Dispatch Systems Research Articles

Adaptive scheduling for Internet of Vehicles using deconfounded graph transfer learning

With the rapid development of Internet of Things technology, the Internet of Vehicles has emerged as a significant application. The Internet of Vehicles connects vehicles with traffic infrastructure and other vehicles, enabling real-time information sharing and vehicle dispatching. However, in the Internet of Vehicles environment, traffic scheduling systems face challenges such as sparse raw data and environmental confounding bias, which limit the effectiveness of traditional graph-based reinforcement learning methods. In this paper, we propose a Cross-City Federated Continual Learning Framework for Spatiotemporal Graph Transfer Learning called CCFTL, which removes confounding effects on reinforcement learning and enhances few-shot transfer learning in data-scarce cities. Our approach aims to significantly improve the adaptability and scalability of cross-city vehicle networking technologies in ever-changing environments. This study acts as an innovative research of the deconfounding strategy with spatiotemporal graph meta-knowledge learning, which enables optimization of cross-city meta-knowledge transfer through a federated continual learning approach. This approach effectively reduces learning bias caused by regional differences, which enhances the model’s generalization and adaptability to complex, heterogeneous urban scenarios. Experimental results show that our framework significantly outperforms traditional methods, especially in improving the efficiency and accuracy of traffic dispatch systems in Internet of Vehicles environments with scarce data and the presence of confounding factors.

Organizing the automated system of dispatch control over pump units at water pumping stations

The design and operation of modern dispatch control systems for pumping units involves comprehensive solution to separate engineering, technical, and scientific problems. The object of research is information processes enabling the operational modes of electrically driven pumping units at water pumping stations. This paper solves the scientific and technical task related to developing topology, hardware, and software tools, control algorithms, dispatch interface, and researching the modes of operation of pumping units in dispatch control systems at water pumping stations. Algorithms for controlling pumping units have been implemented, the advantage of which is the possibility of automated calculation of parameters for technological PID-controllers, taking into account the current electrical parameters of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units and operating conditions. The WEB-oriented dispatch interface of the SCADA-based pumping unit control system was designed and tested, which enables control process in real time. Features of the developed dispatch control system are improved topology, expanded functionality, energy-saving control modes, and the possibility of further modernization based on the principles of standardization and unification of hardware and software tools and design procedures. The developed dispatch control system for pumping units at water pumping stations has been implemented and is successfully operated at an industrial water supply enterprise. The results provided for an increase in technical and economic indicators during the operation of technological equipment due to the efficiency of control and management procedures, energy-saving operational modes of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units.

Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Including Variable Energy Resources

Sustainable energy solutions are becoming more and more necessary as the world's energy needs increase as a result of population expansion and industrialization. Using renewable energy sources has become essential to meeting these needs and reducing the negative effects on the environment. The increasing incorporation of renewable energy sources (RES) like wind and solar into microgrid systems poses a notable obstacle to attaining optimum power dispatch because of their intrinsic unpredictability. The combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) issue may become inefficient as a result of this fluctuation, especially in islanded microgrid systems. In particular, in areas with significant RES potential, resolving this problem is essential to improving the sustainability and dependability of the energy supply. In this work, the optimization of the CEED issue in an islanded microgrid system with wind, solar, and thermal energy sources is the main emphasis. By employing a weighted sum approach and a Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA), the research aims to provide an efficient solution to the multi-objective CEED dilemma. The proposed method outperforms traditional optimization techniques, offering a more robust framework for integrating RES into microgrids. This research reveals a number of limitations that affect the effectiveness of energy dispatch systems, such as thermal unit ramp rates and operating restrictions. Subsequent investigations have to concentrate on delving deeper into these limitations and devising tactics to augment the flexibility of optimization algorithms such as the Butterfly Optimization Algorithm (BOA) approach.

Optimizing Acute Ischemic Stroke Care: Evaluating Emergency Stroke Code Activation and Thrombolytic Therapy in East Azerbaijan Province

Background: Stroke remains a significant global health challenge, contributing to mortality and disability burdens. Optimizing stroke care involves understanding the complexities of in-hospital management, especially in regions like East Azerbaijan Province, where stroke incidence is high. Objectives: This study evaluates the effectiveness of Emergency Stroke Code (ESC) activation and thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke care at Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, a referral center. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between April 2021 and March 2022, including patients with activated ESC or receiving thrombolysis at Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz. Data on patient demographics, risk factors, time intervals, thrombolysis administration, adverse events, and outcomes were collected and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Among 748 acute stroke patients, 165 received thrombolysis, with 117 having ESC activation. The main reasons for not administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in patients with ESC code activation included mild symptoms (23.6%), exceeding thrombolysis time (14.8%), and hemorrhagic stroke (10.4%). Pre-hospital ESC activation significantly reduced time intervals from hospital arrival to CT-scan and tPA injection (P < 0.001). The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage was 6.7% overall, with rare systemic bleeding (0.6%). Pre-hospital notification did not show significant changes in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) or Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) scores. Conclusions: While ESC activation streamlines in-hospital processes, it alone may not improve clinical outcomes without efficient out-of-hospital systems. Pre-hospital communication systems like ESC can aid in reducing in-hospital processing time for thrombolysis but must be coupled with efforts to enhance early diagnosis and efficient dispatch systems to optimize stroke care.

INCREASING THE STABILITY OF ORGANISATIONAL AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS THROUGH THE USE OF MACHINE LEARNING

The stability of technical and organisational-technical systems is an integral factor in the functioning of a wide range of complex technical and organisational-technical systems, such as energy systems, industrial facilities, transport systems, and others. While it depends on various factors, there are currently no means to support decision-making for automated dispatch control systems users in case of failures. The article analyses the effects of failures and breakdowns in complex technical and organisational-technical systems. It provides examples of major technogenic disasters. The study examines the human factor influence on the emergence of technogenic disasters. Currently, automated dispatch control systems do not have any means to facilitate decision-making by providing the dispatcher with a clear plan of action to troubleshoot and eliminate a possible disaster. The authors propose a concept of support means for decision-making in response to crises using automated dispatch systems for managing complex organisational-technical systems based on machine learning and artificial intelligence. The means is based on machine learning methods and has a two-component structure: an artificial neural network that defines the type of failure and a programme component that selects the algorithm. The neural network is implemented in the Python programming language, and the user interface is in the C# language. The neural network fulfils the classification task defining the failure based on an array of logical variables that demonstrate the change of state of system elements. The programme component uses the database created with SQL language to define the algorithm of actions for the dispatcher. The authors describe the dataset for the model in case of its use in energy systems. There is also a description of the model components. The model’s distinguishing features are adaptivity due to machine learning methods and the possibility of further model training to increase the classification accuracy based on its use cases. Keywords: machine learning, automated dispatch control systems, decision-making support, system stability.

System design and analysis of thermal power dispatch systems for boiling water reactors

Nuclear power plants are crucial to meeting net zero emission goals and achieving energy sustainability. Integrating these plants with clean energy technologies such as high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) may improve the efficiency and economic competitiveness of these plants. The current study investigates the design and operation of a thermal power dispatch (TPD) system for coupling boiling water reactors (BWRs) to HTSE plants. The TPD system extracts a portion of the steam from the reactor’s main steam line and transfers its thermal energy to an HTSE plant through a power transport loop. A TPD system for 5 % steam extraction has been designed and the system performance during steady and transient operations has been analyzed. The TPD system dispatched a total of 197 MW thermal energy to the HTSE plant under nominal design conditions. Saturated steam at 7.17 MPa from the BWR plant was condensed and subcooled to a temperature of 168 °C, while a mass flow rate of 91.1 kg/s of superheated steam was dispatched to the HTSE plant. Furthermore, the system performance during transient operation showed a continuous transition from the initial hot standby mode to the nominal power dispatch level. The transient simulation results emphasized the importance of investigating component level performance for the TPD system design. The current results will guide future works on the development of integrated energy systems for hydrogen production or process heat applications.

The Information Security Issues of Distributed Economic Dispatch for New Generation Power Systems—Present Situation and Forecast

With the large scale and high proportion of distributed generation connected to the power grid, the distributed economic dispatch system has attracted more attention because of its significant advantages. However, the distributed economic dispatch system faces more serious information security issues due to the variation of communication topology. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the information security issues that may occur in the distributed economic dispatch system and the defense measures. By summarizing the existing literature on information security issues and defense measures, it can be found that the current research focuses on the cyber-side defense for information security, and lacks consideration of the cyber-physical coupling characteristics. Additionally, the separate cyber-side defense measures still have a defense blind spot and cannot respond in a timely manner to the physical-side actions caused by information security issues. Finally, the establishment of the information security issues model and the construction of the integrated security defense system are discussed from the perspective of the power cyber-physical system. This research will be helpful in the construction of the security defense system for information issues in distributed economic dispatch systems.

Video livestreaming from medical emergency callers’ smartphones to emergency medical dispatch centres: a scoping review of current uses, opportunities, and challenges

BackgroundTimely dispatch of appropriate emergency medical services (EMS) resources to the scene of medical incidents, and/or provision of treatment at the scene by bystanders and medical emergency lay callers (referred to as ‘callers’ in this review) can improve patient outcomes. Currently, in dispatch systems worldwide, prioritisation of dispatch relies mostly on verbal telephone information from callers, but advances in mobile phone technology provide means for sharing video footage. This scoping review aimed to map and identify current uses, opportunities, and challenges for using video livestreaming from callers’ smartphones to emergency medical dispatch centres.MethodsA scoping review of relevant published literature between 2007 and 2023 in the English language, searched within MEDLINE; CINAHL and PsycINFO, was descriptively synthesised, adhering to the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews.ResultsTwenty-four articles remained from the initial search of 1,565 articles. Most studies were simulation-based and focused on emergency medical dispatchers’ (referred to as ‘dispatcher/s’ in this review) assisted video cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), predominantly concerned with measuring how video impacts CPR performance. Nine studies were based on real-life practice. Few studies specifically explored experiences of dispatchers or callers. Only three articles explored the impact that using video had on the dispatch of resources. Opportunities offered by video livestreaming included it being: perceived to be useful; easy to use; reassuring for both dispatchers and callers; and informing dispatcher decision-making. Challenges included the potential emotional impact for dispatchers and callers. There were also concerns about potential misuse of video, although there was no evidence that this was occurring. Evidence suggests a need for appropriate training of dispatchers and video-specific dispatch protocols.ConclusionResearch is sparse in the context of video livestreaming. Few studies have focussed on the use of video livestreaming outside CPR provision, such as for trauma incidents, which are by their nature time-critical where visual information may offer significant benefit. Further investigation into acceptability and experience of the use of video livestreaming is warranted, to understand the potential psychological impact on dispatchers and callers.

Characteristics of Injurious Shootings by Police Along the Urban–Rural Continuum

INTRODUCTIONMuch research on shootings by police has focused on urban jurisdictions, but most US law enforcement agencies are not located in cities. Prior research suggests rates of fatal shootings by police are comparable in urban and non-urban areas. Yet, shooting characteristics across the urban-rural continuum are unknown. This study describes and compares fatal and nonfatal injurious shootings by officers in US urban, suburban, and rural areas from 2015-2020. METHODSCharacteristics of fatal and nonfatal injurious shootings by police were abstracted from Gun Violence Archive. In 2023-2024, using zip-code and county-based rurality designations, the national distribution, incidence, and characteristics of injurious shootings by police were compared across urban, suburban, and rural areas of the United States. RESULTSRates of injurious shootings in rural areas approached or exceeded urban rates. As rurality increased, proportionately more injurious shootings involved single responders, sheriffs, or multiple agency types. Across the urban-rural continuum, characteristics of precipitating incidents were similar. Injurious shootings were most frequently preceded by domestic violence incidents, traffic stops, or shots-fired reports; co-occurring behavioral health needs were common. After accounting for local demographic differences, Black, Indigenous, and Hispanic residents were injured at higher rates than white residents in all examined areas. CONCLUSIONSShootings by police represent an overlooked and inequitable source of injury in rural areas. Broadly similar incident characteristics suggest potential for wide-reaching reforms. To prevent injuries, crisis prevention, dispatch, and response systems must assure proportionate rural-area coverage. Additionally, legislative prevention and accountability measures should include sheriffs’ offices for optimal rural-area impact.

A Self-Attention-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for AGV Dispatching Systems.

The automated guided vehicle (AGV) dispatching problem is to develop a rule to assign transportation tasks to certain vehicles. This article proposes a new deep reinforcement learning approach with a self-attention mechanism to dynamically dispatch the tasks to AGV. The AGV dispatching system is modeled as a less complicated Markov decision process (MDP) using vehicle-initiated rules to dispatch a workcenter to an idle AGV. In order to deal with the highly dynamical environment, the self-attention mechanism is introduced to calculate the importance of different information. The invalid action masking technique is performed to alleviate false actions. A multimodal structure is employed to mix the features of various sources. Comparative experiments are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. The properties of the learned policies are also investigated under different environment settings. It is discovered that the policies explore and learn the properties of different systems, and also smooth the traffic congestion. Under certain environment settings, the policy converges to a heuristic rule that assigns the idle AGV to the workcenter with the shortest queue length, which shows the adaptiveness of the proposed method.

Emergency medical dispatch technologies: Addressing communication challenges and coordinating emergency response in low and middle-income countries

A majority of emergency response in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) without formal emergency medical services (EMS) rely on uncoordinated layperson first responders (LFRs) to respond to emergencies using readily available mobile phones and private transport. Although formally trained LFRs are an important foundation for nascent emergency medical services (EMS) development, without coordination by standardized emergency medical dispatch (EMD) systems, LFR response is limited to witnessed emergencies, which provides significant but incomplete coverage. After training and equipping LFRs, EMD implementation using telecommunications technologies is the next step in formal EMS development and is essential to coordinate response, given the impact of timely prehospital response, intervention, and transportation on reducing morbidity/mortality. In this paper, we describe the current state of dispatch technologies used for emergency response in LMICs, focusing on the role of communication technologies, current approaches, and challenges in communication, and offer potential strategies for future development.

An innovative curriculum development experience: Emergency Medical Dispatch role in the Healthcare Transformation Vision of Saudi Arabia

Background Healthcare medical dispatch systems play a fundamental role in the daily operations of prehospital services. This includes facilitating the interpretation of various dispatch-related systems, receiving incident calls, categorizing cases, guiding proper resources deployment, and providing proper instructions before the arrival of healthcare providers. Considering the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA's) health sector transformation plan as part of Vision 2030, developing an Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD) Program as part of essential prehospital services will allow rapid and competent healthcare delivery. In this study, our purpose is to describe the curriculum development of the EMD Program to improve the training of dispatchers and to share the experience in the interest of better prehospital dispatch systems. Methods A selected group of education experts and academics in emergency medical services dispatch were assigned to develop an EMD curriculum over six months. This study aims to describe the approach followed in developing an innovative EMD Program to share the experience and ultimately standardize dispatch-related training programs. The data of this study was collected by reviewing approved documents of the EMD Program including program curriculum, syllabus, logbook, and exam blueprint after approval letters were received from the Health Academy, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties. Results The development of the EMD program utilized a consecutive mixed approach starting with a competency-based with backward design method to ensure the achievement of targeted outcomes followed by the Kern Six-step curriculum development model, namely: (1) problem identification and general need assessment; (2) targeted need assessment; (3) goals and objectives; (4) educational strategies; (5) implementation; and (6) evaluation and feedback. This resulted in four comprehensive modules and seventeen competencies in interpreting various dispatch systems, prioritizing incidents, deploying proper resources, and providing pre-arrival instructions throughout the fourteen-week EMD Program. Conclusion As part of the health sector transformation plan in KSA, EMD services play a fundamental role in the daily operations of prehospital healthcare services. Developing an EMD Program with a consecutive mixed approach might improve the current operations of EMD services.

An innovative curriculum development experience: Emergency Medical Dispatch role in the Healthcare Transformation Vision of Saudi Arabia

Background Healthcare medical dispatch systems play a fundamental role in the daily operations of prehospital services. This includes facilitating the interpretation of various dispatch-related systems, receiving incident calls, categorizing cases, guiding proper resources deployment, and providing proper instructions before the arrival of healthcare providers. Considering the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA's) health sector transformation plan as part of Vision 2030, developing an Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD) Program as part of essential prehospital services will allow rapid and competent healthcare delivery. In this study, our purpose is to describe the curriculum development of the EMD Program to improve the training of dispatchers and to share the experience in the interest of better prehospital dispatch systems. Methods A selected group of education experts and academics in emergency medical services dispatch were assigned to develop an EMD curriculum over six months. This study aims to describe the approach followed in developing an innovative EMD Program to share the experience and ultimately standardize dispatch-related training programs. The data of this study was collected by reviewing approved documents of the EMD Program including program curriculum, syllabus, logbook, and exam blueprint after approval letters were received from the Health Academy, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties. Results The development of the EMD program utilized a consecutive mixed approach starting with a competency-based with backward design method to ensure the achievement of targeted outcomes followed by the Kern Six-step curriculum development model, namely: (1) problem identification and general need assessment; (2) targeted need assessment; (3) goals and objectives; (4) educational strategies; (5) implementation; and (6) evaluation and feedback. This resulted in four comprehensive modules and seventeen competencies in interpreting various dispatch systems, prioritizing incidents, deploying proper resources, and providing pre-arrival instructions throughout the fourteen-week EMD Program. Conclusion As part of the health sector transformation plan in KSA, EMD services play a fundamental role in the daily operations of prehospital healthcare services. Developing an EMD Program with a consecutive mixed approach might improve the current operations of EMD services.

Construction and realization of simulation training environment based on AI-assisted simulation of real scenarios of dispatching and commanding operations

Abstract Dispatch command business is an essential and important part of modern society's production and life. With the development of science and technology, the use of AI-assisted construction of simulation training environments is of enormous significance to the development and improvement of the dispatching command business. The study facilitates the acquisition and preprocessing of data from the three-dimensional scene used in the scheduling command simulation training, refines the details of the simulation environment using a multi-resolution hierarchical detail model, and enables the creation of a simulation training environment for the scheduling command using three-dimensional modeling and optimization technology. In this paper, the dispatching system trained in a simulation environment is better than other dispatching systems in terms of dispatching accuracy, starting difficulty, and feedback effectiveness. The satisfaction rate for scheduling demand on different subway lines is significantly better than other scheduling algorithms. As the sampling area expands, the FID and NRMSE values of the generated real map decrease, but the PSNR and NRMSE values increase. This paper generates a dispatching command simulation training environment with a fidelity level of “excellent” and a simulation quality that exhibits a high degree of realism and credibility.

Key Features in Designing an Integrated Recall System for Dispatch in Mass Casualty Incidents; a Systematic Review.

Following Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs), the sudden surge in demand for essential services disrupts the balance between available and required resources. This study aimed to systematically identify and categorize existing systems employed for dispatching professional or lay rescuers during emergencies. Adhering to the PRISMA 2020 Checklist, the research scrutinized international databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) using formulated search strategies. Additionally, a manual search was conducted on Google Scholar and prominent journals employing specific keywords. Original articles introducing systems for dispatching rescuers to incident sites were included. Thirty-one of the 23051 initially identified documents were included for data extraction and quality assessment. The comprehensive analysis revealed twenty-two dispatch systems worldwide, contributing to life-saving efforts in emergencies. Additionally, an evaluation of the articles' quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) with five scores, indicated that more than two-thirds of the identified articles scored four or higher. Summarizing the data extracted from these systems, four distinct categories of recall system characteristics were identified: general, dispatcher, responder, and other features. Technology has the potential to revolutionize the delivery of healthcare services. This study highlights four key elements necessary for the development of dispatch systems that can effectively mobilize healthcare providers to the incident scene. These elements include general characteristics, dispatcher roles, responder requirements, and additional features, which equip researchers with the knowledge for designing effective systems to recall healthcare providers during MCI.

Staffing levels are the most important factor influencing police response times

Abstract We examine the factors influencing police response times, with a particular focus on staffing levels, calls for service (CFS), and proactive police work. We estimate Bayesian Holt-Winters state-space models for each CFS priority level. Using a novel dataset that combines data from the Salt Lake City Police Department's staffing and Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) systems at the daily level over seven years, we estimate the effects that staffing, overtime, call volume, and the level of proactive work (e.g., traffic stops, pedestrian stops, business checks) have on police response times. Our findings indicate that the impact of staffing on response times is significantly greater than that of other independent variables in the models. Furthermore, improvements in response times for higher-priority (i.e., more serious) CFS have a lower elasticity response to increases in staffing levels. As police agencies face increasingly complex challenges, the empirical evidence presented herein serves as a cornerstone for making informed decisions in the intricate balancing act of resources, officer well-being, and public safety priorities.

Research on the network security protection architecture and solutions for distributed power dispatch automation systems

To enhance the network security of distributed power dispatching and control systems in the context of the “30·60” dual carbon goals, this study focuses on typical architectures for business networking of distributed power interface devices. We propose a layered and graded network security protection architecture, informed by in-depth examination of leading manufacturers’ architectures. This architecture considers communication patterns, horizontal and vertical data flow paths, and grid security planning. It culminates in a grid-like security protection framework. The research aims to bolster network security for distributed power systems, ensuring stable operation. This effort contributes significantly to the sustainable development of the power industry.

Cloud Computing Based Data Processing and Automated Management of Power Dispatch

Abstract As smart grids increase, the scope of power dispatch systems has broadened, encompassing not just traditional dispatch services but also multifaceted information services, encompassing data fusion, heterogeneous system integration, and big data analytics. However, managing intricate information businesses like big data analysis poses numerous challenges for the current power dispatch system, hindering its ability to keep up with escalating business demands. We introduce a cloud computing and big data analytics-based design scheme for a power dispatch data processing and automation management system to address this. Leveraging the distributed computing prowess of cloud computing platforms, the system ensures swift processing and analysis of vast power dispatch data. Additionally, by harnessing big data analysis techniques, the system delves into historical data, uncovers potential operational patterns and risk areas, and offers insights for optimizing the Electric Power System’s (EPS) operations. Experimental outcomes demonstrate the system’s remarkable proficiency in enhancing data processing, real-time control, and automation management capabilities, thereby bolstering the growth of intelligent power dispatch systems with robust technical backing.

Enhancing Dispatch Systems for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Proposal for Improved Survival Outcomes

Early and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is critical for survival and neurological recovery in cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). This commentary proposes a novel approach involving the use of a CPR instructional video tailored for laypersons. It also recommends a three-phase approach for the implementation of this strategy, including a trial period, agreements with telecom and dispatch system providers, and a public health campaign to raiseawareness and improve compliance with instructions. This proposal aims to enhance the dispatch process for OHCA, ultimately improving survival rates and neurological outcomes.

The role of emergency incident type in identifying first responders’ health exposure risks

Fire-based emergency management service (EMS) personnel are dispatched to various incidents daily, many of which have unique occupational risks. To fully understand the variability of incident types and how to best prepare and respond, an exploration of the U.S. coding system of incident types is necessary. This study uses potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2 as a case example to understand if and how coding categories for incident call types may be updated to improve data standardization and emergency response decision making. Researchers received emergency response incident data generated by three fire department computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems between March and September 2020. Each incident was labeled EMS, Fire, or Other. Of the 162,766 incidents, approximately 8.1% (n = 13,144) noted potential SARS-CoV-2 exposure within their narrative descriptions of which 86.3% were coded as EMS, 9.9% as Fire, and 3.9% as Other. To assess coding variability across incident types, researchers used the original 3-incident type variable and a new 5-incident type variable reassigned by researchers into EMS, Fire, Other, Hazmat, and Motor Vehicle. Logit regressions compared differences in potential exposure using the 3- and 5-incident type variables. When evaluating the 3-incident type variable, those responding to a Fire versus an EMS incident were 84% less likely to be associated with potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2. For the 5-incident type variable, those responding to Fire incidents were 77% less likely to be associated with a potential exposure than those responding to EMS incidents. Changes in potential exposure between the 3- and 5-incident type models show the need to understand how incident types are assigned. This demonstrates the need for data standardization to accurately categorize incident types to improve emergency preparedness and response. Results have implications for incident type coding at fire department municipality and national levels.