3-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. These results suggest that the preparation of RXF-SD nanoparticles using the spray drying technique without organic solvents might be a promising approach for improving the oral bioavailability of RXF.

Seventy-two-hour release formulation of the poorly soluble drug silybin based on porous silica nanoparticles: In vitro release kinetics and in vitro/in vivo correlations in beagle dogs

The objective of this study was to prepare a 72h-release formulation of silybin (72h-SLB) using a combination of solid dispersion, gel matrix and porous silica nanoparticles (PSNs) and to investigate the in vitro/in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). The results of scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption demonstrated that empty PSNs possessed a spherical shape, a highly porous structure, a large specific surface area (385.89±1.12m2/g) and a small pore size (2.74nm on average). The in vitro dissolution profiles of both 72h-SLB and silybin-loaded PSNs in different concentrations (0.01, 0.06 and 0.08M) of Na2CO3 solutions revealed that 0.06M Na2CO3 solution was the optimal medium in which silybin could be released from 72h-SLB with first-order release kinetics and from PSNs with Higuchi kinetics. Furthermore, the IVIVCs of 72h-SLB and silybin-loaded PSNs in beagle dogs were also established. Using 0.06M Na2CO3 solution as the in vitro dissolution medium, a good linear relationship could be achieved for both 72h-SLB and silybin-loaded PSNs. The findings support the fact that the 72h-SLB (consisting of solid dispersion, regular gel matrix and PSNs) together with Na2CO3 solution as an in vitro dissolution medium can be developed into a promising formulation for poorly soluble drugs, which enjoys a good IVIVC.