Dispersion Of Carbon Nanotubes Research Articles

A subbands study on the resistivity of field-effect CNT-based piezoresistive nanocomposites.

In this paper, an analytical model based on the percolation theory has been developed to predict the subbands effect on the effective electrical resistivity of carbon nanotubes (CNT)-based polymer nanocomposites. The CNTs are considered as randomly distributed or aligned channel material in the polymer transmitting electrons through tunneling. The tunneling effect takes into account the electron transmission between each connected pair of CNTs to evaluate electrical resistivity. The modeling approach contains two steps of primary prediction of resistivity and further calculation of CNTs' displacements and subsequent change of the resistance. A good agreement is found between the analytical model predictions and experimental data when the tunneling behavior was considered in the percolation transition region. The effect of CNT diameter, orientation state, and subbands on the resistivity has been investigated. The results depict that subbands increment is a collateral benefit to the aspect ratio in decreasing the resistivity. The analytical results demonstrate that a random CNT dispersion leads to a decreased piezoresistivity, while an increased strain range depicts a more non-linear behavior.

Chromatographic Assessment of Organic Compounds Using Carbon Nanotubes: The Relationship between Affinity and Dispersibility

The affinity between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and organic compounds is of substantial importance since it strongly relates to the dispersibility of CNTs in those compounds. Several affinity evaluation methods have been developed so far, and the concept of the Hansen solubility parameter is a representative method widely used in the field of nanocarbon materials. Here, we demonstrate that CNT-loaded silica columns can effectively assess the affinity of organic compounds for CNT surface by exploiting the chromatographic retention time as a criterion. Obtained trends of the affinity of organic compounds for CNT were compared to those based on Hansen solubility parameter distance values. Most organic compounds showed similar trends, but one exceptional compound was observed. Simple CNT dispersion tests were conducted with these organic compounds to demonstrate the advantage of the chromatographic assessment. Further, we conducted comparison experiments using a pyrene-functionalized column and other CNT-loaded columns to elucidate the characteristics of each CNT column. The chromatographic approaches using CNT columns would be beneficial for realizing CNT suspensions with improved CNT dispersibility.

Enabling high capacity and reversible Li storage in indium(III) oxide anode surrounded by carbon nanotube matrix

In2O3 is one of the post-transition metal oxides that can be a potential anode material for the Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity (869 mAh g-1) and low operating voltage (0.8V vs Li/Li+) compared to other metal oxides. However, they have rarely been used in practical applications because of typical challenges such as irreversible capacity, unstable cycling stability, and poor coulombic efficiency. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully combined with In2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) via a solvothermal process. The In2O3 NPs and CNTs were homogeneously mixed by controlling the CNT dispersion (functionalization and appropriate solvent) and mixing sequence (dissolving the In2O3 precursor in the CNT-dispersed solution followed by thermal annealing). In addition, an increase in the oxygen vacancies in the In2O3 NPs by controlling the thermal annealing conditions (In2O3/CNT_Ar) could enhance robust binding with CNTs, increase the number of Li-ion binding sites, and improve the electrical conductivity. Therefore, at an appropriate ratio of In2O3 and CNT (92:8, w/w), the In2O3/CNT_Ar demonstrated remarkable cycling performance (830 mAh g-1 at a current density of 200mAg-1 after 100 cycles) and rate capability (65% retention at 5Ag-1 relative to 100mAg-1), which outperformed most In2O3-based anodes previously studied. Therefore, In2O3/CNT_Ar is a promising anode material for use in next-generation LIBs.

The enhanced tribological performance of fabric‐reinforced resin composites by biomimetic surface modification of fillers

The poor dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and weak interfacial adhesion of fabric and resin matrix seriously affect the tribological performance of fabric‐reinforcement resin composites. Tannic acid (TA), a plant‐derived compound, which is similar to mussel‐inspired polydopamine, can adhere to various substrates under a weak basic buffer solution. Therefore, in this work, TA‐modified MWCNTs were incorporated into TA functionalized fabric composite to improve the tribological performance of the fabric composite. The results indicate that the MWCNTs and fabric were successfully modified with TA. The wear tests revealed that the TA‐MWCNTs reinforcement TA‐fabric resin composites exhibited the best tribological performance, in which the friction coefficient and volume wear rate decreased by 16.9% and 40%, respectively, compared with pristine fabric composite. The favorable interfacial bonding between fabric and resin is beneficial to the friction force transfer to the load‐bearing fabric, decreasing the stress focus and thus reducing the damage to composite materials. Meanwhile, the good dispersion of MWCNTs contributes to the excellent lubrication performance. This simple and eco‐friendly method of treating fillers with TA provides a new approach to achieve high‐performance tribological materials.

Composites of nano-flower copper nanoparticles and well dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the voltammetric detection of moxifloxacin in pork

An electrochemical sensor was fabricated on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with nano-flower structured copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and well dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the detection of Moxifloxacin (MOX). The dispersion effect of using N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to disperse MWCNTs which can amplify the signal 4 folds. The as-prepared CuNPs/MWCNTs/GCE sensor can amplify the signal 5 folds compared with bare GCE. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear relationship of MOX detection in the 5.00–1000.00 μmol·L−1 range was obtained and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.205 μmol·L−1 using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The CuNPs/MWCNTs/GCE sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability, which was used to detect the MOX in pork sample with the standard addition recovery method. The recovery rate ranged between 102.75–104.14 %, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 6 %. The results of this study contribute to the detection of antibiotics in food.

Xylan‑Assisted construction of anisotropic aerogel for pressure sensor

Currently, aerogels are promising for wearable pressure sensors due to their superior flexibility and high sensitivity. However, uniform dispersion of conductive solid filler is a critical step in the preparation process. Herein, xylan with good amphiphilicity was obtained by hydroxypropylsulfonation under mild reaction conditions, which is accepted as a dispersant for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in water. The hydroxypropylsulfonated xylan (HSX) exhibited a satisfactory dispersion efficiency reached to 97.8 %. After standing for 20 days, there are still 76 % of MWCNTs stabilized in the dispersion. Then, the ultralight, flexible and superstable anisotropic aerogels were prepared by freeze-casting technology. The obtained aerogel reveals excellent mechanical performance, with a great compressibility (undergoing a strain of 70 %) and elasticity (91.8 % height retention after 100 cycles at a strain of 20 %). As a proof of concept, the HSX/MWCNTs aerogel is utilized to construct a pressure sensor, which exhibit high sensitivity (S = 2.17 kPa−1) and impressive responsiveness to human motions. This work demonstrates a promising flexible electronic material for wearable electronics, electronic skin, and human motion monitoring.

Unveiling the strengthening and toughening effects of copper-coated carbon nanotubes for the AlLiCu alloy matrix composite

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced Al–Li–Cu alloy matrix composite is a promising candidate for the lightweight structural materials demanded in advanced industrial areas such as aerospace. However, how to fully exploit the combined strengthening effects of CNTs and precipitates of the Al–Li–Cu matrix is still an open issue. In the present study, the Cu coating was firstly precoated on CNTs before fabricating CNTs reinforced Al–Li–Cu alloy matrix composite. Benefiting from the Cu coating, the improved CNTs dispersion and Al-CNTs interfacial bonding was achieved, and the precipitation of Al2Cu, Al2CuLi, and Al3Li was enhanced in the AlLiCu alloy matrix, resulting in the enhanced strength-ductility synergy for Cu-coated CNTs reinforced AlLiCu alloy matrix composite. Moreover, strengthening and toughening mechanisms analyzation reveals that the Orowan strengthening of CNTs and precipitates, as well as load transfer strengthening of CNTs contribute mostly to the improved strength, while the increased ductility dominantly derives from the improved CNTs dispersion and Al-CNTs interfacial bonding, and the formation of low-density dislocation nanoregion (LDDN) in the interface area. This study not only opens up a new way for developing the AlLiCu alloy matrix composite reinforced by Cu-coated CNTs but also guides the microstructure regulation of other Al alloy matrix composites.

Evaluating the effect of unidirectional loading on the piezoresistive characteristics of carbon nanoparticles

The piezoresistive effect of materials can be adopted for a plethora of sensing applications, including force sensors, structural health monitoring, motion detection in fabrics and wearable, etc. Although metals are the most widely adopted material for sensors due to their reliability and affordability, they are significantly affected by temperature. This work examines the piezoresistive performance of carbon nanoparticle (CNP) bulk powders and discusses their potential applications based on strain-induced changes in their resistance and displacement. The experimental results are correlated with the characteristics of the nanoparticles, namely, dimensionality and structure. This report comprehensively characterizes the piezoresistive behavior of carbon black (CB), onion-like carbon (OLC), carbon nanohorns (CNH), carbon nanotubes (CNT), dispersed carbon nanotubes (CNT-D), graphite flakes (GF), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). The characterization includes assessment of the ohmic range, load-dependent electrical resistance and displacement tracking, a modified gauge factor for bulk powders, and morphological evaluation of the CNP. Two-dimensional nanostructures exhibit promising results for low loads due to their constant compression-to-displacement relationship. Additionally, GF could also be used for high load applications. OLC’s compression-to-displacement relationship fluctuates, however, for high load it tends to stabilize. CNH could be applicable for both low and high loading conditions since its compression-to-displacement relationship fluctuates in the mid-load range. CB and CNT show the most promising results, as demonstrated by their linear load-resistance curves (logarithmic scale) and constant compression-to-displacement relationship. The dispersion process for CNT is unnecessary, as smaller agglomerates cause fluctuations in their compression-to-displacement relationship with negligible influence on its electrical performance.

Experimental evaluation of a diesel engine using amide-functionalized carbon nanotubes as additives in commercial diesel and palm-oil biodiesel

Nanomaterials used as additives to diesel, biodiesel, and its blends have shown promising results in improving thermal efficiency and reducing pollutant emissions in compression ignition engines. However, the stability of dispersions has been noted in the literature as a primary challenge to the effective use of nanomaterials as fuel additives. Between nanomaterials used as additives to fuels are carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These carbonaceous materials have shown positive and negative results concerning engine performance and emissions, and the differences could be associated with the dispersion stability of the nanomaterials in the fuel. Therefore, there is still much uncertainty regarding the relationship between the stability of nanomaterial dispersion and the impact of nanofuels on engine performance. Specifically, the current literature lacks sufficient information regarding the impact of incorporating amide-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the stability of diesel-biodiesel blends and their influence on particulate matter emissions in ICE. In this study CNT and amide-functionalized CNT were dispersed in Colombian commercial diesel (10 % vol. of palm oil biodiesel) and palm oil biodiesel, and its stability was evaluated. The most stable blends were used in a stationary Ignition Compression Engine (ICE) to evaluate the impact of the nanomaterials on thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions. Results show that it was not possible to disperse CNT in Colombian commercial diesel (10 % vol. of palm oil biodiesel and 90 % vol. of petroleum diesel) due to its high rate of agglomeration and sedimentation. In contrast, the opposite behavior was shown using biodiesel as a base fuel. An amide functionalization of the CNT process was carried out to generate a repulsion of CNT and improve its stability in commercial diesel fuel. Amide-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTF) were obtained using pristine CNT and Oleylamine as nitrogen functional group precursors. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy confirmed the amide functional groups on the CNT surface, and a loss weight of 14 % was identified in the temperature range of 150–550 °C, indicating a high grade of functionalization. Functionalized and non-functionalized CNT were dispersed in Colombian commercial diesel and palm oil biodiesel using a concentration of 100 mg/L to evaluate the dispersion's colloidal stability. This stability was examined for three days by visual inspection and variation of the hydrodynamic diameter using dynamic light scattering. The most stable dispersions were prepared at two concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L) and used as fuels in a stationary compression ignition engine. Colloidal stability was enhanced when CNTF were dispersed in diesel compared to the unstable, pristine CNT dispersion. However, in biodiesel, the dispersion behavior of the CNT and CNTF was similar. Compared to diesel, the diesel-CNTF dispersion did not considerably improve the engine´s thermal performance at 6 kW, and only a minor gain was observed at 12 kW at a concentration of 100 mg/L. However, at 6 kW, they reduced particulate matter emissions by up to 39.8 %. In the case of biodiesel, utilizing both functionalized and non-functionalized carbon nanotubes as additives, the thermal efficiency was increased, and CO emissions decreased.

A Superhuman Sensing Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Boosted Power Density and Durability via a Bio‐Inspired Janus Structure

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) not only enable sustainable self‐powered sensing of devices, but also have superhuman noncontact/contact identification capabilities, which are propelling humanity toward the intelligent era. However, the inherently low dielectric constant of triboelectric materials as well as the mechanical mismatch between electrodes and dielectric materials severely limited their efficient and stable output performance. Taking inspiration from the asymmetric structure and function of human skin, a novel single‐electrode TENG is developed, whose electrode and dielectric layer are integrated in a Janus architecture. By tuning the balance between gravity and the internal noncovalent interactions, gradient dispersion of carbon nanotubes in waterborne polyurethane networks can be feasibly achieved, which can boost the device performance by reinforcement in both the charge trapping capacity of the dielectric layer and the charge transfer of the electrode layer. As a proof‐of‐concept, triboelectric sensing and deep learning are integrated to realize the evolution from perception to identification under both noncontact (motion prediction) and contact (material identification) modes. The bionic design strategy of gradient Janus film can offer valuable insights into improving the output performance and durability of TENG. Additionally, the proximal prediction and tactile identification functions are also desirable attempts for future human‐machine interfaces.

Preparation and performance of biaxially stretched CNT-SBS/POE flexible strain sensor with a double percolation structure

Wearable flexible strain sensors have prospective application prospects in human motion monitoring, human-computer interaction, and information transmission. However, facilely manufacturing flexible strain sensors with a high sensitivity and extended sensing range remains challenging. Herein, a flexible strain sensor with a double percolation structure was prepared through simple melting mixing and biaxial stretching. To this end, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) filled styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) and polyolefin elastomer (POE) were employed as the conductive and insulating phases, respectively. The effects of biaxial stretching on sensor performance were systematically studied. During biaxial stretching, the as-obtained CNT-SBS/POE nanocomposites with double percolation structure exhibited better processing performance and stability than conventional CNT-SBS binary composites. Biaxial stretching results in better dispersion and planar orientation of CNTs in polymers, improving the sensing property of strain sensors. The optimized stretching ratio of double percolation structured composites was determined as 1.5, with 3 wt% CNT-SBS/POE sensor exhibiting high sensitivity (gauge factor = 7501.69) over a wide strain monitoring range (0–300% strain). Additionally, the flexible strain sensors could monitor physiological activities and information transmission with good reliability, thereby promising for human-machine interaction, wearable, and medical monitoring.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Phenolic MatrixComposites containing Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Carbide

A novel class of hybrid composites was prepared containing carbon fibers along with carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide particles in phenolic resin for improved mechanical performance. The loading of carbon fibers was ~60 wt% while carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide particles were reinforced in the fractions of 0.1 wt% and 5 wt%, respectively. Individually reinforced composites containing 0.1 wt% carbon nanotubes and 5 wt% silicon carbide particles were also manufactured for comparison with hybrid composites. Microstructural and mechanical property characterization was performed using electron microscopy and mechanical testing, respectively. Uniform dispersion of nanometer-scale carbon nanotubes and micrometer-scale silicon carbide particles was observed under microscopy. The pooled effect of carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide particles significantly increased the tensile, compressive, and flexural performance of composites while carbon nanotubes offered greater weight fraction value improvement than silicon carbide particles.

Ultra-fast mechanochemical strategy to obtain stable colloidal dispersions of MWCNT in hydrophilic media: Never has been so easy

In this paper, we present a new protocol that allows the dispersion of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the form of stable colloids in a hydrophilic medium up to concentrations of ca. 0.06 % (w/w). The strategy involves using a combination of mechanochemical treatment and surfactants. In this study, we processed MWCNTs with surfactants in a ball mill without using any solvents. The mechanochemical treatment consists of processing mixtures of MWCNTs (0.35 g) with different surfactants (4.5 g of CTAB, 3.6 g of SDS and 4.5 g of F127 as cationic anionic and neutral surfactants, respectively) in a ball mill for only 20 min at 300 rpm. The resulting black powder is then used directly to prepare dispersions in hydro-alcoholic media, which maintain colloidal stability for at least 25 days. Although various strategies for dispersal have been proposed in the literature, many involve time-consuming and multi-step processes with low yields. The MWCNTs modified non-covalently using our protocol are synthesised in a single step with a 100 % yield without any loss of reagents. MWCNT have shown potential in many emerging applications of great interest. Its use necessarily implies the achievement of a good dispersion in different solvents, and this aspect, in the case of hydrophilic media, still does not have a satisfactory answer. The absence of solvent during the mechanochemical treatment is the key aspect of our strategy. This small change represents a significant improvement. We demonstrate the outstanding stability of the obtained suspensions and the preservation of the nano-/microstructure of the MWCNTs, which remains unaltered during their preparation. Furthermore, using environmentally friendly solutions for dispersion makes this protocol a Green Chemistry approach.

Review on Use of Nanomaterials in Concrete

Abstract: Various studies have highlighted the benefits of incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in concrete. They enhance compressive and flexural strength, prevent cracking, and improve durability. Different methods like sonication ensure uniform dispersion of CNTs in concrete. Additionally, research focuses on optimizing CNT concentrations to avoid adverse effects on properties like shrinkage and thermal conductivity. Overall, CNTs offer a promising solution to reinforce concrete and improve its mechanical properties effectively

Jute and Flax Fiber Composites Enhancement through Carbon Nanotube Filler

This investigation primarily focuses on enhancing the sustainable jute/flax/epoxy nanocomposite with the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as filler. The flax and jute natural fibres were treated with sodium hydroxide solution. The compression moulding technique was preferred for better fabrication. The CNTs were thoroughly mixed with epoxy resin with the help of a ball milling-type mixture. The nanocomposite samples were prepared by varying the reinforcement and filler content. Jute fibre varied from 59 to 99 wt%, Flax Fiber varied from 0 to 40 wt% and the filler was maintained as constant of 1 wt%. The five types of laminated and fabricated composites were characterized in terms of tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. The SEM examinations were carried for the composite samples to analyse the fibre diameter (µm), CNT dispersion and interfacial adhesion. The results revealed that the sample fabricated with 69 jute fibre, 30 wt% flax fibre, and 1 wt% CNT filler outperformed with 60.1 MPa tensile strength, 79.3 MPa flexural strength, 8.1 GPa modulus of elasticity.

Influence of carbon nanotubes on printing quality and mechanical properties of 3D printed cementitious materials

This paper presents the impact of incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the 3D printing of cementitious materials, along with the effective dispersion of CNTs. Compared to the control mix, adding CNTs with superplasticizer significantly enhanced the printing quality by reducing the error in height of two-layers from 38% to 30% and an 81% enhancement in the buildability. Moreover, rheology properties revealed shear-thinning behaviour with lower viscosity, resulting in improved flowability. The progressive increase in CNT concentrations up to 0.2% yielded a noteworthy improvement in the mechanical properties. At 28 days, the incorporation of 0.2% CNTs resulted in a significant increase in the flexural strength, compressive strength, and Young's modulus by 99%, 72%, and 43%, respectively, compared to the mix containing silica fume. Microstructural investigation of the CNT-cement matrix revealed nanoscale crack bridges formed by CNTs, reinforcing the cementitious material and improving its mechanical properties.

In-depth investigation of how carbon nanofiller dispersion affects microcellular foaming behavior in poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites

This study explores the impact of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersion on the microcellular foaming characteristics of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) matrices. Two distinct dispersion methods, primary (PD) and secondary (SD), were employed to fabricate PBS/CNT nanocomposites, resulting in different filler dispersion states. The PD technique involves the conventional method of direct melt blending PBS with CNTs, while the SD technique adopts a more advanced strategy by integrating the Pickering emulsion template with melt blending, achieving finer CNTs distribution within the PBS matrix. The results reveal that the SD technique leads to significantly more uniform distribution of CNTs, which in turn enhances the melt strength and crystallization of the polymer matrix, thereby broadening the window for microcellular foaming. Notably, foams developed through the SD method exhibited a decrease in cell size to 10.4 μm and an increase in cell density to 1.8×1010 cells·cm‐3. Moreover, this uniform distribution of CNTs contributed to superior cell stability and an increase in compressive strength to 14.0 MPa. These findings highlight the pivotal role of nanofiller dispersion in determining foam properties and establish foundational knowledge for designing PBS foams with consistent and uniform cell structures. Such advancements are crucial for enhancing the applicability and performance of PBS-based materials across a spectrum of industries.

Nonlinear Optimized PID Vibration Control of Thermal-Dependent FG Composite Porous Plates Reinforced by Agglomerated CNTs

This research study aims to delve into the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) agglomeration on the dynamic characteristics of smart functionally graded (FG) porous sandwich plates. The structure of the sandwich plate comprises a core layer that incorporates dispersed CNTs within a polymer matrix. In addition, two layers are equipped with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The agglomeration of CNTs is mathematically modeled using the Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka approach, accounting for both complete and partial agglomeration states. Moreover, the study takes into account the thermal-dependent behavior of CNTs. Subsequently, an optimal nonlinear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control scheme based on the Bat optimization algorithm is applied to mitigate vibrations within the composite structure. Unlike the fixed gains of the classical PID, the nonlinear version dynamically adjusts its parameters in real time, ensuring enhanced responsiveness and stability. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical investigation is conducted to assess the impact of several parameters on the natural frequencies in the frequency domain. These parameters encompass porosity distributions, porosity coefficients, reinforcement patterns, weight fractions of nanofillers, temperature, and the agglomeration of CNTs. The vibration attenuation performance of both nonlinear and classical PID controllers is evaluated through numerical simulations. The findings indicate the robustness and rapid disturbance rejection of the proposed control scheme.

A self-assembled carbon nanotube/silicon composite battery anode stabilized with chemically reduced graphene oxide sheets

This study presents a streamlined fabrication process for lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes, involving the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNT), silicon (Si), and graphene oxide (GO) in an aqueous solution, followed by vacuum filtration to produce self-standing composite electrodes. Two reduction routes are employed to form reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The chemically reduced CNT/Si/rGO-5 %-Chem anode exhibits superior mechanical resilience compared to thermally reduced counterparts, which suffer from reduced strength and structural integrity. Chemical reduction also enhances electrochemical performance, increasing the initial capacity of the non-reduced CNT/Si/GO-5 % composite anode from 1,461 to 2,342 mAh g−1, with improved long-term cycling performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows lower pre-cycle charge transfer resistance (148 Ω) and superior solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance (43 Ω) for chemically reduced anodes compared to thermally reduced ones. After cycling, the chemically reduced composite anode exhibits reduced electrolyte resistance and charge transfer resistance, indicating stable electrochemical reactions. The composite structure undergoes adaptive rearrangements during cycling, optimizing active material utilization. In summary, CNTs accommodate silicon swelling, while chemically reduced rGO promotes stable SEI formation, highlighting the benefits of chemical reduction in enhancing mechanical durability and electrochemical performance, making the self-standing CNT/Si/rGO composite film a promising LIB anode.

Development of cement nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotube dispersion using superplasticizers

Development of cement nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotube dispersion using superplasticizers